Society for Historical Archaeology

Clay Pipes from Old Sacramento

Author(s): Richard V. Humphrey
Source: Historical Archaeology, Vol. 3 (1969), pp. 12-33
Published by: Society for Historical Archaeology
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12

Clay Pipes From Old Sacramento

RICHARD V. HUMPHREY

INTRODUCTION
The Old Sacramento excavations were carried out during the summer of 1966 under Inter
agency Agreement No. 13831 between the State of California Division of Beaches and Parks
and the Division of Highways, with funds provided by the latter. The project was under the
direct administration of Mr. F. A. (Fritz) Riddell, of the Division of Resource Management
and Protection, and Mr. Leif C. W. Landberg acted as coordinator and field director (Land
berg:71-78).
Special thanks go to Miss JoAnn Brady, University of California at Santa Barbara, for the
many hours of painstaking work she contributed toward the analysis of the 13-15 thousand pipe
sherds recovered from the site, and to the U.C.S.B. Department of Anthropology for making
the time and facilities available.
The spectacular number of clay pipe sherds taken from the Old Sacramento site could give
the erroneous impression that the Gold Rush city was populated by unusually clumsy chain
smokers. The fact is that one building (number 115) produced an estimated 95 percent of the
collection ? virtually all of the milkmaid,' patriotic/ and 'figurine' pieces. Building 115 seems
to have been occupied by a dealer in sundries, the charred and melted remains of which filled
the 1852 fire debris. The result is a rather skewed sample, but with the good fortune of pro
viding an opportunity to examine the variability of a single contemporaneous sample of clay
pipes, all of which were on the dealers shelf during November, 1852.

CLAY PIPES AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Modern users of tobacco lack the imagina The modern popularity of cigarette smok
tions of their aboriginal counterparts who ing is pallid by comparison, although a few
used all four of the basic methods of con still prefer relict methods of consumption. In
suming tobacco: as a liquid, by chewing, in Dearborn, Michigan, for example, many el
retirees can be
powdered form as snuff, or inhaled as smoke. derly Ford Motor Company
It is quite possible, though, that in this re seen chewing their tobacco. Local legend has
spect no one has equalled the enthusiasm of it that the elder Henry forbade smoking at his
. . the intemperate South American who gigantic Rouge Plant for reasons of morality,
placed snuff up his nostrils, then stuffed to and a wad could be more easily concealed
bacco after it (this last feat termed plugging'), from the company police than a cigarette or
after which he put a coil of pigtail tobacco in a cigar butt.
each cheek, and lit a Havana cigar. The, truth Smoking has always been just one of the
of this circumstance is attested by a horrified
ways of using tobacco, vying, as itwere, with
witness, the Scottish surgeon John Lizars, who snuff and plug ? and among smokers there
needlessly added that this gentleman was are alternate preferences. Clay pipes, as early
\ . . frightfully nervious'" (Robert: 104). competitors for popularity, have gone the way

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 Sacramento Clay Pipes 13

of kerosene lamps and buggy whips ? present in international stresses and to minimal trade
but not competing. No single factor can be between the two countries. British power on
blamed as the 'cause' of the fall of the clay the high seas was limited, with little activity
pipe into obscurity, and it must be remem in exploration, colonization, or trading, until
bered that in some parts of Europe and the well after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in
New World the clay pipe hardly existed at 1588, at which time England began to grow
all. From the earliest introduction of tobacco into a strong maritime nation with expansion
other methods of smoking were preferred. ist ideas of its own.
The Spanish, for instance, were traditional Until England developed its own colonies
users of cigars, which were virtually unknown and trade systems, the British Isles were
west of the Pyranees. As late as 1735 a British
largely dependent upon foreign traders, and
traveler writing of cigars in a letter to England most of their tobacco was undoubtedly in the
found it necessary to describe them (Ortiz: form of Brazilian leaves brought in by Por
306). In England, as well as in most of the tugese merchants. Without a source of tobacco
other countries of Europe, pipe smoking was inmanufactured form, such as Havana cigars,
the popular method of tobacco consumption. a British cigar smoker would have been re
Ralph Linton observed the differing prefer quired to roll his own, a task which requires
ences and attributed them to the fact that the considerable skill as well as carefully cured
people of the Mediterranean nations learned leaf for the exterior wrapping. These diffi
to use tobacco from Indians who smoked it culties made the clay pipe by far the most
in the form of cigars; others learned from desirable alternative; almost any form of to
Indians who were predominantly pipe smok bacco could be jammed into the bowl with
ers (Linton: 8). This explanation seems valid little difficulty and reasonable expectation of
enough as far as it goes, but other factors success.
should be considered as well. For instance,
the North American colonies were not Eng The Spanish tradition? or preference ?
lands' only source of tobacco; Portugese trad for cigars apparently continued until well into
ers introduced it in various forms long before the nineteenth century. Cigars, in fact, were
smoking became popular or fashionable (Or frequently used in trade inWestern America
tiz: 300). as a substitute for money due to a chronic
scarcity of coinage. The preference might
During most of the sixteenth century Spain well account for the scarcity of clay tobacco
was actively exploring, conquering, and set
pipe sherds in the Spanish colonial sites of
tling colonies throughout the New World and their shattered remains
California, whereas
the Pacific. Spain controlled, at least nom are almost invariably found in non-Spanish
inally, all of Central America, most of South sites of the same vintage.
America, the west coast of North America to
about 42 degrees north, as well as the south The first clay pipes were introduced to
eastern part of what is now the United States.
Europe during the sixteenth century and had
The year 1565 saw the military conquest of almost completely fallen from popularity by
the Philippines, and for years afterward Span the beginning of the twentieth, a time period
ish control of the sea was unchallenged and which neatly overlaps the Industrial Revolu
their traders covered the entire world. tion with its radical social and economic
The Spanish had almost unlimited and vir changes. It would be strange, indeed, if the
tually exclusive access to the major tobacco clay pipe industry were left unaffected, and
some of the differences between the
producing areas of the world and the trade early clays
networks to take advantage of them. Spanish and the late sample from Old Sacramento
demands for tobacco were easily met by im might well be explained in this way.
porting what they needed from their colonies, In pre-Industrial Revolution Europe, pipe
notably from Havana in the form of cigars.
makers had organized themselves in accord
(The high reputation of the Havana cigar is ance with the existing guild system.
more than an advertising gimmick; Havana Journey
men produced pipes by hand, assisted by
has been the center of the world's cigar pro
duction for several centuries.) apprentices who could look forward to becom
ing pipemakers in their own right. A relatively
During the most active days of the Spanish large number of pipemakers produced rela
colonial period, it appears that Spain never tively small numbers of pipes, usually marked
recognized the right of Great Britain to oc with initials or registered symbols to identify
cupy New England, a situation which resulted the product.

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 14 Historical Archaeology 1969

The Industrial Revolution began to affect somewhat more of a problem to produce a

the pottery industry during the middle of the mold with raised designs, and very time con
eighteenth century. Lacking specific informa suming to stamp each pipe with the required
tion, we can assume that the age of machines marks by hand after removal from the mold.
came to the pipe-making trade at about the
same time. The pattern of The treatment of mold lines can be used
change is predic as another example of time saving, cost reduc
table: those who industrialized produced
? ing practices. The two halves of the mold
greater quantities at a lower unit cost and
survived. Those who did not industrialize used to shape the exterior of a pipe rarely
were not able to compete match perfectly, and the result is a ridge of
economically and
were
eventually displaced. clay along the centerline of the pipe. In the
case of the early, hand-made pipes, this
The inevitable result was the production of ridge
was for the most part obliterated by
scraping
pipes by a small number of large scale pro or burnishing. The finely made Dutch pieces
ducers with nameless employees who could from the Sacramento collection show careful
not reasonably look forward to in their bowls entirely stroke bur
becoming handwork,
dependent producers. An examination of guild nished, with all signs of mold marks gone.
records will undoubtedly reveal the attrition A milkmaid mark is hand-stamped into the
of the journeymen and apprentices who at bottom of the spur. Most of the Scottish pipes
tempted to compete with steam-powered in are finished by scraping themold line flat, but
dustry during the transitional period and the with no attempt to finish the bowl completely,
eventual disintegration of the guilds them a saving in hand-finishing time.
selves.
The fluted bowls of unknown manufacture
But even after the displacement of individ
present another method of mold line finishing,
ual pipemakers, price competition undoubtedly with a diagonal roulette decoration which
continued within the industry with production
squashes the ridge into a decorative element.
costs reduced to a minimum. The amount of It would appear that it was faster to flatten
time spent on handwork contributes signifi out the mold line rather than to scrape it
cantly to the cost, so we can expect less away, which makes the artistic aspect of the
handwork as competiton increased. With this treatment secondary to the economic.
as a guideline we can interpret the changes
in clay pipe designs and production methods, The ultimate in productivity, of course, can
be achieved by not touching the mold lines
illustrating certain changes by reference to
the Old Sacramento collection. at all. The thirteen star patriotic pipes fall
into this category, displaying a row of 'oak
First there is thematter of clay preparation. leaves' on either side of the raw mold line,
The dryer the clay, the less likely it is that a
usually on the front of the bowl away from
pipe will suffer damage upon removal from the smoker. This technique can be inter
the mold, and relatively dry clay requires less an
time for the initial drying process before firing. preted in two ways; either attempt was
made to conceal the mold line in the con
But, the dryer the clay, the less smooth and fusion of the leaf pattern, or to incorporate
attractive is its surface after molding. Many it into the design as the stem out of which
of the pipes from the Old Sacramento collec the leaves grow. In either case it appears to
tion have the appearance of having been be a time saving expedient.
pressed from stiff clay, and several have dis
tinct 'fault lines' which, for the lack of a better Another probable consequence of the Indus
trial Revolution is the frequently discussed
explanation, can tentatively be blamed upon
excessively dry clay. proliferation of TD bowl marks which took
place during the period. If the mark did
Another of the likely consequences of the
Industrial Revolution, with its altered employ originate as the identification of a journeyman
pipemaker, it seems unlikely that another
ment patterns, should be the loss of many
journeyman would have infringed upon it.
hundreds of individual makers marks ? re
The guilds frowned upon such activities and
placed by the names or trade-marks of the in most areas it was illegal as well. In the
pipe manufacturing companies, with perhaps laissez faire world of emergent capitalism,
mold and style identification numbers.
however, the old rules governing the use of
In decorative methods we can expect to see identiflying marks no longer held. Almost
more lettering and design in relief than in in certainly the widespread use of the TD mark
taglio on late pipes. It is a relatively simple could only have come about under these cir
matter to stamp or carve designs into themold, cumstances.

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 Sacramento Clay Pipes 15

One of the most significant differences be which bears the name A. COGHILL impressed
tween the early and late pipes was revealed into the left side, GLASGOW on the right.
when Harrington (1954) discovered that there According to Omwake, Coghill was first re
was a consistent reduction of the size of the corded as a pipe manufacturer in 1826 and
stem bore over time, and that the age of a continued until 1899-1900 (letter, quoted by
site could be determined with remarkable Walker 1966:89). (Sackett 1943:72) illustrates
accuracy by tallying up the relative frequen an A. Coghill pipe recovered from Fort
cies of each bore size. In calculating a simpler Ridgely, Minnesota, which bears the letters
method of applying Harrington's discovery, TD surrounded by a wreath of leaves on the
Binford (1962) found that the bore-date rela rear of the bowl facing the smoker. Its stem
tionship fell apart after 1780, with stem bores appears to be similar to those from the Sacra
becoming larger after that date instead of mento site.
continuing to reduce. There has been some
conjecture about the disruption of the more Murray-Davidson
or less regular reduction. Binf ord attributes and
The corporate historys of Murray
it to a return to the older, short stemmed Davidson have tended to be slightly tangled.
styles produced by North American pipemak The Murray company was founded in Glas
ers. Since large bores are traditionally asso
gow, Scotland in 1826 (Omwake 1965:131)
ciated with short stems, he reasons, a return and apparently continued in business until
to the shorter stem naturally meant a return
1861-2, at which time it became the Davidson
to the larger bore.
Company. Walker (1968) has pointed out that
But increased bore sizes were not limited to Davidson was a Murray and Company em
in North America, and an as the manager
pipes produced ployee during 1861, probably
alternate explanation may be more valid. The of their pipe making operation, the last year
abrupt changes in styles and bore size more or that Murray appears in the trade directories.
less coincide with the industrialization of He ". . .was apparently never a pipemaker
Great Britian's ceramic industry, the cost-cut in his own right prior to his buying out
the destruction of . . Walker concludes that "There
ting production methods, Murray.
the guild system, and the constantly improv seems no possibility that a Davidson marked
at the earliest."
ing manufacturing processes. The year 1780 pipe could date before 1862
seems to stand as the critical date, a dividing It follows that a Murray sherd could date no
line between the early clays and the late, a later than 1862.
socio-economic Rubicon which, when crossed, Two Murray sherds were recovered from
left the old ways behind. the Old Sacramento site. The piece illustrated
on its
Any discussion of the return to a larger (115B-3569)bears thenameMURRAY
bore size must consider that there is a func left side,GLASGOW on its right,with the
number 13 molded in relief on the left side
tional minimum, regardless of stem length.
Harrington observed that 4/64 of an inch of the spur (Figure 2). A single stem sherd
one side and
was the highest frequency after the year 1750. with DAVIDSON impressed on
A reduction to a 3/64 bore would mean a GLASGOW on the other was recovered (117
maximum size of somewhat less than a six 2735, Figure 3). It seems safe to assume that
teenth of an inch, which might well be below neither Murray nor Davidson were major ex
the critical limit. Any pipe tends to become porters to Old Sacramento.
clogged by tars, shreds of tobacco, and bowl
'dung', and the smaller the bore the more Peter Dorni
quickly and easily it will be obstructed. It
Only one stem sherd (117-1871) bearing the
is safe to say that pipes with excessively small name of thismanufacturer wes recovered. The
bores would not be well received by smokers. name PETER is molded in relief on one side
# # # of the oval stem, DORNI opposite it on the
other side (Figure 4). According to Omwake
(1965:130) "Peter Dorm was a pipemaker in
THE SACRAMENTO CLAY PIPES northern France ca. 1850 whose pipes became
so popular that they were widely imitated by
A. Coghill for the export
pipemakers of Gouda, Holland,
Only three sherds bearing this manufactur trade to the United States. Some Peter Dorni
er's name were recovered from the Old Sacra stems carry the words Gouda and Holland
mento site. All were similar? if not identical which mark them as imitations of the original.,,
? to the piece shown as Figure 1 (117-3919) Sackett (1943:78) illustrates a stem sherd ap

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 Historical Archaeology 1969

Figure 8 Figure 9

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 Sacramento Clay Pipes 17

parently recovered from Fort Ridgely, Minne Gambier

sota, which bears the name PETER DORNI
Two pieces by this manufacturer were re
one one side and IN GOUDA on the other,
covered from the Old Sacramento site. One
decorated by vertical bars. It would seem
of them (115A-4571) is a nearly complete
to be one of the copies described by Omwake.
bowl, undecorated except for a leaf design
The status of the Dorni sherd from Sacra molded at the base of the bowl in the location
mento is unresolved; pipes were imported from usually occupied by a heel or spur (Figure 7).
both France and Holland, and the occupa It iswell finished, itsmold lines neatly scraped
tion period of the site overlaps the
probable away except for that part which passes through
dates of manufacture in either country. the leaf; in this region the mold line has been
flattened by a series of diagonal lines. The
Dumeril stem is broken away immediately beneath the
name GAMBIER, which is impressed around
Four sherds produced by this manufacturer
the stem perpendicular to its long axis. The
were recovered, two
bearing the name and lo second piece is a portion of bowl bearing a
cation, and two attributed to it. The company leaf design identical to that described above.
operated in the French city of St. Omer, and
it appears that St. Omer was a center of A single bowl with an apparently similar
clay
leaf-decorated heel was recovered at Fort
pipe production for the export trade to the
United States. The most significant piece Ridgely, Minnesota. Sackett (1943:75,80) in
(117-3372-1) is a portion of a yellow-orange terprets the base design as "... a simple tre
foil or fleur-de-lis." According to Wilson
glazed stem and bowl, with the manufactur
er's name impressed at a right angle to the (1961:125) Gambier manufactured pipes at
stem extending more than half way around it. Paris, France, and was best known for figurine
The stem is oval, flattened from top to bottom, bowls.

except for that portion bearing the inscription,

which is distinctly rounded. The bowl of this Jones
pipe can best be described as 'keeled' with a Four sherds by this manufacturer were
heavy ridge of clay extending along its cen taken from the Sacramento site. All bear the
terline (Figure 5a). The inscription is shown relief lettering JONES on the left side, LIVER
as a rubbing (Figure 5b). POOL on the right. Two of the pieces are long
enough to show stem decorations as well as
L. Fiolet the name and location of the maker. Both
are fluted at their bowl ends, and adjacent to
Only one piece by this manufacturer was
recovered it has a the fluting is a zone decorated by diagonal
(117-4262). Fortunately, lines in relief. The zones are terminated at
complete bowl and sufficient stem to include
the maker's name and location. The bowl is each end by two closely spaced vertical bars.
of the 'apple' style, set at about a sixty degree Artifact number 114-4109 characterizes three
of the sherds (Figure 8). The fourth Jones
angle to the stem (Figure 6).) Its inscription
is impressed at a right angle to the stem, ex sherd is considerably smaller than the others,
both in length and diameter.
tending about half-way around it. It reads
L.FIOLET/St. Om-, undoubtedly St. Omer,
France, which is also the location of the Du McDougall
meril company.
Pipe sherds bearing the name of this manu
Sackett (1943:77) reported that a stem sherd facturer were both the most numerous of the
identifiable pieces and the most abundant of
bearing the inscription L. FIOLET, ST.
DEPOSE was discovered in Minne the Scottish sherds. According to Wilson
OMER,
sota, just beneath the surface of the ground (1961:133) the McDougall Company was
in a prehistoric rock shelter on the St. Croix founded in 1810 by Duncan McDougall, pro
River. He explains that the Fiolet
Company ducing pipes for export which were character
was organized at St. Omer, France, in 1764 istically about seven inches in length. The
and continued in business until 1920. date the company was organized has been
criticized; Walker (1968) states that ". . .Mc
Five Fiolet pipes were discovered
during ex Dougall was not founded in 1810 but 1846."
cavations at Fort Laramie (Wilson 1961:121). The source of the 1810 date which pops up
All were undecorated, four had the same from time to time is apparently Fleming's
'ap
ple' style bowl, but set at about a ninety Scottish Pottery, which devotes a chapter to
degree angle to their stems. the manufacture of clay pipes. Walker ob

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 18 Historical Archaeology 1969

serves that the chapter on pipes is . . full of

"largest manufacturer", while the McDougall
errors." Most of the company records were firm called itself the "largest export manufac
destroyed by two fires earlier in this century, turer." The preponderance of McDougall
and it finally closed its doors in November, sherds in the Sacramento site would tend to
1967. bear this out.
The name McDougall is invariably found The decline in the popularity of the clay
impressed on the left side of the stem, the lo pipe can be seen in the reduction of the num
cation on the right. It is sometimes GLAS ber of styles produced by White. According
GOW, at times GLASGOW, SCOTLAND, or to J.ArnoldFleming (1923:242), in 1867 there
merely SCOTLAND. Several stem sherds were some 700 varieties which had been re
which bear the name on the left side appear duced to only ten in 1900 (Walker 1966:88).
to have been entirely blank on the right. The W. White sherds frequently have the
Several different type faces and letter sizes number 78', 78 C, or C 78* molded in relief
were used. Two other marks were found to on the left side of the stem preceding the
occur only on McDougall stems. The first name of the manufacturer. These marks were
might be described as a capital letter T, or not to be found on stems which could be
perhaps the figure T, and is found on the left traced to makers other than White. It seems
side of the stem about half way between the
likely that they identify the style.
bowl and the name McDougall. The second
White pipes have been found in consider
mark resembles an upside-down letter 'C over the
able numbers, widely scattered
and is found following the name, toward the
United States. Fontana et al (1962:96) de
tip end of the stem. scribe a White sherd found at JohnnyWard's
What the marks signify is open to question. ranch which had the letters TD on the bowl,
Only ten of the sherds are marked with the the number '5'molded in relief on the ". . .butt
eC\ and seventeen with T. Only four bowls beneath the bowl," and the number 73' in re
were found which can be identified as Mc lief on the stem. Gifford (1940:130) describes
Dougall pipes. The first of these (115A-3423) a stem sherd from Fort Ticonderoga which
has a decorated stem (Figure 9), the letters to be identical to some of those from
appears
TD crudely impressed on the rear of the bowl Sacramento. Sackett described a
(1934:74)
facing the smoker, and two raised dots on the complete or nearly complete White pipe with
left side of its heel. The second piece is a a TD on the bowl rear, the number 78' on the
complete pipe (117-2387), undecorated except left side of the stem, and a numbered spur;
for the letters TD molded in relief on the rear the figure '2' appeared on the left side, the
of the bowl. The name McDougall W. White
appears
on the left side of the stem and the right side figure '3' on the right. A typical
stem sherd is shown as Figure 12.
appears to be blank (Figure 10).
The thirdMcDougall pipe is an almost com Dutch 'Milkmaid' Pipes
plete specimen acquired by the author from
Another distinctive group of bowls and
a bottle collector who found it during con stems recovered from the Old Sacramento site
struction operations a few blocks away from were produced at Gouda, Holland, the pre
the Old Sacramento site. It bears the name
dominant center of manufacture of clay pipes
McDOUGALL on the left and GLASGOW
for the export trade. The bowls of these pipes
on the right side of the stem, with an upside
down letter 'E' molded in relief on both sides
are undecorated except for a roulette decora
tion close to the rim, a technique frequently
of the heel. The bowl is decorated by fluting
found on Dutch pipes. Their bowls are en
which covers most of the lower part; the upper
half bears a simple scrollwork design (Figure tirely finished by vertical stroke burnishing
(Figure 13a). The bowl end of each stem has
11). All of the bowl decorations are molded a 'brushed' area on both sides. Since most
in relief. The fourth McDougall bowl is un
of the stems are broken off rather closely to
decorated, bearing the letters TD molded in
the bowls it is difficult to say how far this
relief on the rear of the bowl.
brushing extended. There seems to be little
W. White functional reason for the brushing; only rarely
does it extend to the centerline of the pipe
Of the many companies producing pipes in
where it could help to conceal the mold line.
Glasgow during the nineteenth century the
It follows that itwas intended as a decoration.
firm ofWilliam White and Sons was one of
the largest and best known. Walker (1968) ex The cylindrical heels of these pipes bear
plains that White advertised as being the the Gouda Coat of Arms molded in relief on

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 Sacramento Clay Pipes 19

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 20 Historical Archaeology 1969

their left sides. According to Walker is more or less flush with the surface, con
(1966b:192) this practice began in 1739 or tained within a depressed circle (Figure 15).
1740 and obviously continued into the middle The heel of this bowl is hardly more than a
of the nineteenth century. The base of each point.
heel bears the hand-impressed figure of a
milkmaid (Figure 13b). Omwake (1955:26) Fluted Bowls
mentions that a milkmaid was used in con
with the letters TD by a Gouda pipe Fluting is a relatively common decoration in
junction the sample of clay pipes from Old Sacramento.
maker named Cornelius Prince sometime alter
All in all, seven different styles can be recog
the year 1779, and Walker (1968) adds that
at the middle of the nineteenth century the nized, identified here as Classes I through
VII. Class I is represented by a single pipe
milkmaid pipes were being produced by Jan
with an almost complete bowl (115A-4507).
Prince of Gouda.
It is best distinguished from the others by its
The stem decorations of these pipes are con rim design (Figure 16). The intermediate
sistently of the same pattern, although there is bowl decoration, which lies between the rim
some variation in the composition of the pat design and the bowl fluting, is made up of
tern. The bowl end of the design is a series relatively large oval projections separated from
of letters? usually almost unreadable. They
one another by smaller round projections, one
appear to form the name PRINCE, with un above the other. The bowl flutes are of equal
decipherable letters which may precede and size, not extending onto the stem of the pipe.
follow it. Beneath the name are two or some The front and rear mold lines are decorated
times three pairs of dotted or dashed lines, by a row of 'oak leaves' extending along each
and beneath these pairs of lines is the lettering side.
IN:GOUDA. The entire decoration extends
Omwake (1965:31) describes a pipe from
around the stem at approximately a right angle
the Lake Michigan shore ofWisconsin which
to its axis, most likely applied by rolling the
seems identical to this specimen. The site was
stem through one revolution across an appro
first occupied in 1868, some years after the
priate die (Figure 13c). Sacramento site was initially settled. Another
located at Fort Mackinac, in
to duplicate was
Miscellaneous Bowls Attributed the strait between upper and lower Michigan
Dutch Makers no specific informa
(Petersen 1963) forwhich
Bowl number 112A-1479 14a) is tion is given.
(Figure
almost certainly of Dutch origin, an attribution
Class II is also represented by a single pipe,
based on several diagnostic characters. It has
best distinguished from the others by its rim
been carefully finished by stroke burnishing,
it bears a roulette decoration design of open scrollwork. It has already been
just below the described as one of the styles produced by
rim of the bowl, and has two vertical rows of of Glasgow and is
the McDougall Company
three raised dots separated by a faint vertical
shown as Figure 11. Its flutes are of equal
line. The latter design closely resembles the
size and limited to the bowl. The front and
Coat of Arms of the City of Gouda, Holland, rear mold lines have been scraped away.
lacking only the shield upon which they are
usually placed. This bowl confirms Walker's Class III contains one complete but badly
impression that "Where there was a heel, burned bowl and a single rim sherd (115B
Dutch manufacturers placed their marks on 13042), shown as Figure 17. This class is best
the base of the heel; if there was no heel the characterized by the presence of a row of
mark seems usually to have been put where 'stars' which decorate the rim of the bowl.
the heel would have been. . . ." The mark There is no intermediate decoration between
which replaces the heel on this bowl seems to the starred rim and the fluting, which alter
be a stylized combination of two letters (Fig nates in size; one wide, one narrow. The com
ure 14b) and is contained within a depressed plete bowl, not illustrated, shows that the
circle with toothed edges. fluting continued onto the stem of the pipe,
and that the front and rear bowl mold lines
The second bowl (114-4560) is larger than were adorned by rows of "oak leaves".
the one described above, but is also finished
by vertical stroke burnishing, with a roulette Class IV pipes are best described by illus
decoration around the bowl rim. The initials tration. There are three distinct design zones
RT surmounted by a crown are found on the (Figure 18) and are perhaps the most exten
rear of the bowl facing the smoker. The mark sively decorated of the seven classes. The

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 Sacramento Clay Pipes

Figure 17 Figure 18

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 Historical Archaeology 1969

Figure 22 Figure 23

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 Sacramento Clay Pipes 23

bowl flutes are of equal size, not extending have a stem socket which was apparently
onto the stem of the pipe. formed in much the same way as the bowl;
a plug rammed into the soft clay before the
Class V pipes are distinguished from the
others by the presence of two different bands pipe was removed from the mold. A 'smoke
of fluting, separated from each other by a hole' is pierced through the septum which
separates the bowl and the stem socket.
single heavy ridge of clay which encircles the
bowl at its midsection. The lower flutes are Detachable stem bowls can be subdivided
narrower than the upper and extend onto the into two smaller classes: figurine and non
stem. Mold lines are undecorated, with little figurine. Six different kinds of figurine bowls
attempt to scrape them away cleanly. One of were recovered in the Sacramento area, five
the bowls bears the letter T)' on both sides from the site itself, the sixth in construction
of the heel. Figure 19 shows artifact number backdirt a few blocks away. Those bowls from
117-3162. the site show unmistakable signs of having been
subjected to great heat, undoubtedly the dis
Class VI is represented by a single bowl
astrous fire of November, 1852. The first,
(114-4106). Fluting is the only decorative ele
and most abundant of these figurine bowls
ment, alternating in width and extending
came to be called "Queen Victoria" pipes, not
strongly onto the stem. On the upper portion
of the bowl the mold lines are scraped away; because we knew that they did portray the
cer
on the lower portion the mold line coincides Queen but because we thought that they
should. Approximately two hundred
with one of the large flutes and tends to be tainly
obscured. pieces were recovered, all in very poor condi
tion. The original color of these fully glazed
Class VII is characterized by the lack of bowls seems to have been a yellow-brown,
decoration above the fluting, which alternates with a white clay. There is considerable vari
in size; one wide one, one narrow. The flutes ation in glaze and clay color, probably caused
extend onto the stem where they are termin
by the great heat of the fire.
ated by two pairs of vertical lines. Between
these pairs of lines is a vertical row of small The rim area of the Victoria bowl is un
dots. Artifact No. 115B-4935 illustrates this decorated (Figure 22). Just below the rim
class (Figure 20a). No attempt has been made begins a headful of tightly curled hair which
to scrape away the mold line; it is concealed extends completely around the bowl. The fea
tures of the face are crudely done, with little
by flattening it, leaving a decoration of short
or no attempt to conceal the mold line. As
diagonal lines (Figure 20b).
One interesting sherd (115B-60) may prop likely as not the two halves of the mold failed
to align perfectly. The 'neck' of the figure is
erly belong with star-rimmed Class III, or it flexed sharply back to form the stem socket,
may be a candidate for a class all its own. and a double string of 'beads' decorates it.
Unfortunately, only the lower part of the bowl
and a short segment of stem is present. Its The second of these figurine bowl styles
tentative placement inClass III is based mostly undoubtedly represents another historical fig
upon the presence of a leaf decorated mold ure? possibly Napoleon. All of the bowls are
line (Figure 21) and its fluting of
alternating glazed but very poorly finished; the mold
width which extends onto the stem where it is halves frequently did not match and little at
terminated by a single vertical line. Adjacent tention was paid to themold lines. The upper
to the line is a triangular array of three raised portion of the bowl is formed by a hat (Fig
dots. ure 23), with the neck of the figure flexed
sharply backward to form the stem socket.
Detachable Stem Bowls
The third style of figurine bowl is repre
A useful criterion for segregating the sented by a single specimen recovered by a
clay
pipes from Old Sacramento into discrete bottle collector. In all its essentials it closely
groups for analysis and description was the resembles the style described above, differing
distinction between those pipes which were mosty in proportion (Figure 24).
made entirely of clay as opposed to those
which were made to be used with a non The fourth style is another poorly executed
ceramic detachable stem. In the case of the figure which appears to represent a turbanned
former group, the stem bore is formed by head (Figure 25). The original color of these

using a piece of wire of appropriate size to pieces was probably a yellow-brown.

pierce a hole of more or less uniform size The fifth style of detachable stem figurine
over its entire length. Detachable stem bowls bowl is defined by a single specimen. Unlike

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24 Historical Archaeology 1969

Figure 27 Figure 28

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 Sacramento Clay Pipes 25

the preceeding styles it iswell finished, glazed turing Company, Incorporated, which began
an apple green color. The figure is bearded turning out pipes (at Pamplin, Virginia)
as well as turbanned (Figure 26a), with the around 1739 (1961:125)."
bowl set at a distinct angle to the stem socket
Another elbow style is represented by two
in 'elbow' fashion. There is a possibility that
specimens. The first (117-1569) recovered
this piece was produced by Gambier, of Paris.
from the Old Sacramento site; the second by a
Wilson (1961:25) mentions that Gambier pro bottle collector. Both are of an orange-tan
duced effigy pipes with turbanned heads and
beards during the middle of the nineteenth clay, one glazed to a glossy dark brown, the
other a dull red-brown. A tentative scrape
century, and two Gambier pieces were re
with a fingernail revealed that the glaze on
covered from the site.
the author's specimen flakes away from the
The sixth style of figurine pipe leaves no
clay very easily. It seems likely that the dif
question of who it is meant to represent. It ferences between the two bowls were caused
is a well finished piece, glazed to a red-tan
by a combination of poor glazes, poor firing,
color, bearing the word PRESIDENT on the and differing soil conditions (Figure 29).
left side of the stem socket, FILLMORE on
The fourth style can also be called an elbow
the other (Figure 26b). A garland of leaves
encircle the head forming the bowl rim decor style (Figure 30). It is glazed to an almost
white color, decorated by a series of ridges
ation. Such pieces were distributed as cam
at the bottom of the bowl parallel with its
paign material, but it is difficult to say when. rim. The stem-socket is terminated by a pair
Fillmore's career was limited to the eastern
of clay ridges.
United States until 1848, when he was elected
Vice-President under Zachary Taylor. Upon The 13-Star Patriotic Pipes
Taylor's death in July, 1850, he succeeded to
the office. In 1852 he lost the Whig Party Many pipes which can be loosely described
nomination for President, and in 1856 he was in this way have been recovered from archae
nominated by the Know-Nothings ? only to ological sites across the country, but never
lose the election. The Know-Nothings were a in the abundance of the Old Sacramento sam
minor party, most active during the 1850*8. ple, which includes some 1605 more or less
It was essentially anti-immigrant, anti-Cath complete bowls and many thousands of sherds.
olic, and pro-Native American The style has been outlined by Walker
(except Indi
ans). Almost any one of these dates could well (1966:89) who describes them as having the
have served as inspiration for the production letters TD surrounded by a circle of thirteen
of the bowl; even Fillmore's uneventful two stars, sometimes with a set of leaves on the
year presidency could have been sufficient frontmold line, sometimes with a circle of stars
reason. around the bowl rim, and sometimes with the
are bowl covered by a network of lines. All of
There four styles of detachable stem
these design elements were found in the Sacra
non-figurine pipes, all ofwhich are unimagina mento pipes, and several others as well.
tively functional. The first of these is a small,
unglazed bowl of a near maroon color. Like Some of the pipes carried the letters LF on
several others it was discovered by a bottle the rear of the bowl facing the smoker in the
collector who could furnish no provenience place one would expect to find the more com
data. Its only decorations are double ridges mon TD; others had a leaf decoration along
of clay which encircle the bowl at its rim and the rear mold line as well as the front, extend
at the end of the stem socket (Figure 27). It ing between the T and the D; some of the
is poorly finished, with no attempt to conceal pipes had the letters LF molded in relief on
or obliterate the mold marks. the left side of the stem at a distance of about
The second style is unglazed, of an orange three quarters of an inch away from the bowl.
tan clay. It is well finished, round in cross Others lacked all mold line decoration. The
1605 pipes break down into seven mutually
section, tapered evenly from top to bottom,
and completely lacking marks or decoration exclusive classes based upon unique combina
tions of diagnostic characters.
(Figure 28). Pipes of this general form have
come to be known as the 'elbow' style. Wilson It should be recognized, though, that the
describes a pipe from Fort Laramie which ap significance of the differences cannot always
pears identical to this piece. He says "The be determined ? the absence of a certain char
origin of this type is not definitely known, but acter might well be due to the forgetfulness
some of them were almost of the moldmaker. Class VII, with its 1029
certainly produced
by the Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufac pipes, is uniform with respect to the characters

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 26 Historical Archaeology 1969

used to define it but, on the other hand, it is the letters TD surrounded by stars on the bowl
a residual category because in some respects it rear, a ring of stars at the bowl rim, with a
has not been broken down far enough. Taken leaf design at the front mold line. Of the
to its extremes, we might split the collection 86 pipes which had stems, none were found to
into classes based upon which mold produced have an LF mark adjacent to the bowl. Figure
them. 34 illustrates this class.
Given the arbitrary nature of this (or almost Class Vcontains 89 bowls which are best
any) classification we can only hope that we distinguished from the others by the presence
will hit upon some significant differences of a leaf decorated mold line which extends up
which will lead to a new and less arbitrary the rear of the bowl between the letters T and
scheme which can be sur
used for something be D (Figure 35). The circle of stars still
sides description. rounds the letters, but no ring of stars encircles
the bowl rim. The front mold line is also
Class I includes pipes which can best be
decorated by a line of leaves. Of the 56 bowls
distinguished from the others by the presence which possessed stems, all displayed an LF
of LF in the spot one would expect to find
mark on the left side adjacent to the bowl.
TD. A circle of stars surrounds the letters,
and a ring of stars decorates the bowl rim. Class VI contains 54 pieces which differ
Only the frontmold line bears the leaf decor subtly from the others. The bowls are slightly
a
ation. Sixty-eight bowls are included here, larger, with a less curved front profile,
thirty-nine of which possessed stems. An LF slightly flatter angle at which the bowl is set
mark could be found on none of the stems. to the stem, and a distinctly oval stem cross
Figure 31 illustrates this class. section where it joins the bowl. The letters
TD are molded on the bowl rear surrounded
Class II pipes differ primarily in that they
lack the usual leaf design on the front mold by a circle of stars, and the front mold line
is leaf decorated. Of the 23 bowls which pos
line, although the other common characters sessed stems, none were found to have the
are present. The letters TD are found on the
bowl rear surrounded by a circle of stars, an
letters LF impressed on the left side of the
stem adjacent to the bowl.
other circle of stars is found at the bowl rim,
and their stems lacked the LF mark. Figure Class VII, with its 1029 pipes, has been dis
32 illustrates this class. cussed to some extent earlier. All of these
pieces have the letters TD at the rear of the
Class III is represented by a single pipe,
bowl, surrounded by a ring of stars, and have
best distinguished by the crosshatched network a leaf decoration on the front mold line. Of
of lines which covers the bowl (Figure 33). the 424 stems which were present, 185 were
The letters TD are molded on the bowl rear found to have the letters LF impressed on the
surrounded by a ring of stars, and a circle of left side adjacent to the bowl; 239 lacked such
stars ornaments the bowl rim. A leaf decora a mark. Considering that the other classes
tion helps to conceal the frontmold line. The were consistent in this respect, either having
letters LF are molded into the left side of the the mark or lacking it, it would appear that
stem adjacent to the bowl. ? a
this class could be further broken down
Other pipes of this style have been found task complicated by the fact that all of them
in various places throughout the United States. look pretty much alike.
Walker (1966:89) quotes Geiger Omwake in The significance of the LF mark, whether
describing a similar bowl from the John Deere found upon the bowl or the stem, is open to
Blacksmith Shop at Grand Detour, Illinois, conjecture. The published literature reveals
occupied from 1837 to 1847. Another was re only one other mention of the mark, found
covered during excavations at Fort Mackinac, on a pipe from a discard pile associated with
Michigan, in the foundation of a store dating a building which was standing
apparently
from 1800 to 1850 (Petersen:7). Gifford (128) 1800's (Petersen:7). He
during the middle
describes one from Fort Ticonderoga, and writes, "One of the bowls has the initials LF
Sackett (76) comments on frequently occuring and, like a TD specimen, has a floral design
styles of clay pipes from Fort Ridgely, Minne and thirteen stars."
sota? including star-surrounded TD's with
"... a network design covering the bowl".
I suspect that these LF-marked pipes were
manufactured by the L. Fiolet company of
Class IV contains 350 pieces, and might be St. Omer, France, a company already identi
considered 'classic' in that it contains pipes fied as having produced pipes located at Old
which are most frequently described. All have Sacramento. We have noted that if the LF

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 Sacramento Clay Pipes

Figure 29 Figure 30

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28 Historical Archaeology 1969

Figure 39 Figure 40

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 Sacramento Clay Pipes 29

Figure 47

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 30 Historical Archaeology 1969

mark appears on the bowl rear, it does not the other figurine pieces this one had a stem
appear on the stem. This might well be an made entirely of clay. It is carefully detailed,
attempt on the part of the manufacturer to with all obvious mold marks removed. Deli
place his identifying mark in a more evident cate decorations such as ringlets of hair ex
location.
tending down the back of the head and large,
pendulous earrings attest to the care which
Miscellaneous Bowls went into the making of the mold.
A leaf-up' bowl (Figure 36) of unknown Bowl number 115B-96, (Figure 42) is un
manufacture is similar to one located at Fort doubtedly one of the clay copies of wooden
Pierre II (Smith: 138), and one from Fort pipes which were coming into popularity dur
Ticonderoga (Gifford:132). The bowl of this ing the middle 1800's. Its stem is oval, flat
piece is decorated in such a way as to give tened from top to bottom, and well finished,
the impression that it is being held by four showing no unscraped mold marks. Except for
leaves. The rim is decorated by a circle of hol its octagonal shape it has no decorations or
low centered, eight pointed 'stars', distinctly markings which might help to identify it. An
different from the Asterisks which pass as stars apparently similar bowl was recovered during
on the other pipes. Smith referred to them excavations at Fort Laramie (Wilson:PI.8).
as "sunbursts", but it is interesting to note that Wilson concludes that the pipe can be assigned
such a symbol is frequently used in carto to the 1834-1860 period, which corresponds
graphy to indicate the location of a light'. closely to the occupation period of the Old
Sacramento site.
Artifact 115A-3784 (Figure 37) is similar
in size and shape to the 13-star patriotic styles, Artifact number 117-2435 (Figure 43) has
but lacks all of the other characters. The TD the word DERRY impressed on the left side
is almost twice the size as is usually found. of its stem. Whether additional letters fol
The front and rear mold lines are flattened by lowed cannot be determined. The bowl wall
a diagonal line pattern, and the small heel thickness is unusually great, by far the heaviest
bears the letter 'E' on its left side. of the entire collection. The left side of its
heel is marked by a single raised dot. The
An oval 'basket-weave' bowl (Figure 38) published literature contains no helpful in
was acquired by the author from a bottle col
formation.
lector. It's only provenience is 'Sacramento'.
Its principal design is a woven effect with the Stems
Miscellaneous
upper and lower margins delimited by closely
A single stem marked MADE IN GER
spaced, short diagonal lines. The piece is un
MANY was found (Figure 44), the latter in
glazed, of a clay which fired to an orange-red
color. scription molded in relief within a raised out
line. On its left side the number '418/ appears,
A Iceeled' bowl (115A-5043) was recovered also molded in relief. Considering that the
which is virtually identical to the Dumeril words are English it stands to reason that the
bowl described earlier, differing primarily in
pipe was specifically made for export to Great
the manner which the inscription is applied. Britain or the United States.
Whereas the Dumeril piece bears an impressed
Another stem fragment (114-3287), (Figure
inscription at a right angle to the long axis of
the stem, this one has an unreadable word 45) is badly worn from use after breakage,
molded in relief parallel to the long axis. which obliterated the inscription. As it stands,
Aside from the heavy keels of clay the pipe is this "nose-warmer" leaves us with IC on the
to
undecorated and unglazed (Figure 39). right side of the stem and what appears
be DEMU on the left. Both are molded in
A half-keeledbowl (117-1692), (Figure 40) reliefwithin a more or less rectangular outline.
is decorated only by a buttress-like decorative A third stem fragment(Figure 46) bears
element which extends from the top of the in relief.
only a bar and dot design, molded
stem to the rear of the bowl, and what appears similar in some respects to a decor
Although
to have been a keel of similar design which ation used by Peter Dorni, but the attribution
extended along the mold line at the base of would be doubtful since this simple configur
the bowl. A large scar marks the location of ation was widely imitated.
the keel, of which only traces remain.
A fourth decorative style is represented by
A turbanned head bowl (114-3150), (Figure two stem sherds (117-3306, 117-3962). There
41) is one of the more spectacular pieces re is only one clue concerning their source; the
covered from the Old Sacramento site. Unlike roulette lines around them and the adjacent

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 Sacramento Clay Pipes 31

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 32 Historical Archaeology 1969

^m^^^^^iE^p ^^^^

10 11 ^^^^j^^^^^^
^^^I^^^^^^Q^^
^^^^j^^^^^^^ 12 13

*:
^^^^B14 ^^Hb15 ^^B^^16 17

Figure 48b

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 Sacramento Clay Pipes 33

interlocking triangles (Figure 47). These Landberg, Leif C. W.

methods and styles have also been widely 1967 "Problems of Post-1800 Urban Sites Ar
at Old California."
duplicated, but they have been used by the chaeology Sacramento,
Dutch since the middle of the eighteenth cen Historical Archaeology 1967, pp. 71-78.
tury. Linton, Ralph
1924 Use of Tobacco Among North American
Miscellaneous Marked Spurs Indians. Field Museum of Natural History,
There are a number of marked spurs which Anthropology Leaflet 15.
have not been previously mentioned. In most
H. Geiger
cases there is little that can be said of them; Omwake,
1955 "Concerning TD Pipes". Bulletin of the
the illustrations speak best for themselves
Nassau Archaeological Society, Vol. 1, Sum
(Figures 48a and 48b). mer 1955, pp. 26-28.
1965 "Analysis of 19th Century White Kaolin
References Pipe Fragments from the Mero Site, Door
County, Wisconsin". Wisconsin Archaeolo
American Tobacco Company
gist, Vol. 26 (N.S.), No. 2.
1954 Sold American. American Tobacco Com
pany, Durham, North Carolina. Ortiz, Fernando
1947 Cuban Counterpoint. Alfred Knopf, New
Binford, Lewis R. York.
1962 "A New Method of Calculating Dates
Petersen, Eugene T.
from Kaolin Pipe Stem Samples". South
eastern Archaeological Conference Newslet 1963 "Clay Pipes: A Footnote to Mackinac's
Mackinac History, Leaflet No. 1.
History".
ter, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 19-21. Macon, Georgia. Mackinac Island State Park Commission,
e. Mackinac Island, Michigan.
Brooks, Jerome
1952 The Mighty Leaf. Little, Brown and Robert, Joseph Clarke
Company, Boston. 1949 The Story of Tobacco in America. Al
fred A. Knopf, New York.
Fleming, John Arnold
1923 Scottish Pottery. Maclehose, Jackson & Sackett, Richard R.
1943 "Historical Clay Pipes of the Minnesota
Company, Glasgow. (Chapter XIV, Scottish Area." The Minnesota Archaeologist, Vol. 9,
Clays, pp. 233-49).
No. 3, pp. 68-82.
fontana, B. L. et al.
Smith, G. Hubert
1962 "JohnnyWard's Ranch: A Study inHis 1960 "Fort Pierre II (39ST217), an Historic
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1-2.
Trading Post in the Oahe Dam Area, South
Dakota." River Basin Survey Papers, No. 18,

Stanley
pp 83-158. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Gifford,
1940 "Tobacco Pipes Found at Fort Ticon Walker, Iain C.
deroga". Bulletin, Fort Ticonderoga Museum, 1966 "TD Pipes ?A Preliminary Study".
Vol. 5, No. 29, pp. 120-133. Quarterly Bulletin, Archaeological Society of
Virginia, Vol. 20, No. 4, June, 1966.
Harrington, C.
Jean 1967 "Clay Pipes from the Fortress of Louis
1954 "Dating Stem Fragments of Seventeenth 3.
bourg." Archaeology, Vol. 20, No.
Century Clay Tobacco Pipes". Quarterly Bul 1968 Personal Communication.
letin of the Archaeological Society of Vir
ginia, Vol. 9, No. 1. Wilson, Rex L.
1961 "Clay Tobacco Pipes from Fort Lar
Robert K.
Heimann, amie." Annals ofWyoming, Vol. 33, No. 2,
1960 Tobacco and Americans. McGraw-Hill, pp. 120-134. Wyoming State Historical So
New York. ciety, Cheyenne, Wyoming.

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