The microscope is important because biology mainly deals with the study of cells (and

their contents), genes, and all organisms.

Some organisms are so small that they can only be seen by using magnifications
of #xx2000 - xx25000#, which can only be achieved by a microscope. Cells are too
small to be seen with the naked eye.
Genetics is the study of variations in an organism generation after generation. Genetic
engineering requires mixing of genes. Genes are even smaller than cells, which is why
microscopes are essential to genetics.
Without the microscope, biology would not have been so developed and many diseases
would still have no cure.

The importance of Microscopes

Microscopes help the scientists to study the microorganisms, the cells, the
crystalline structures and the molecular structures, They are one of the most
important diagnostic tools when the doctors examine the tissue samples.
Microscopes have opened up a whole new dimension in science, By using
Microscopes scientists were able to discover the existence of the microorganisms,
study the structure of cells, and see the smallest parts of plants, animals, and
fungi.
Electron microscopes help create the very tiny electrical circuits found on Silicon
microchips,  Scanning microscopes are much more sophisticated, and they have
higher magnifications than light-refracting microscopes.
Microscopes are used to diagnosis the illness in the hospitals and the clinics all
over the world, Microscopes magnify the blood samples, so, The doctors can see
the malaria parasites attacking the red blood cells.
Microscopic examination confirms the laboratory tests that may be positive for
the disease, Technicians count the number of red blood cells infected with
malaria to give the doctors an idea of how advanced the disease is in a patient.
Microscopes use the simple visible light refracting lenses, Electrons, x-rays, and
infrared rays , They  are  to detect the smaller and smaller structures, Scanning
electron microscopes are able to resolve the viruses  which are far smaller than
any cell , They enlarge the view of tiny viruses, which allows scientists to develop
the vaccines and cures for infectious diseases in the humans and the animals.
Scanning electron microscopes have the magnifications up to several million
times to view the molecules, the viruses, and the nano-particles, They use the
corrective software to increase the magnification and the resolution of images,
The computers help the nano-technologists use high-powered electron
microscopes to view the objects only a few molecules thick.
Electron microscopes help prepare the small surfaces for sectioning into small
slices, Microscopes enlarge the images of silicon chips to help the engineers
create more efficient electronic devices, When more circuits are fitted onto a
small chip , the computational power of silicon microchips increases.

The optical or light microscopes are the most commonly used and the oldest type of
Microscopes, Where the light is passed through the machine and through the specimen
being viewed to magnify it, They use a specialized camera to produce a film or even a
digital image, The stains are used on the glass slide to make the cells or the structures more
easily seen.
Electron microscopes use the beams of electrons  rather than the light to create an image,
They are used to visualize the objects such as the microorganisms and the crystal
structures which are too small to be imaged with an optical microscope.
Probe scanning microscopes are used  to create the images of objects that are rather flat,
They use a probe that scans the object’s surface and then the software is used to render the
results into a viewable image.
The virtual microscopy uses the computer technology to convert the images on the glass
slides into the electronic data that has a resolution similar to that achieved with the use of
an optical microscope, This technique enables the electronic transport and the storage of
data from the slides and also it allows the slides to be reviewed remotely.
Microscopes are used in viewing the specimens that are relatively very small in size, they
are  used to view the cellular structures of organs, germs and  bacteria, They play a very
important role in laboratory for the tissues and organisms which are too small to be seen
clearly with the naked eye.
All branches of biology uses Microscopes especially in Molecular Biology and  Histology
(study of cells), Microscopes are the backbone of studying biology, The biologists use it to
view the details that cannot be seen by the naked eye such as the small parasites and small
organisms which is important for the disease control research.

RELATED

What Industries Use Microscopes?

Updated April 25, 2018

By Stacy Taylor

A microscope lets the user see the tiniest parts of our world: microbes, small
structures within larger objects and even the molecules that are the building blocks of
all matter. The ability to see otherwise invisible things enriches our lives on many
levels. Doctors can diagnose and treat diseases better, scientists are able to reveal
links that help put criminals behind bars and make our world safer by examining the
strength of bridges and other structures. Students also use microscopes to gain
knowledge of the world around them.

TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)

Microscopes play a crucial role in medical research and testing, as well as helping
forensic scientists investigate crimes. They're also used in education.

Microscopes in Medicine

The use of microscopes in medicine began in the 1860s when Louis Pasteur reported
that the microscopic organisms he saw in the microscope caused certain diseases.
Until that time, people thought diseases came from evil spirits or God. Pasteur’s germ
theory revolutionized the process of identifying, treating and preventing infectious
diseases. Today, hospital laboratories use microscopes to identify which microbe
is causing an infection so physicians can prescribe the proper antibiotic. They are
also used to diagnose cancer and other diseases.

Investigating With Microscopes

Many types of scientists, seeking to understand the natural and physical world better,
use microscope in their work. Forensic scientists examine blood, dust, fibers and
other trace materials at a crime scene to help prosecute criminals. Environmental
scientists examine soil and water samples, while geneticists observe chromosomes
for defects. In engineering, material scientists use microscopes to inspect the
components of structures such as buildings, bridges and dams to ensure that they are
safe.

In the classroom, microscopes are used to teach students about the

structure of things too small to be seen with the human eye alone. The
individual cells of plants, animals, bacteria and yeast can all be seen
using a compound microscope. Comparing these organisms helps
students learn about the variety of life on Earth. Also, the way in which
microscopes work can be used to teach students about the properties of
light, the physics behind lenses and mirrors and staining techniques for
various specimens. Additionally, individual parts of the cell can be seen
as students learn about their specific functions.
The microscope has been around for a very long time. Invented during the 16th
century, the technology has been in a process of constant improvement since. Long
since surpassing the simple classic model of the glass tube, the microscope is used
today in a variety of contexts in ventures as different as the automotive and drug
industries. The natural limits of the human eye are constantly being augmented to
accomplish the basic tasks of industry.

Machinery

The parts involved in complicated modern machinery such as automobiles have

become so small that the use of a microscope is inevitable. Using a microscope
specially designed for the task, engineers can evaluate even the smallest gear for
flaws and fractures. Microscopes are also used in this way to inspect the parts of
machines such as watches and the engines used to power ships and aircraft.

Materials

The engineering of materials has become ever more complex as new materials are
developed for the widest variety of tasks. Using specially designed materials,
engineers have improved everything from building construction to packaging material
to the clothes that people wear. The microscope has been crucial in this process,
allowing experts to inspect the very basic forms of the materials they create. The use
of the microscope will only become more important with new nanomaterials.

Medical

Microscopes have always been a crucial tool in the medical profession. Microscopes
allowed for the world-changing discovery of germ theory which saved countless lives.
Today microscopes are used in the observation of bacteria and microbes as well as in
the development of new chemicals and medicines used to combat disease. The
development of new drugs is greatly aided with the use of high-powered microscopes.

People have been looking through microscopes of one sort or another since ancient
times. An ancient Chinese legend talks about viewing objects through a tube that had
a lens on one end and was filled with varying levels of water depending upon the
magnification required--although there is no evidence such a thing actually existed.
Aristotle also wrote about the use of microscopes.

The first actual compound microscope was invented around the beginning of the 17th
century. By the mid-17th century, Robert Hooke had viewed cells for the first time
through a microscope and invented the idea of using a light source to ease strain on
the eyes.
Early Discoveries

In 1665 Robert Hooke published a study called Micrographia. This work consisted of
drawings of the hairs of fleas and other bugs as well as the honeycomb-like structure
of a piece of cork. Hooke named this latter discovery "cells" because they resembled
the cells of a honeycomb.

In 1674 Anton von Leeuwenhoek invented a simple single-lens microscope. He used it

to study a specimen of water taken from a lake. He discovered organisms in the
specimen that he described as "miniature eels." These organisms were the first
bacteria sighted by man.

Compound Microscopes and Modern Science

Clearly, many medical advances would not have been made without the invention of
the compound microscope. Scientists' understanding of both bacteria and cellular
makeup has contributed to their knowledge about how healthy humans and animals
function, what causes disease, and what can be done to prevent disease. Research
related to cell development and activity has allowed scientists to understand how the
HIV virus attacks the human body and how it is spread; it also has led to an
understanding of DNA.

he microscope is an optical instrument used to see the extremely small objects

that are difficult to view by the naked eye. The major components of the
microscope are the arm, lenses, tube, illuminator and the stage.
Basically, there are two types of lenses used in microscopes such as the eyepiece
lens and the objective lens. Both these lenses are connected by using a tube. The
position where the viewing object placed is known as the stage. The arm
connects the stage and the lens. However, this microscope has two adjustment
knobs that mainly help to focus the lenses. These are also some best
microscopes.

Advanced models in microscopes

There are several different types of microscopes used in all over the world for
checking the various kinds of details of small items. These microscopes are
usually available in the smaller size and made by using advanced technology.
This will ensure the users to have the desired details at any time. If you are
looking forward to obtaining the best models and designs of microscopes, there
are several options with different brands.
You can check through several models in microscopes and you can purchase
through the internet. Now, many companies are making microscopes in deferent
verities and with compact size, but even more powerful.
At present, these microscopes are available with different portions and advanced
features that can be connected together for making a powerful microscope.
These microscopes are very easy to carry anywhere when required. The students
can find it easy to use these microscopes that show the details for completion of
an assignment.
In order to obtain the beneficial results, you can use these microscopes at any
time.
With the help of microscopes, you can be easily taken to any place as well as it is
very fun and easy to get details of small items. There are so many models in
microscopes available in the market, so you can choose the best one that suits
your needs.
Today, most of the companies are providing the several models of microscopes
for the users through their sites. It is very easy for the users to check the different
styles and models of microscopes that can be obtained on the payment of
discounted prices.
Even many types of new models in small microscopes are launched in the
internet world on a regular basis, so the users can do some search on the internet
in order to find the desired models in microscopes that could be used. However,
all these types of small microscopes are long durable and a high quality. These
small sized microscopes are really helpful for the users in all the major aspects.
 

Importance of biological microscopes

The microscope is an important aspect of biology. There are different types of
microscopes used for different purposes.
These allow using several users like students, doctors, and scientists in the field of
biology to study the different biological microorganisms, biological organisms as
well as unicellular organisms like the amoeba and multicellular organisms like
roundworms and any other specimens. Without using these microscopes, it will
be impossible to find the world of cells, gems and other species, which cannot be
seen by the naked by.
The biological microscopes are specifically used at many places like universities,
schools, and hospitals for analysis of biological liquids with the aid of highly
powerful as well as magnified lenses.
Generally, there are two main microscopes available in this kind such as high
powered and low powered microscopes.
Their main use is to see the smaller organisms such as parasites and bacteria and
then later used to analyze the organs that have been removed. With the advent
of latest technology, these microscopes now come with digital cameras and other
software solutions that allow the users to take a picture of organisms for analysis.
These microscopes are also used by the doctors and pharmacologists who are
involved in the research and development in order to study viruses and bacteria.
Therefore, these microscopes played an ultimate role in the discovery,
development and also the use of embryonic stem cells.
Look for the different types of microscopes
There are different types of microscopes available that are majorly used in the
beam or light microscopy. The major categories are broadly categorized
as electron microscopes, light microscopes and confocal microscopes. All these
types have different features and used for different applications, so you just find
the right one for your needs,
Electron microscope
This electron microscope is often used in archaeology, geology and medicine. It is
mainly used to magnify the inner details of specimens and objects through the
use of a single electron beam. Even the scientists or doctors can use this
microscope in order to analyze the 3D images.
Light microscope
This type of microscope can use its radiation source visible light. There are many
varieties available in this such as compound microscopes and stereo microscopes.
The compound offers a 2D view of specimens and objects that make it ideal for
laboratory work. The stereo brings a 3D view of a specimen such as a bacterial
compound.
Confocal microscope
This type contains scopes that are automated and used for their radiation source
such as lasers. One of the famous types of confocal microscope is a fluorescence
microscope, which brings a brighter image by exciting a dyed specimen through
radiation.
USB   microscope
You can simply connect it with USB to your pc and see the images directly on
your computer screen and it gets it power from the computer too. Simply and
fairly cheap to use. Read my best USB microscope reviews here

Benefits of a microscope
In this fast-changing world, you should take advantage of what technology offers
to you. If you are looking for a high-quality microscope, you should certainly
consider many advantages over the traditional ones such as,
 Advanced microscope model comes with a list of features
 Several improvements such as better clarity levels and magnification
 Able to see different viruses, bacteria, and micro-objects without strain
 Latest microscope model comes with an arrival of webcams and digital
cameras
 Supported USB that allows your massive magnifying machine to
communicate with your PC or laptop
Bottom line

This concludes that the microscope has now become a smarter technology that
ensures you to choose from a wide range of microscopes, which are much easy
to operate. Over the recent past few years, the prices of such microscopes have
fallen dramatically. Learn more about how to use a microscope.

IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVISATION IN TEACHING INTEGRATED SCIENCE IN

SOME SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOL IN EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research work is to find out the role of importance of improvisation in the
teaching of integrated science in secondary schools, using all  secondary schools in
Egor Local Government Area of Edo State as a case study. A total of 100 students were
used on this study. The instrument used for data collection was the questionnaires
which were administered personally by the researcher to five randomly selected schools
in Egor local government area of Edo State. The method used for data analysis was
normal data simple percentage was used to examine the role of importance of
improvisation in teaching of integrated science in secondary schools.
Findings of the study are as follows;

1.            To the extends at which importance of improvisation facilitate

learning is recommendable.

3.            Pupils easily remember topics taught with the use of importance of

improvisation than those taught without the use of instructional materials.

4.            Pupils in secondary schools find it easily to put into practice those

topics and lessons taught with the use of instructional materials.

5.            Importance of improvisation when properly used during teaching

enhance and lead to better performances of pupils during given assignment,
test and examinations.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1       Background of the study

1.2       Statement of the study

1.3       Research questions

1.4       objective of the study

1.5       Significance of the study

1.6       Scope/limitation of the study

1.7       Definition of terms

Chapter Two:                     

Literature Review

Chapter Three: Research methodology

3.1         Research design

3.2         Population of study
 3.3         Sample of study

3.4         Sampling techniques

3.5         Research instrument

3.6         Administration of instrument

3.7         Validity of instrument

3.8         Reliability of instrument

3.9         Method of data analysis

Chapter Four: Data analysis and discussion

4.1         Data analysis

4.2         Discussion of results

Chapter Five           

5.1         Summary of findings

5.2         Conclusion

5.3         Recommendations

References 

Questionnaires      

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Improvisation are those things that enables students to have mental picture of what has
been taught and to retain the message in their memory for a very long time e.g. Radio,
Television, Charts, Micro-Projectors, Still Pictures, Specimen e.t.c. It can be referred to
as those things that the classroom teacher uses to impact knowledge to pupils in the
classroom in order to achieve his objectives.

          According to Ogunmola, (2002) cited that improvisation are those visual or audio
visual materials which facilitate the assimilation of organization. Infact, for effective
teaching and learning to take place, importance of improvisation are can exist without
adequate use of integrated science education programme can exist with adequate use
of integrated equipments examples of such equipment are integrated, monitor,
keyboard, typewriter, mouse, scanner, printer, duplicating machine e.t.c these science
equipments are indispensable to a good integrated science teaching and training and
learning.

          It is no gain saying that interest in learning integrated sciences increasing in

Nigeria. Each local government area is trying t o improve on the production of
technology. This is justify for integrated science has totally assured great importance
interest role of national power and productivity. According to the new trend of integrated
science, teaching has as shown a radical departure of traditional expository mode, in
favour of practical and inquiry method to the inclusion of problems solving and active
involvement of people in the open minded fielding practical exercise.

In view of this, it can therefore be assumed that unique facilities and equipment are
available in secondary school. For practical works pupils will not derive much from the
attempt to learn integrated science. It has been stressed by Howard (2003) when he
said what we learn is what we do” doing what we learn in integrated science requires
the use of practical work. We also have the bear in mind that at least some of the pupils
would or may need to become professionally integrated list. Such pupils need the
equipment to be able to develop necessary practical skills. Beside, the basic sources of
integrated science experience is of course of direct contact which objects and events it’s
in nature outside the classroom

          Specifically some specific educational reasons to have equipment for teaching
was summarized by Balogun (2000) as follows

1.    It enables the learners to develop functional and manipulating skills

2.    It enables the learner to develop problem solving skill and scientific attitude

The acquisition of these skills is the contribution of integrated science education in the
general preparation of the youth with emphasis on activities based on child centered
learning coupled with pupils enrolment into school in the face of corresponding decline
economy. It is against the background that we can appreciate the significance of the
question “the important role of integrated science equipment in secondary school

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
There are many problems and obstacles which hinder the effective teaching of
integrated science in our secondary schools. Despite the importance attached to the
subject there is no  secondary school in Egor local government area in Edo state where
the range of resources available for the teaching of integrated science can be described
as being in anyway adequate

          This arises as a result of inability of these materials especially now, due to foreign
exchange restriction and large populations of secondary schools pupils.

          The aspects of this problems will be dealt with in this study which has the survey
of material resources required by the teaching of integrated science. In secondary
school in Egor local government area of Edo state.

          The following specific questions can be asked does teachers in secondary school
improvised or substitute for importance of improvisation which are not easily obtained

          Are there enough materials resources for integrated teaching in secondary
school? What are the materials that can be improved?

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

          The purpose of the study is to survey the materials resources available for the
teaching of integrated science in secondary school in Egor local government area.

The study will examine

1.    The availability of improvised facilities in our schools

2.    Whatever and how integrated science teacher in  secondary schools

improvise for  materials which are not easily obtainable

3.    The type of materials that can be improvised

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

          It is hope that the findings of this study will be beneficial to educational agencies
in Egor local government area of Edo state.

          It should be of great important to educational administrates in the distribution of

resources to schools

          Further more, the result of the finding will be of great benefit to the integrated
science teachers in other impact the required integrated science skills to the pupils

1.6     RESEARCH QUESTION

 1.    To what extent is the importance of improvisation in the teaching of
integrated science in  secondary school

2.    Do teachers in secondary school improvise for importance materials which

are not easily obtained.

3.    Do students in secondary school easily remember topic taught with

improvised materials than those topics taught without improvised materials?

4.    Do students in secondary school find it easy to put into practice what they
are taught with the use of improvised material?

5.    Does the importance of improvisation led to better performance of students

in secondary school.

1.7     DEFINITION OF TERMS

Terms that are related to the study are defined below in order to remove somatic
ambiguity in their usage.

1.    FOCUS. To give attention, effort e.t.c. to one particular person or subject.

2.    IMPROVISED. To make or do something using whether is available, usually

because you do not have what you really want.

3.    INDISPENSABLE. Essential, too important to do without.

4.    SCIENCE. Knowledge about the structure and behaviour of the natural and
physical world.

5.    INTEGRATED. An electronic or machine that can store, organized and find

information do calculate and control other machines.

6.    INSTRUCTIONAL. That teaches people something.

7.    MATERIALS. Things that are needed to do a particular thing.

8.    RADICAL. Concerning the most basic and important parts of something.

10 TECHNOLOGIES. Scientific knowledge used in practical way.

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