Al-Balqa Applied University

Power systems Protection

course

Department of Electrical Energy Engineering

Dr Audih 1
 Part 9
GENERATOR ,MOTOR AND
BUS PROTECTION

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GENERATOR PROTECTION
The protection system design will depend on the size of the
generating unit and the types of faults or abnormal operating
conditions .
The fault types are classified as:
Overload protection and overcurrent problems
Stator electrical faults
Rotor electrical faults
Failure of prime mover (mechanical problems)
Failure of the field circuit
The following protection schemes are used :
Overload protection, and overcurrent protection
Overvoltage and under-voltage protection
Unbalanced loading (Currents ) –sequence relay
Over-excitation Over speeding
Loss of excitation Excessive vibration
Loss of synchronism Internal faults,
Phase faults Stator and rotor thermal
Earth faults protection, and field
Abnormal frequencies motoring ground.
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Generator Protection Application Simplified One-Line Diagram

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1. Generator protection using differential protection schemes
Differential protection is used with biased circulating current scheme
to protect the generator against the failure of :
• winding insulation
• failure of the field circuit
•prime mover failures,.

Stator biased differential protection for generator.

The protection scheme is shown in Fig. Normally differential protection is
used for generators larger than or equal to 20MW.
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Example 1
Figure shows a biased percentage differential relay applied for the
protection of synchronous generator windings. The relay has 0.1A
minimum pick up current and a 10 %,if:-
(a) The fault has occurred near the grounded neutral end of the
generator when the generator is carrying load. As a result, the
currents flowing at each end are as shown in the figure. Would
the relay operate or no?
(b) at the given value of fault current in (a ) above ,the relay would
operate if the generator was carrying no load ?
(c ) On the same diagram , show the relay operating characteristics
and the points that represent the operating and restraining
currents in the relay for the two conditions.

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 (a) Fault under load conditions
5
I  420 
s1
 4.2A
500
5
I  400 
s2
 4A I s1 I s2

500
I  I  I  4.2  4  0.2A
op s1 s2

The restrain coil average current is

I s1  I s 2
Ir   4.1A
2

But the relay is setting to operate with less than 10% of the restrain
current
 10 
I op    4.1  0.41A (at this value the relay is sett to operate
100 
and 0.2A is less than this value , therefore the
relay will not operate)
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(b) Generator fault under no load conditions
The fault current same as (a) hence:
I f  420  400  20A
I =0f1
20A
5 I  0.2A
I f 2
 20   0.2A s1 If=20A I  0A
500 s2

Which flows through the

operating coil
I  0A
s2

I I
s1 f 2
 0.2A
I  I  I  0.2  0  0.2A
op s1 s2
Iop

I I
I 
r
 0.1A
s1 s2

2
Since Iop>Ir ,(0.2>0.1)A the relay
will operate. 0.2

(c)Relay characteristics
0.1 0.2
1 Ir
0.41
Case a Case b

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 GENERATOR PROTECTION APPLICATIONS
1-PHASE FAULT PROTECTION :Cause thermal damage to
insulation, windings, and the core, and mechanical torsional shock
to shafts and couplings..
2-GROUND-FAULT PROTECTION : Causes is insulation failure.
3-LOSS-OF-FIELD (EXCITATION) PROTECTION :Caused by
operator error or excitation system failure, accidental tripping of the
field breakers, or flashover of the exciter commutator.
4-OVEREXCITATION PROTECTION : Failure in the excitation
system can also cause over-excitation. Similar problems can occur
with the connected transformer.
5-OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION: May occur during a load
rejection or excitation control failure.
6-UNBALANCED CURRENTS :Can cause unbalanced three-
phase currents in the generator.
7-ABNORMAL FREQUENCY PROTECTION: Over Frequency
Protection and under frequency.

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MOTOR PROTECTION

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MOTOR PROTECTION
1. General
For small to medium-sized motors up to about 150 hp are:-
Fuses(for short-circuit)
Thermal overload relay( for overload)
Contactors
For larger, microprocessor protection relays should be considered.

These relays typically include:

■ Thermal overload protection,
■ Short-circuit protection
■ Start-up and running protection
■ Phase unbalanced protection
■ Single-phasing protection
■ Earth fault protection
■ Under-current protection

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2. Typical protective settings for motors
a) Related to time
Long- time pick-up
 (1.15) times factor at motor full load current (FLA) , encountering
90% voltage dip on motor starting.
 (1.25) times factor at motor FLA factor for applications
encountering 80% voltage dip on motor starting.
Long-time delay
 Greater:- motor starting time at 100% voltage and the minimum
system voltage.
 Less :- locked rotor damage time at 100% voltage and the
minimum system voltage .
 On high-inertia drives, it is common for the start time to be greater
than the locked rotor withstand time.

Under these circumstances, set the time to permit the motor to start.
Supplemental protection should be added for locked rotor
protection. One example of this is a speed switch set at 25% of
rated speed tripping through a timer to trip if the desired speed has
not been reached in a pre-determined time.
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(b) Instantaneous pick-up
 Not less than 1.7 times motor long-time pick up rated ampere
(LRA) for medium-voltage motors.
 Not less than 2.0 times motor LRA for low-voltage motors.
(c) Earth-fault protection
 Minimum pick-up and minimum time delay for static trip units
 Core-balance CT and 50 relays set at minimum for medium-
voltage, low-resistance grounded systems.
 Residually connected CT, and 50/51 for medium voltage, solidly
grounded systems. Minimum tap and time dial equals 1 for 51
relay.
 Minimum tap (not less than 5 A) for 50 relay.
3- Motor protective device
 Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB) are used for low voltage
motors of high ratings.
 Miniature circuit breakers (MCB) for small motors.
 Fuses + contactor + thermal relay for L.V motors.
 For high voltage motor: H.V. circuit breaker and differential
protection.
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 Example:
A100hp,480V,0.85pf , 85% efficiency motor has starting-up to 5.9 rated
current up to 8 second with voltage dip of 80% during starting. Select
protection means for this motor.

Solution :
Pout P 100  746
  Pinp  out   87.764kW
Pinput  0.85
P 87764
I rated    124A
3.V .cos  3  480  0.85
Choose moulded case circuit breaker with both thermal and magnetic trips:
Thermal setting of MCCB :
Thermal pickup setting is : (100 to 125%).I rated  (1.25) times motor FLA times

Choose 125%  1.25  124  155A

motor service factor for
applications encountering 80%
voltage dip on motor starting.
Magnetic trip  (8  1.25)  I rated  6.75  124  837A
Circuit breaker rating=2  I rated  2 124  248A (Not less than 2 times motor LRA
for low-voltage motors).
Choose MCCB TF250AF/100AT

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Motors protection by fuses
fuses are used for protecting small and medium size motors. To
determine the fuse size the typical fuse time/current characteristics
is used .
These characteristics represent
fuse operation where the
current is insufficient to operate
the fuse in the first 1/4 - cycle,
or 0.005 s in a 50 Hz system. If
the starting current of the motor
is say 500 A and the run-up
time 10s, then a 125 A fuse
would be required. Examination
of the fuse time/current
characteristic shows that at 500
A the 125 A fuse would operate
in 15s. The fuse one size lower,
100 A, would operate in 4 s at
500 A and is, therefore, not
suitable.
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To summarize
1 .The fuse must be adequately rated to supply normal current to
the circuit.
2. The rating must take into account any normal healthy overload
conditions e.g. the starting of motors.
3. An allowance must be made if an overload occurs frequently.
4. There must be an adequate margin if discrimination between
fuses is required.
5. The fuse must protect any equipment which is not rated at the
full short-circuit rating of the power system, e.g. contactors,
cables, switches, etc.
Example of fuse selection
A 415 V distribution system is shown in Fig.
a- Lighting load - 20 kW

Select a 32 A fuse.

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b- Heating load - 30 kW

Select a 50 A fuse.
c- Motor 30 kW
The motor input power is output power/efficiency, i.e. for 92%
efficiency: then Input power = 30 / 0.92 = 32.6 kW
Also the heating and lighting loads are at unity power factor
whereas the motor power factor is, say, 0.83.
Therefore the motor full load current is

The starting current of, say, 7 x full load current for 10 s is 7 x 54.7
= 383 A.
From the time / current curve, an 80A fuse would withstand 383 A
for only 6 s. Therefore a 100 A fuse, which would withstand 383 A
for longer than 10s, would be necessary. Dr Audih 17
e- To provide discrimination the main
fuse (A) must meet the following
requirements.
i - It must carry the normal load"
27.8 + 41.7 + 54.7 = 124.2 A
ii- It must carry the load plus the
starting current of the motor:

27.8 + 41.7 + 383 = 452.5 A for 10 s

From Fig. 125 A fuse would withstand
452.5 A for more than 10s.
Fig. Fuse time/current characteristics

Note:The pre-arcing I2.t must be greater

than the total I2.t of the 100 A fuse.
Figure 5 shows that a 160 A fuse would
be required.

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Bus Bars Protection

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Bus Bars Protection
Bus Protection Schemes

Bus protection is used to protect switches , disconnects instrument

transformers, circuit breakers , and other bus equipment as well as
the bus itself.
There are several methods of bus protection:
Basic differential protection
Differential protection with overcurrent relays
Percentage differential protection
High-impedance voltage differential protection
Bus partial differential protection

All these methods are based on KCL , namely , that the sum of all
current entering a node must be zero .
Consider the two situations for simple bus shown in Fig.1

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Fig.1 Simple bus arrangement

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Bus differential relaying Schemes:
1. Basic differential system
A basic differential system is shown in Fig.2. All CTs must have
same ratio and polarity such that the current circulate amongst them
is zero (Id=0) for all external faults. For internal fault current Id=If will
flow through the relay.

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2. Bus Differential Protection with Overcurrent Relays
If the CTs behaved ideally, the differential system shown in Fig.2
would be very easy to implement using a simple over-current relay
as shown in Fig.3.

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3. Bus Protection with Percentage Differential Relays
A percentage restrain differential relay takes the fact that there may
be error current in differential circuit A simple percentage restrain
differential relay is shown in Fig.4.

Consider a load bus with three outgoing feeders as shown in

Fig.5.This bus is protected by differential relay with three restrain
coil.The protection scheme shown for one phase only

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When no fault (I1+I2=I3) then I’1+I’2-I’3=0 (restrain current and
relay not operate, but if I’1+I’2-I’3 ≠0 the relay will operate ,and
the fault is present.

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5,000A 10,000A

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I F 3  I F 1  I F 2  5,000  10,000  16,000A
5
If 1'  5,000  ( )  50A
600
5
If 2  10.000  (
'
)  83.4A
600
5
If 3'  16,000  ( )  133.4A
600
I op  If 1'  If 2'  If 3'  50  83.4  133.4  0A (the relay will not operated )
Example 2: Repeat example 1 when feeder number 3 supplies
7000A to the bus and an internal fault occurs

I F  I F 1  I F 2  I F 3  5, 000  10, 000  7, 000  23, 000A

If 1'  50A and If 2'  83.4A
5
If 3'  7, 000  ( )  58.3.4A
600
I op  If 1'  If 2'  If 3'  50  83.4  58.3  191.7A (the relay will operated )

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4. Bus High-Impedance Voltage Differential Protection
5. Bus Partial Differential Protection

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