Scribd
Upload
44 views

NFC-Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer Research Faisalabad

The document outlines standard operating procedures for titrimetric analysis. It discusses the theoretical basis of titrimetry, including definitions of titrants, titrands, and endpoints. It also describes four main classes of reactions used in titrimetric analysis: 1) neutralization or acid-base reactions, 2) complex formation reactions, 3) precipitation reactions, and 4) oxidation-reduction reactions. The key requirements for a titrimetric reaction are that it proceeds quantitatively according to a simple chemical equation and has a detectable endpoint.

Uploaded by

Zaid Yahya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
44 views

NFC-Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer Research Faisalabad

The document outlines standard operating procedures for titrimetric analysis. It discusses the theoretical basis of titrimetry, including definitions of titrants, titrands, and endpoints. It also describes four main classes of reactions used in titrimetric analysis: 1) neutralization or acid-base reactions, 2) complex formation reactions, 3) precipitation reactions, and 4) oxidation-reduction reactions. The key requirements for a titrimetric reaction are that it proceeds quantitatively according to a simple chemical equation and has a detectable endpoint.

Uploaded by

Zaid Yahya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Research & Development Department

NFC-Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer Research Faisalabad

Title: Standard Operating Procedure For Titrimetric Analysis


Document/SOP # 2/T Date:
Prepared By: Checked & Verified By
Approved By:

1. Purpose
General Reaction Conditions for Titrimetric Analysis and Classification of Reaction in
Titrimetric Analysis
2. Theoretical Consideration
The term 'titrimetric analysis' refers to quantitative chemical analysis carried
out by determining the volume of a solution of accurately known
concentration which is required to react quantitatively with a measured
volume of a solution of the substance to be determined. The solution of
accurately known strength is called the standard solution .The weight of the
substance to be determined is calculated from the volume of the standard
solution used and the chemical equation and relative molecular masses of the
reacting compounds.
In titrimetric analysis the reagent of known concentration is
called the titrant and the substance being titrated is termed the titrand.
The standard solution is usually added from a long graduated tube called a
burette. The process of adding the standard solution until the reaction is just
complete is termed a titration, and the substance to be determined is titrated.
The point at which this occurs is called the equivalence point or the
theoretical (or stoichiometric) end point. The completion of the titration is
detected by some physical change, produced by the standard solution itself
(e.g. the faint pink colour formed by potassium permanganate) or, more
usually, by the addition of an auxiliary reagent, known as an indicator;
alternatively some other physical measurement may be used. After the
reaction between the substance and the standard solution is practically
complete, the indicator should give a clear visual change (either a colour
change or the formation of turbidity) in the liquid being titrated. In the ideal
titration the visible end point will coincide with the stoichiometric or
theoretical end point. In practice, however, a very small difference usually
occurs; this represents the titration error. The indicator and the experimental
conditions should be so selected that the difference between the visible end
point and the equivalence point is as small as possible.
3. Reaction Conditions
For use in titrimetric analysis a reaction must fulfill the following conditions
3.1. There must be a simple reaction which can be expressed by a chemical
equation; the substance to be determined should react completely with the
reagent in stoichiometric or equivalent proportions.
3.2. The reaction should be relatively fast. (Most ionic reactions satisfy this condition.)
In some cases the addition of a catalyst may be necessary to increase the speed of a
reaction.

Page1|3
Research & Development Department
NFC-Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer Research Faisalabad

3.3. The reaction should be relatively fast. (Most ionic reactions satisfy this
condition.) In some cases the addition of a catalyst may be necessary to
increase the speed of a reaction.
3.4. An indicator should be available which, by a change in physical properties
(colour or formation of a precipitate), should sharply define the end point of
the reaction. [If no visible indicator is available, the detection of the
equivalence point can often be achieved by following the course of the
titration by measuring
a. The potential between an indicator electrode and a reference electrode
known as Potentiometric titration
b. The change in electrical conductivity of the solution known as
Conductometric titration
c. The current which passes through the titration cell between an
indicator electrode and a depolarized reference electrode at a suitable
applied e.m.f. known as Amperometric titration.
d. The change in absorbance of the solution known as
Spectrophotometric titration
4. Classification of Reactions
The reactions employed in titrimetric analysis fall into four main classes. The
first three of these involve no change in oxidation state as they are dependent
upon the combination of ions. But the fourth class, oxidation-reduction
reactions, involves a change of oxidation state or, expressed another way, a
transfer of electrons.
4.1. Neutralization reactions, or Acidimetry and Alkalimetry.
These include the titration of free bases, or those formed from salts of weak
acids by hydrolysis, with a standard acid (acidimetry), and the titration of free
acids, or those formed by the hydrolysis of salts of weak bases, with a
standard base (alkalimetry). The reactions involve the combination of
hydrogen and hydroxide ions to form water. Also under this heading must be
included titrations in non-aqueous solvents, most of which involve organic
compounds.
4.2. Complex formation reactions
These depend upon the combination of ions, other than hydrogen or
hydroxide ions, to form a soluble, slightly dissociated ion or compound, as in
the titration of a solution of cyanide with silver nitrate
Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid, largely as the disodium salt of EDTA, is a
very important reagent for complex formation titrations and has become one
of the most important reagents used in titrimetric analysis. Equivalence point
detection by the use of metal-ion indicators has greatly enhanced its value in
titrimetry.
4.3. Precipitation Reactions

Page2|3
Research & Development Department
NFC-Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer Research Faisalabad

These depend upon the combination of ions to form a simple precipitate as in


the titration of silver ion with a solution of a chloride. No change in oxidation
state occurs.

4.4. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions


Al1 reactions involving change of oxidation number or transfer of electrons
among the reacting substances is included under this heading. The standard
solutions are either oxidizing or reducing agents. The principal oxidizing
agents are potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, cerium (IV)
sulphate, iodine, potassium iodate, and potassium bromate. Frequently used
reducing agents are iron (II) and tin(II) compounds, sodium thiosulphate,
arsenic(III) oxide, mercury(I) nitrate, vanadium(II) chloride or sulphate,
chromium(II) chloride or sulphate, and titanium(III) chloride or sulphate.

Page3|3

You might also like