Ujamaa: Redefining Socialism by Gabriel J. Gollub
Ujamaa: Redefining Socialism by Gabriel J. Gollub
Ujamaa:
Redefining Socialism
By
Gabriel J. Gollub
SHUR Presentation 2014
Mississippi State University
1 May, 2014
Gollub 1
Uhuru na Ujamaa
Since their inception, the economic policies of Julius Nyerere have been defined as
socialism
. Tanzania’s independence, in 1961, from the United Kingdom, occurred at the height
of the Communist and Capitalist tensions of the Cold War. During this era, the definitions of
Communism and Capitalism were strict and unmoving: the First World (NATO nations and their
affiliates) and the Second World (Warsaw pact nations and their affiliates). The nations which
did not fall into either of these categories were labeled the “Third World”.
Tanzania’s recent independence left it with strong ties to the United Kingdom and the
First World, but the people of Tanzania had no desire to govern their new nation using the
capitalist methods of their oppressors
Tanzania was one of the first African nations to be run by indigenous Africans, and these
indigenous Africans wanted a government that was ethnocentric to traditional African culture
and life. However, they needed a welleducated leader to adapt precolonial African traditions to
postcolonial African life. Julius Nyerere was one of the few university educated people in
Tanzania, making him the ideal candidate.
The Afrocentric economic policy Nyerere designed was called Ujamaa, which in
kiswahili translates to togetherness or unity. This policy has three major characteristics: public
ownership, no class system, and man has to be held in the highest regard. Nyerere and other
scholars have referred to these policies as “African socialism.”
The idea that this paper intends to suggest is that by isolating African socialism from the
rest of the world, Nyerere alienated the people of Tanzania from the rest of the world, which
would eventually lead to the downfall. This economic and political isolation led to the downfall
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of Ujamaa and their economy, because their farming practices were designed to function in an
everchanging economy. This was the main cause of strife between Nyerere and the rural
workers that ended Nyerere’s Ujamaa policies.
The Characteristics of Ujamaa
Public ownership is a key characteristic of Ujamaa. In theory, the public would own
almost everything: land, government, etc. People would live in a community and own all the land
in that community and together they would work it and sell the crops harvested. Those crops also
will become the property of the community with all proceeds benefitting the village. Things such
as houses and tools, however, are considered private property according to Nyerere’s doctrine.
Although houses and furniture are considered inevitably to be capital of the village; a blacksmith
owns a hammer and furnace in which to forge hoes. He gives those hoes to the farmer and in
return he and his family are fed by the farmer. So while the blacksmith owns the hammer, it is
capital for the community’s production of communal goods, therefore the community owned the
hammer. In short, the community, and its members, are the collective proprietors of everything
in the community.
Workers are the key component of any society. Nyerere wrote that “a socialist society,
therefore, will consist of workers and only of workers.”1 The inhabitants of a community are all
workers, no idlers. Nyerere claimed Africans had existed with communal living for the
thousands of years before colonialism. Food was obtained by farming and other goods were
obtained through trading.
Since Ujamaa arose out of a revival of traditional African cultural aspects, modernity
1
Uhuru na Ujamaa
Julius Nyerere, (Oxford University Press 1968), 5
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would need to be dismantled. Nyerere, however, claimed that there was no need for new markets
or entrepreneurs, because the communal society was most effective in the era before
industrialization and all goods needed to survive had already been invented. Communal living
was a success in that era, and the best way to ensure its success would be to restore the context in
which it was most effective. The invention of new goods can only benefit one particular
individual (the entrepreneur) and not the community. This allows (if not directly causes) worker
exploitation. The two ways to exploit workers are: entrepreneurship and industrialization.
Classes of wealth were also a form of discrimination. Discrimination is not necessarily
exclusive to race and religion. Wealth discriminates individuals based on circumstances beyond
their control. All men must be treated equally is the final characteristic of ujamaa. Nyerere wrote
that “The service of man, the furtherance of his human, is in fact the purpose of society itself.”2
The purpose of society is to further humankind, not individual humans. Going back to the early
point, the advancement of an individual can only be done by sacrificing the advancement of
another, and doing that is against this core socialist belief that Nyerere outlined, that all men
needed to be treated as equals.
In a society of equal workers, democracy is the best choice for a form of government.
Everyone who lived in the communities (Both the nation of Tanzania and the individual
communities) had an equal vote and say in happenings of the government. A single party system
is often criticized by Westerners for being too controlling and authoritarian. However it was
chosen for Tanzania so that it could help unite estranged precolonial communities in the new
postcolonial era.
2
Nyerere, 4
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In regards to foreign relations, Ujamaa was clear. They did not care for approval of either
socialism
the west or the east. Nyerere’s use of the term drew a lot of questions, comments, and
concerns from the western NATO nations. It also drew a lot of attention from the eastern
Warsaw pact countries, because of its historical connection to the U.K. However, Tanzania was
neither First World classism or Second World authorianism, it wanted to be an independent
Third World socialist state completely selfsufficient and no longer economically reliant on its
former colonial proprietors. For a state to be truly independent they could not have sought the
approval of any other state, especially that of the U.S.A. or the U.S.S.R.
Ujamaa Policies
The late Cranford Pratt, a prominent Canadian scholar who helped establish the
University of Dar Es Salaam in Tanzania, broke up Nyerere’s Ujamaa into four sections: the
reformation of the political system to be more accessible to the populace, the central control of
all things economic, the establishment of a society free of classes and discrimination in which the
fiscal fruits of all the workers laborers could be shared equally, and the development of the
Tanzanian economy3.
In order to have accomplished these tasks, the first thing that must have been done was to
establish a stable political system that enforces the beliefs of communal living. The most
effective system was a one party system. The Tanganyika African National Union was designed
by Nyerere and his associates to prevent infighting amongst party lines, and the racial and ethnic
lines on which political parties usually formed.
One of the major aspects written earlier in this article was Nyerere’s commitment to
3
Nyerere: Reflections on the Legacy of his Socialism
Cranford Pratt, , Canadian Journal of African
Studies/Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, Vol.33, No. 1 (1999)
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ridding Tanzania of discrimination in all forms be it ethnic, religious, or class. The unity required
for an Ujamaa society necessitated the removal of differences, and the foremost difference were
divisions amongst party lines, which were usually based on African ethnic lines. If everyone was
a member of a single party, then the political lines could not have been ethnically driven.
With a single ruling party in place and all “political” divides behind the Tanzanian
people, it was time to execute a plan to bring the Tanzanian Economy into Nyerere’s socialism.
This entailed a number of reforms; the most important was the nationalization of the major
commodities and industries of Tanzania. This maneuver was not just to feed the power hungry
appetite of a new African tyrant by granting him control of the domestic economy; it was done
with the intention of forbidding foreign capitalist capital to enter the economy and in doing so
corrupting the socialist economy that Nyerere was trying to create.
Nyerere’s Ujamaa also instituted two important socioeconomicreforms: villagization,
and educational reforms. Villagization referred to the relocation of many Tanzanians into rural
farming villages throughout the countryside. It was an attempt to place populace into
communities designed specifically to be selfsufficient. This was communal living in its most
Precolonial African form. This was exactly what was Nyerere wanted; to return the people of
Tanzania to life before Industrialization and Colonization. After a few years of independent
governance, the country went through a series of educational reforms. Many of Tanzania’s
younger citizens were displeased with the world’s perspective on Tanzania, as Tanzania had
refused to ally itself with either the U.S.S.R or the U.S.A. Many citizens, also, wanted to
experience the amount of independent wealth that could be provided by economic investment
from the rest of the world. The new educational reform was designed to teach, the skills needed
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to function in one’s role in that society: vocations such as farming, blacksmithing, carpentering,
etc
Developing the Tanzanian economy would prove difficult, because to be perfectly and
totally socialist, Tanzania would have had to become economically isolated from the rest of the
world. If they opened their economy to world figures the socialist economy they had built would
have had crumbled with the introduction of foreign capital into the economy. If any of
Tanzania's workers had become exploited, then Ujamaa would have been a failure. The main
goal of returning to a Africanized Socialist Economy was not done just to be different nor to
assert their independence, it was done to reassure the people of Africa that a country could
function without discrimination or wealth disparities.
African Socialism as a Term
Ujamaa policies began to take on a dictatorial nature by the 1970’s. Nyerere instituted a
process of villagization. This policy forced rural Tanzanians to adopt new professions in rural
communities, and grow crops they were not accustomed to growing. Coupled with economic
disaster in the mid1970’s and a drought domestically, Tanzania’s rural population became upset
with Nyerere’s new policies of agricultural reform. The two stances frequently taken by scholars
of this period are: the global economic failure caused the Tanzanian population to become unruly
or Tanzania’s population was unruly as a result of being forced alter their decadesold farming
practices. Other scholars have also argued that the traditional peoples of Africa were not
communist, but instead were equally as entrepreneurial and exploitive as their European
counterparts.
As stated in the exposition of this paper, the intent of this paper is to paint a portrait of
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Ujamaa and its appeals to decolonized Africans and how Nyerere’s attempts to make socialism
inherently African led to the downfall of Ujamaa. The Tanzanian government’s branding of
Ujamaa as “African Socialism”4 indicated that it is a form of socialism either directly related to
or applicable only to Africa and/or Africans. The term itself is detrimental to the policies and
characteristics laid out in Ujamaa. Ujamaa and Nyerere’s government had failed to achieve its
intended goal, unity. It did not succeed in uniting the peoples of Tanzania, but instead forced
them into roles the people with which the people did not identify. In addition, they were isolated
by both NATO and Warsaw for refusing to choose a side.
While Nyerere had the best intentions with his Ujamaa program to unite the peoples of
Tanzania through a shared “Africanness”, concerns are raised about discrimination. This focus
on an Africanized socialism is incorrect. In the preColonial era and during the Colonial era,
villages were not designed and did not have a bureaucratic blanket of rules by which to abide as
they did in Nyerere’s new government. This assumption that African’s were inherently socialist
is ridiculous and led to animosity from the rural proletariat, inevitably resulting in its downfall.
Mainly, the problem with Nyerere’s Africanizing socialism is that socialism is not
inherently African, nor is it inherently Russian, nor Chinese, nor any nationality or ethnic group.
A desire to help the fellow man is present in all cultures. Nyerere attempted to Africanize this
want, found in almost all peoples, to work together for the best society possible. In addition
corporate greed is also present in all cultures and societies, because all peoples want what is best
for themselves which entails economic competition. To blame European Colonial rulers for
introducing corporate greed into African society is isolating. Assuming that all Africans are
4
Ujamaa
Julius Kambarage Nyerere, . Oxford University Press, 1968.
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inherently socialist is discriminatory towards Africans, by making assumptions about their
political ideologies and forcing them into cultural norms that are neither exclusive to African nor
any specific people.
Gollub 9
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