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Lecture 3-1
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
Lecture 3-3
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
! At low pressures the Townsend criterion for spark takes the form
⎧ ⎡ d ⎤ ⎫
⎩ ⎣0
∫
γ ⎨exp ⎢ α ( x)dx ⎥ − 1⎬ = 1
⎦ ⎭
where d is the gap length.
! For the general case to take into account the non-uniform
distribution of α , the criterion condition for breakdown (or
inception of discharge) may be represented as
⎡ xc < d ⎤ xc < d
exp ⎢
⎣ ∫
0
α ( x)dx ⎥ ≈ 108
⎦
or ∫
0
α ( x)dx ≈ 18 − 20
Lecture 3-4
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
1. Corona discharges
! Definition: A corona discharge is an electrical discharge brought
on by the ionization of a gas (fluid) surrounding a conductor,
which occurs when the electric field is strongly non-uniform and
field strength at or near the conductor surface or exceeds a certain
value, but conditions are insufficient to cause complete electrical
breakdown.
! Characteristics:
" Self-sustained discharges in strongly non-uniform fields
Lecture 3-5
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
1. Corona discharges
! The field strength Ec at the surface of the conductor in air
required to produce a visual AC corona in air is given
approximately by the Peek’s expressions.
! For two transmission lines in parallel, a Peek’s expression
(Peek’s law) is as:
⎛ 0.298 ⎞
Ec = 21.4δm1m2 ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ kV/cm
⎝ rδ ⎠
where:
" r - conductor diameter; δ - relative density of air
" m1 - constant describing surface condition of conductors
" m2 - constant of climate.
d
u c = Ec r ln kV " d - distance between two lines
r
Lecture 3-6
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
1. Corona discharges
! Problems for electric power transmission
" Power loss
" Audible noise
" Electromagnetic interference
" Purple glow
" Ozone production
" Insulation damage
! Industry application
" Impulse coronas weaken propagation along transmission lines of
lightning and switching overvoltage waves.
" High-speed printing devices
" Electrostatic precipitators
" Paint sprayers
Lecture 3-7
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
2. Polarity effect
! In strongly non-uniform fields, partial breakdown starts at
Lecture 3-8
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
2. Polarity effect
! Positive or anode coronas
Lecture 3-9
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
2. Polarity effect
! Positive or anode coronas
Lecture 3-10
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
2. Polarity effect
! Negative or cathode coronas
Lecture 3-11
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
2. Polarity effect
! Negative or cathode coronas
Lecture 3-12
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
2. Polarity effect
! Inception of coronas
Lecture 3-13
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
leader
air avalanche streamer
(a) Leader and its front streamer m-k; (b) avalanche occurring at the head of streamer;
(c) streamer m-k transforming into leader and the new streamer n-m;
(d) new avalanche occurrences; (e) field distribution in long air gap
Lecture 3-14
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
! Leader discharges
" A leader is a hot, highly conductive channel of plasma.
" Leader enhances its front field and a new streamer is hence
generated in the space.
" New streamers improve the progress of leader discharge.
" The leader effectively projects the electrical field from the nearby
electrode further into the gap.
! Final jump (末跃/主放电)
" If the power source has sufficient voltage and current, it makes the
streamer zone longer and transfers the spark discharge in the stage
of final jump.
" The final jump often does not identify with leader, due to its huge
current and velocity.
" Breakdown occurs at the stage of final jump.
Lecture 3-15
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
! Brief conclusions / 小结
" 流注通道电子被阳极吸引
" →电子浓度↑
" →电流↑ →热损耗↑ →温度↑
" →流注中热电离↑
" →电导↑,电流↑
" →流注变成高电导的等离子体(先导)
" →电场↑→新流注→先导不断推进。
Lecture 3-16
DEPT OF HIGH VOLTAGE AND INSULATION ENG, CHONGQING UNIVERSITY FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
Lecture 3-17
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
T1 = 1.67T
T ′ = 0.3 T1 = 0.5T
" O1: virtual origin, defined where the line AB cuts the time axis.
" T1: front time, a virtual parameter, defined as 1.67 times the interval T.
" T2: time to half-value , a virtual parameter.
Lecture 3-18
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
Lecture 3-19
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
Lecture 3-20
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
Lecture 3-21
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
t = ts + tf
Vs minimum static
breakdown voltage;
Vp peak voltage;
! Factors influencing tf :
" When the secondary electrons arise entirely from electron emission
at the cathode by positive ions, the transit time from anode to
cathode is the dominant factor determining the formative time.
" Increasing with the gap length and the field nonuniformity.
Lecture 3-23
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
2. Volt–time characteristics
Lecture 3-24
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
2. Volt–time characteristics
" In uniform and quasi-uniform
field gaps, the characteristic is
usually sharply defined and it
rises steeply with increasing the
rate of rise of the applied
voltage.
" In non-uniform field gaps, due
to larger scatter in the results,
the data fall into a dispersion
band.
2. Volt–time characteristics
! Relationship between flashover voltage per meter and time
to flashover (3-m gap).
1. Rod-rod gap.
2. Conductor-plane gap.
3. Power frequency
Lecture 3-26
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
2. Volt–time characteristics
! Left half part of the “U-curve”
Time to crest↓→Time lag↓→U50% ↑
! Right half part of the “U-curve”
" Time to crest↑
Lecture 3-27
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
Two gaps with volt-time characteristics Two gaps with crossed volt-time
in good cooperation characteristics
Volt-time characteristics of two gaps in quasi-uniform field (S1) and
non-uniform field (S2)
Lecture 3-28
FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
Lecture 3-29