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Cryogenic Engineering: Akash James, Asst. Professor, DME

The document provides an overview of the course Cryogenic Engineering which covers the history and evolution of cryogenics, low temperature material properties, gas liquefaction and refrigeration systems, cryogenic storage and transfer systems, and cryogenic instrumentation. The course syllabus outlines 6 modules that will be covered over several weeks, addressing topics such as introduction to cryogenic systems and applications, low temperature properties of materials and fluids, gas liquefaction and refrigeration systems, fluid storage and transfer, and cryogenic instrumentation. The course objectives are to provide knowledge on cryogenic systems, low temperature properties, gas liquefaction and refrigeration techniques, fluid storage and transfer, and cryogenic instrumentation

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ASHITA K B
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160 views

Cryogenic Engineering: Akash James, Asst. Professor, DME

The document provides an overview of the course Cryogenic Engineering which covers the history and evolution of cryogenics, low temperature material properties, gas liquefaction and refrigeration systems, cryogenic storage and transfer systems, and cryogenic instrumentation. The course syllabus outlines 6 modules that will be covered over several weeks, addressing topics such as introduction to cryogenic systems and applications, low temperature properties of materials and fluids, gas liquefaction and refrigeration systems, fluid storage and transfer, and cryogenic instrumentation. The course objectives are to provide knowledge on cryogenic systems, low temperature properties, gas liquefaction and refrigeration techniques, fluid storage and transfer, and cryogenic instrumentation

Uploaded by

ASHITA K B
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING

Akash James, Asst. Professor, DME


Course Objectives

1 To provide the knowledge of evolution of low temperature


science
2 To provide knowledge on the properties of materials at low
temperature
3 To familiarize with various gas liquefaction and refrigeration
systems and to provide design aspects of cryogenic storage
and transfer lines
MODULE SYLLABUS HOURS

Introduction to Cryogenic Systems: Historical development, Applications of Cryogenics (Space,


Food Processing, Super conductivity, Electrical Power, Biology, Medicine, Electronics and Cutting
I Tool Industry). 8
Low Temperature Properties: Properties of Engineering Materials (Mechanical properties, Thermal
properties, Electric and Magnetic properties), Properties of Cryogenic fluids.
Introduction to Liquefaction Systems: Ideal system, Joule Thomson expansion, Adiabatic
II expansion, Linde Hampson Cycle, Claude & Cascaded System. 7
Introduction to Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems: Magnetic Cooling, Stirling Cycle Cryo Coolers.

III Gas Liquefaction Systems: General liquefaction systems. Liquefaction systems for Neon, Hydrogen 6
and Helium. Critical components of liquefaction systems.

IV Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems: Ideal refrigeration systems, Refrigeration using liquids and gases
as refrigerant, Refrigerators using solids as working media. 6

Cryogenic Fluid Storage and Transfer Systems: Cryogenic storage vessels and transportation.
V Thermal insulation and their performance at cryogenic temperatures, Super insulations, Vacuum 8
insulation, Powder insulation. Cryogenic fluid transfer systems.
Cryogenic Instrumentation: Pressure, flow-rate, liquid-level and temperature measurements. Types
VI of Heat Exchangers used in cryogenic systems (only description with figure). Cryo Pumping 7
Applications.
T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHOR/PUBLICATION

T1 J. H. Boll Jr, Cryogenic Engineering

R. B. Scott, Cryogenic Engineering, Van Nostrand Co.,


T2 1959

T3 Randal F.Barron, Cryogenic systems, McGraw Hill, 1986

Klaus D.Timmerhaus and Thomas M.Flynn, Cryogenic


R1 Process Engineering, Plenum Press, New York, 1989.
Course Outcomes
To gain knowledge and to understand the scope and history of cryogenics. To
CME467.1 understand the properties of materials at low temperature applying fundamental
knowledge.
To apply the knowledge of low temperature production methods to understand
CME467.2 and analyse different liquefaction systems. To gain knowledge about the critical
components involved in liquefaction.
To apply the knowledge of ideal refrigeration techniques, to understand and
CME467.3 analyse common cryogenic refrigeration systems. To understand some of the
novel cryogenic refrigeration methods.
To gain knowledge and to understand various cryogenic fluid storage and
CME467.4 transport systems and to evaluate their performance applying fundamental
concepts
To gain knowledge about different cryogenic instrumentation and to understand
CME467.5
cryo pumping.
Introduction
• Out of all properties
Temperature affects
processes and material
properties the most.
• The ability to harness
Temperature advanced our
civilization.
• High T → forging, pottery,
steam engine…
• Low T → A/c, treatment,
food preservation…
Range of
temperatures
achievable in
the
Laboratory
Until 1850
• In ancient times natural ice and • The gases which were known to be non-
evaporative cooling was mostly used. liquefiable even with a pressure of 40 MPa
were called permanent gases. (CH4, CO, O,
• Later, precooled constant T compression
N2, H2)
followed by rapid expansion to
atmospheric pressure was used to produce • In 1834, Perkins showed how to carry out
low Ts. this process continuously, beginning todays
vapor compression refrigeration system.
• 1823, Faraday used this method to liquify
Cl (NBP – 239 K) • John Hague built one for caoutchoucine
• Several other gases where similarly
liquified subsequently, up to Ethylene (NBP
– 169 K, the lowest yieldable T by this
method)
1850-1900
• The ability to attain lower and lower temperatures
were strengthened by,

• Advancements in Thermodynamic principles.

• Development of high pressure compressors.

• 1877, the cryogenic barrier was first broken.

• Louis Paul Cailletet, a French mining engineer produced


a fog of Liquid Oxygen droplets by earlier methods and
using a cascade of precooling baths.

• Raul Pictet, a Swiss Physicist, on the same day


produced continuous mist of Liquid Oxygen by a
cascaded vapour compression system.
• Kamerlingh Onnes first coined the adjective
‘CRYOGENIC’ in 1894 in a paper titled “ on
cryogenic laboratory at Leiden and the
production of very low temperatures”.

• Cryos → icy cold


123 K
• Genes → generated from
(Greek)

• Below 123 K (as defined by National Bureau of


Standards, US)

• Below which the so-called permanent gases are


liquified
Cryogenic Engineering
Development and improving of low temperature techniques/
Processes/ Equipment.

Cryogenic System
An interacting group of components involving low temperature. Ex: Air
Liquefaction Plant, He Refrigerator, Storage vessels etc.
1877 Cilletet & Pictet → LO2
1879 Linde → Linde Eismaschinen AG, Germany (1st Low temp phys lab)
1883 Wroblewski & Olszewski → good quantity of LO2, LN2
@ Cracow University Laboratory, Poland
1884 Wroblewski & Olszewski → A mist of LH2. Vapor shielding
1892 Dewar → vacuum-insulated vessel for cryogenic liquid storage
1895 Onnes → the Physical Laboratory, University of Leiden, Holland
Linde → patent for air liquefaction in Germany
1898 Dewar → LH2 in bulk
1902 Claude → l’Air Liquide. Air Liquefaction s/m using expansion engine
1908 Onnes → LHe
1910 Onnes → failed attempt to solidify He (1.04K)
Linde → Double column air separation system
1911 Onnes → Superconductivity (Nobel 1913)
1926 Goddard → test fired first cryogenically propelled rocket
Giauque & Debye →proposed Adiabatic demagnetization (<0.1 K)
1933 Giauque & MacDougall, Berkeley → 0.3 K (magnetic method)
Haas, kramers et. al., Leiden → 0.09K
1942 V-2 Weapons s/m test fired
1947 Collin’s Cryostat
‘56-’61 LH2 powered rocket engines, LO2 ICBMs, 1st space vehicle (LH2 + LO2)
1966 Hall, Ford, Thomson @ Manchester → Dilution Refrigeration (<0.1 K)
Neganov, Borisov, Liburg @ Moscow
1972 Fawley Superconducting Motor
1975 Record high superconducting transition temperature (>23 K)
1994 Matsubara (Japan) → 4 K Pulse tube cryocooler
Applications
Rocket Propulsion
• A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket
engine that uses a cryogenic fuel or
oxidizer (or both).
i.e., they are liquefied and stored at
very low temperatures.
• Reduces the Size and Mass of the
carrying tanks while keeping mass
flow rate high.
-as compared to compressed gas
• The combination of liquid hydrogen
(LH2) fuel and the liquid oxygen (LOX)
oxidizer is one of the most widely
used.
Studies in High Energy Physics

• Hydrogen bubble chamber


uses LH2 in detection and
study of high energy particles
produced in large particle
accelerators.
• Superconducting magnets are
used in guiding particles in
the same
Electronics
• MASERs (microwave amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation) –
sensitive microwave/radio/infrared
amplifiers cooled to cryogenic
temperatures to reduce noise.
• Missile detectors, radio astronomy, space
communication systems
• SQUIDs (superconducting quantum
interference devices) – used as
extremely sensitive digital
magnetometers and voltmeters.
• Josephson effect
Mechanical Design
• Zero-friction bearings
using magnetic field as
lubricant.
• Meisner effect
• Superconducting motors
with zero electrical losses
• Ship propulsion systems
Space Simulation & High Vacuum technology
• 10-12 to 10-14 torr. →
Cryopumping
• Cold of free space is simulated
by LN2
Biological/Medical Applications
• Cryobiology – Electron
cryomicroscopy (CryoEM)
• Preservation – Blood, Tissue,
Bone Marrow etc.
• Cryo surgery – Parkinson’s, Eye,
lesions
Others
• Food processing/preservation
• Manufacturing – Heat treatment
• Recycling - Tyre

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