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3.DAY-22 BOT - Biological Classification - 03-05-2020 PDF

This document provides a daily practice assignment on the topic of biological classification for botany students. It contains 29 multiple choice questions covering topics like fungal cell walls, viral genetics, fungal and algal life cycles, mycorrhiza, reserve foods in organisms, fungi that cause plant diseases, the use of Neurospora in research, identifying fungal structures and classes, the dikaryotic phase, decomposer fungi, the history of viruses and their protein coats, viroids, lichens as pollution indicators, the history of biological classification, decomposer and photosynthetic protists, moneran cell walls, mixotrophic nutrition, the kingdom Protista, biogas-producing archaebacteria, matching

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Akash Abbarapu
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
371 views7 pages

3.DAY-22 BOT - Biological Classification - 03-05-2020 PDF

This document provides a daily practice assignment on the topic of biological classification for botany students. It contains 29 multiple choice questions covering topics like fungal cell walls, viral genetics, fungal and algal life cycles, mycorrhiza, reserve foods in organisms, fungi that cause plant diseases, the use of Neurospora in research, identifying fungal structures and classes, the dikaryotic phase, decomposer fungi, the history of viruses and their protein coats, viroids, lichens as pollution indicators, the history of biological classification, decomposer and photosynthetic protists, moneran cell walls, mixotrophic nutrition, the kingdom Protista, biogas-producing archaebacteria, matching

Uploaded by

Akash Abbarapu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SR+LT BIPC ALL BATCHES DAILY PRACTICE ASSIGNMENTS

DAY – 22 (DT 03-05-2020)


SUBJECT: BOTANY
Chapter: Biological Classification
==================================================================
1. In fungi, the cell wall is mainly composed of
(1) Pectin (2) Cellulose (3) Hemicellulose (4) Chitin
Key: (4)
Hint: The major constituents of the fungal cell wall are chitin, glucans, and glycoproteins. Chitin is a structurally important component of the fungal cell wall located
closest to the plasma membrane.
2. Which of the following is not correct for viruses.
(1) Virus contains both RNA and DNA (2) They are inert outside their specific host cell
(3) Viruses are obligate parasites (4) Genetic material of virus is infectious
Key: (1)
Hint: Virus contains either RNA or DNA
3. Coenocytic, multinucleated, aseptate mycelium is found in
(1) Ascomycetes (2) Basidiomycetes (3) Deuteromycetes (4) Phycomycetes
Key: (4)
Hint: Aseptate mycelicum is found in phycomycetes class of fungi. Phycomycetes is an obsolete polyphyletic taxon for certain fungi with nonseptate
hyphae.
4. In Rhizopus and Spirogyra meiosis occurs at the time of
(1) Zoospore formation (2) Gamete formation’
(3) Akinete formation (4) Germination of Zygospore
Key: (4)
Hint: Zygotic meiosis occur in both ... Meiosis occurs in the life cycle of Rhizopus during ... In life cycle of Spirogyra.resulting meiosis to form zygospore
5. Mycorrhiza is
(1) Symbiotic association between algae and fungi
(2) Symbiotic association between fungi and animal
(3) Symbiotic association between plant and animal
(4) Symbiotic association between fungi and roots of higher plants
Key: (4)
Hint: In a mycorrhiza, the fungus lives inside the plant roots, and in the earth. The fungal hyphae are more efficient than plant roots at absorbing nutrients.
6. Glycogen is the reserve food in
I) Rhizopus II) Funaria III) Bacteria IV) Spirogyra
(1) I and III (2) II and IV (3) I and II (4) III and IV
Key: (1)
Hint: Rhizopus, Bacteria
7. Which fungi cause Rust and Smut diseases respectively
(1) Ustilago and Erysiphe (2) Puccinia and Ustilago
(3) Puccinia and Erysiphe (4) Ustilago and Puccinia
Key: (2)
Hint: Puccinia and Ustilago
8. Fungus that is extensively used in biochemical and genetic work
(1) Neurospora (2) Ustilago (3) Colletotrichum (4) Saccharomyces
Key: (1)
Hint: Neurospora is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work. All the species of Neurospora are basically haploid which they spend most of
the portion of their life cycle in their haploid state.
9. Identify the given diagram and its class

(1) Penicillium – Ascomycetes (2) Agaricus – Basidiomycetes


(3) Agaricus – Ascomycetes (4) Penicillium – Basidiomycetes
Key: (2)
Hint: Agaricus – Basidiomycetes
10. Dikaryotic phase occurs in
(1) Ascomycetes (2) Phycomycetes (3) Basidiomycetes (4) 1 and 3
Key: (4)
Hint: In higher fungi, karyogamy is delayed and occurs just before meiosis. In the stage intervening between plasmogamy and karyogamy the cells
often contain two nuclei or Dikaryons (n+n). Such cells are called dikaryotic cells. The phase is known as Dikaryophase which takes place in
Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
11. Majority of the members are decomposers of litter and help in mineral recycling in this class of fungus
(1) Ascomycetes (2) Deuteromycetes (3) Phycomycetes (4) Basidiomycetes
Key: (2)
Hint: Deuteromycetes
12. The name virus was given by
(1) Beijerinck (2) Pasteur (3) Ivanowsky (4) W.M.Stanley
Key: (2)
Hint: Pasteur
13. The protein coat of virus is called
(1) Capsule (2) Capsomere (3) Capsid (4) Cypsela
Key: (3)
Hint: Capsid
14. Viroids have
(1) single stranded RNA not enclosed by protein coat (2) single stranded DNA not enclosed by protein coat.
(3) double stranded DNA enclosed by protein coat (4) double stranded RNA enclosed by protein coat
Key: (1)
Hint: Viroids are the smallest infectious pathogens known. They are composed solely of a short strand of circular, single-stranded RNA that has no protein coating. All
known viroids are inhabitants of higher plants, and most cause diseases,
15. Lichens are indicators of
(1) water pollution (2) air pollution (3) soil pollution (4) all of these
Key: (2)
Hint: Lichens are well known as sensitive indicators of air pollution, particularly for sulfur dioxide. In part, this is related to their unique biology. ... At
the least, lichens appear to be less sensitive to oxidants than vascular plants
16. Earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification was made by
(1) Linnaeus (2) Whittaker (3) Aristotle (4) Theophrastus
Key: (3)
Hint: - Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification of organisms. - He classified plants into trees, shrubs & herbs
and animals into two groups, those which had red blood and those that did not have red blood
17. Decomposer protists are
(1) Dinoflagellates (2) Protozoans (3) Chrysophrytes (4) Slime moulds
Key: (4)
Hint: Protozoa, algae, and molds are some common examples of protists. Many of the protist organisms are decomposers, that is, they feed on
dead organisms and obtain their nutritional requirements from them.- Slime moulds
Ke
18. Photosynthetic planktons are
(1) Chrysophytes (2) Dinoflagellates (3) Slime moulds (4) 1 and 2
Key: (4)
Hint: Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates
19. Monerans that do not have cell wall and smaller known organisms are
(1) Methanogens (2) Archaebaceteria (3) Mycoplasma (4) Cyanobacteria
Key: (3)
Hint: Mycoplasma differ from other bacteria by having no cell wall
20. Photosynthetic bacteria have pigments in
(1) chromatophores (2) leucoplast (3) chromoplast (4) chloroplast
Key: (1)
Hint: Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells, or groups of cells. Chromatophore absorb light maximally at wavelengths between
460 and 550 nm and are therefore yellow, red or orange in colour as they reflect the wavelengths in this part of this spectrum
21. Mixotrophic nutrition is found in
(1) Amoeba (2) Navicula (3) Plasmodium (4) Euglena
Key: (4)
Hint: Euglena
22. Chrysophytes, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates and Slime moulds are included in the kingdom
(1) Monera (2) Protista (3) Fungi 4) Animalia
Key: (2)
Hint: Protista
23. Biogas is produced by the members which belong to
(1) Eubacteria (2) Archaebacteria (3) Mycoplasmas (4) Cyanobacteria
Key: (2)
Hint: Archaebacteria
24. Identify the correct match from the given table.
List-1 List-2
A) Amoeboid protozoans p) Plasmodium
B) Flagellated protozoans q) Paramoecium
C) Ciliated protozoans r) Trypanosoma
D) Sporozoans s) Entamoeba
1) A-p, B-q, C-r, D-s 2) A-s, B-r, C-q, D-p 3) A-s, B-q, C-p, D-r 4) A-s, B-r, C-p, D-q
Key: (2)
Hint:
25. The most abundant prokaryotes helpful to humans in making curd from milk and in production ofantibiotics are ones
categorised as
(1) Chemosynthetic autotrophs (2) Heterotrophic bacteria
(3) Cyanobactaria (4) Archaebacteria
Key: (2)
Hint: Heterotrophic bacteria
26. Protista is similar to plantae and different from monera in
(1) Mode of nutrition (2) Cell type (3) Presence of Flagella (4) Cell wall
Key: (2)
Hint: Cell type
27. Maximum nutritional diversity is found in the group
(1) Monera (2) Plantae (3) Fungi (4) Animalia
Key: (1)
Hint: Monera are a group of organisms that includes the bacteria and the bacterioids. They have nutrional diversity
28. In Whittaker’s five kingdom classification the boundaries of which kingdom is not well defined
(1) Monera (2) Fungi (3) Archea (4) Protista
Key: (4)
Hint: Protista
29. Identify the names of the different bacteria according to the shapes

A B Spore C - Flagellum D
(1) A-Cocci, B-Bacilli, C-Spirilla, D-Vibrio (2) A-Bacilli, B-Cocci, C-Spirilla, D-Vibro
(3) A-Spirilla, B-Bacilli, C-Cocci, D-Vibrio (4) A-Spirilla, B-Vibrio, C-Cocci, D-Bacilli
Key: (1)
Hint: A-Cocci, B-Bacilli, C-Spirilla, D-Vibrio
30. Choose the incorrect match from following
(1) Diatoms - Chief producers in oceans. (2) Dinoflagellates - Plated cell wall
(3) Euglenoids - Identical pigments to higher plants. (4) Slime mould - True wall found in vegetative stage
Key: (4)
Hint: Slime mould - True wall found around spore
31. Which of the following characteristic(s) is/are used by Whittaker for the classification of organisms ?
(1) Mode of nutrition (2) Thallus organisation (3) Phylogenetic relationships(4) All of the above
Key: (4)
Hint : R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a five kingdom classification. The main criteria for classification used by him include cell
structure, thallus organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.
32. Which of the following is a parasitic fungi on the mustard plant ?
(1) Albugo (2) Puccinia (3) Yeast (4) Ustilago
Key: (1)
Hint: Albugo is the parasitic fungi on mustard and belongs to the class phycomycetes and kingdom fungi.
33. Which of the following pigment is present in cyanobacteria?
(1) Chlorophyll ‘a’ (2) Chlorophyll ‘b’ (3) Chlorophyll ‘c’ (4) Chlorophyll ‘d’
Key: (1) The cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are the largest and most diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria. They have
chlorophyll ‘a’ similar to green plants. They are the first organisms to make atmosphere acrobic.
34. Which of the following is/are example(s) of deuteromycetes?
(1) Alternaria (2) Colletotrichum (3) Trichoderma (4) All of these
Key: (4) Deuteromycetes is also known as fungi imperfecti because the perfect (sexual) stage is either absent or not reported.
Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma belong to deuteromycetes.
35. Which of the following is the smallest living cell and can live without oxygen?
(1) Mycoplasma (2) Mycorrhiza (3) Euglena (4) Trypanosoma
Key: (1) Mycoplasma are the simplest or smallest known organisms that completely lack a cell wall and can survive without oxygen.
36. Which of the following pairs come under the group chrysophytes?
(1) Diatoms and Euglena (2) Euglena and Trypanosoma
(3) Diatoms and Desmids (4) Gonyaulax and Desmids
Key: (3) Chrysophytes are a group of diatoms, golden algae (desmids) and golden brown photosynthetic microscopic protists. Their
body is covered by a transparent siliceous shell.
37. A scientist "X" demonstrated that extract of infected plants of "Y" could cause infection in healthy plants and called the fluid as
"Contagium vivum fluidum". Identify X and Y.
X Y
(1) W. M. Stanley Potato
(2) M. W. Beijerinek Tobacco
(3) D. J. Ivanowsky Cauliflower
(4) Pasteur Tomato
Key: (2) M. W. Beijerinek demonstrated that extract of infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants and called
the fluid as "Contagium vivum fluidum".
38. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about ascomycetes ?
(i) Neurospora, which is used in biochemical and genetic work is a member of this class.
(ii) They are mostly multicellular, e.g., Yeast, or rarely unicellular, e.g., Penicillium.
(iii) They are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous.
(iv) Some examples are Aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora.
(1) Both (i) and (ii) (2) Only (ii) (3) (i), (iii) and (iv) (4) All of these
Key: (3) Ascomycetes are commonly known as sac-fungi. They are mostly multicellular e.g., Penicillium or rarely unicellular, e.g.,
Yeast.
39. Read the given statements and answer the question.
(i) It includes unicellular as well as multicellular fungi.
(ii) In multicellular forms, hyphae are branched and septate.
(iii) Conidiophore produces conidia (spores) exogenously in chain.
(iv) Sexual spores are ascospores produced endogenously in chain.
(v) Fruiting body is called ascocarp.
Identify the correct class of fungi which have all the above given characteristics.
(1) Phycomycetes (2) Sac fungi (3) Club fungi (4) Fungi imperfecti
Key: (2) Sac fungi is a common name of ascomycetes which produce spores in a distinctive type of microscopic sporangium called
an ascus. They are characterized by well-developed thallus and production of ascospores. They are the largest class of fungi.
Examples of sac fungi are yeasts, morels, truffles, and Penicillium.
40. Which of the following group of kingdom protista is being described in the statements given below ?
(i) This group includes diatoms and golden algae.
(ii) They are microscopic and float passively in water currents (plankton).
(iii) Most of them are photosynthetic.
(iv) They have deposits in their habitat; this accumulation over billion of years is referred to as ‘diatomaceous earth’.
(1) Dinoflagellates (2) Chrysophytes (3) Euglenoids (4) Slime moulds
Key: (2) Chrysophytes are plant-like protists that can be found in marine and freshwater environments which are often low in
calcium. There are three main types of chrysophytes: diatoms (bacillariophyta), goldenbrown algae (chrysophyceae), and
yellow-green algae (xanthophyceae).
41. T. O. Diener discovered a new infectious agent that was smaller than viruses and have the following characteristics.
(i) It causes potato spindle tuber disease. (ii) It has free RNA.
(iii) Molecular weight of RNA is low.
Identify the infections agent.
(1) Viruses (2) Viroids (3) Virion (4) Mycoplasma
Key: (2) Viroids cause potato spindle tuber disease (PSTV), chrysanthemum stunt, citrus exocortis, cucumber pale fruit etc. They
cause persistent infections, i.e., never recovered.
42. Which of the following are the characters of dinoflagellates?
(i) They are planktonic golden yellow algae with soap box like structure.
(ii) They are marine red biflagellated protista.
(iii) They appear yellow, green, brown, blue and red in colour.
(iv) They are biflagellated organisms with pellicle.
(v) They are saprophytic (or) parasitic unicellular forms.
(1) (ii) and (iii) (2) (ii) and (v) (3) (i), (ii) and (iii) (4) (ii), (iv) and (v)
Key: (3) Dinoflagellates are mostly single-celled organisms classified in the kingdom protista. Dinoflagellates characteristically have
two flagella for locomotion and most have a rigid cell wall of cellulose encrusted with silica. Their cell wall is divided into two
halves called theca that may fit as two halves of a soap box or a petri dish. Some species (e.g., Noctiluca miliaris) are
bioluminescent.
43. Read the following statements and answer the question given below
(i) They are saprophytic protists.
(ii) Under suitable conditions, they form an aggregation (called plasmodium) which may grow and spread over several feet.
(iii) During unfavourable conditions, the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips.
Which of the following class of protists is being described by the above statements ?
(1) Euglenoids (2) Dinoflagellates (3) Slime moulds (4) Protozoans
Key: (3) All the described statements are related to slime moulds. Slime moulds are saprophytic protists. They are a simple organism
that consists of an acellular mass of creeping jelly-like protoplasm containing nuclei, or a mass of amoeboid cells. When it
reaches a certain size it forms a large number of spore cases.
44. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about class basidiomycetes ?
(i) They are commonly known as imperfect fungi because only the asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known.
(ii) They grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and in living plant bodies as parasites, e.g., rusts and smuts.
(iii) The mycelium is branched and septate.
(iv) Some common members are Agaricus, Ustilago and Puccinia.
(1) Only (i) (2) Both (ii) and (iii) (3) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (4) All of these
Key: (3) Basidiomycetes are commonly known as club fungi. Other commonly known forms of basidiomycetes are mushrooms,
bracket fungi or puffballs.
45. Read the following statements and answer the question.
(i) Some members are saprophytes or parasites while a large number of them are decomposers of litter and help in mineral
cycling.
(ii) They reproduce only by asexual spores known as conidia.
(iii) Mycelium is septate and branched.
(iv) Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma are examples of this class.
Which of the following class of fungi is being described by the above statements ?
(1) Phycomycetes (2) Deuteromycetes (3) Basidiomycetes (4) Ascomycetes
Key: (2) Deuteromycetes is an artificial group without any common relationship. They are commonly known as fungi imperfecti due
to absence of perfect sexual stage. They have septate hyphae and reproduce asexually by means of conidia.
46. Match the terms given in column-I with their examples given in column-II and choose the correct option
Column-I Column-II
(Terms) (Examples)
A. Ascus I. Spirulina
B. Basidium II. Penicillium
C. Protista III. Agaricus
D. Cyanobacteria IV. Euglena
E. Animalia V. Sponges
(1) A – II, B – III, C – IV, D – V, E – I (2) A – I, B – II, C – III, D – V, E – IV
(3) A – II, B – V, C – III, D – I, E – IV (4) A – II, B – III, C – IV, D – I, E – V
Key: (4) Ascus is a sac, typically cylindrical in shape, in which the spores of ascomycetes fungi develop. Basidium is a microscopic
club-shaped spore-bearing structure produced by certain fungi. Euglena, Spirulina and sponges are the examples of protista,
cyanobacteria and animalia respectively.
47. Match the class of fungi given in column I with their examples given in column II and choose the correct option
Column-I Column-II
(Class of fungi) (Examples)
A. Ascomycetes I. Rhizopus
B. Basidiomycetes II. Penicillium
C. Deuteromycetes III. Ustilago
D. Phycomycetes IV. Alternaria
(1) A – IV, B – III, C – I, D – II (2) A – II, B – III, C – IV, D – I
(3) A – IV, B – I, C – II, D – III (4) A – III, B – IV, C – II, D – I
Key: (2)
Hint: A – II, B – III, C – IV, D – I
48. Match the type of protozoans given in column-I with their examples given in column-II and choose the correct option.
Column-I Column-II
(Type of Protozoans) (Examples)
A. Amoeboid protozoans I. Paramecium
B. Ciliated protozoans II. Plasmodium
C. Flagellated protozoans III. Amoeba
D. Sporozoans IV. Trypanosoma
(1) A – I, B – III, C – IV, D – II (2) A – III, B – I, C – II, D – IV
(3) A – III, B – I, C – IV, D – II (4) A – III, B – IV, C – I, D – II
Key: (3) Protozoans are single celled microscopic eukaryotic organisms that are noted for their ability to move independently.
Protozoans are classified on the basis of their locomotion - amoeboid (Amoeba), ciliated (Paramecium), flagellated
(Trypanosoma) and Sporozoans (Plasmodium).
49. Match column-I (Characters/feature) with column-II (examples) and choose the correct option.
Column-I Column-II
(Characters/features) (Examples)
A. Red dinoflagellates I. Rhizopus
B. Unicellular fungi used to make bread and beer II. Gonyaulax
C. Source of antibiotics III. Yeast
D. Bread mould IV. Penicillium
(1) A – III, B – II, C – I, D – IV (2) A – II, B – III, C – I, D – IV
(3) A – II, B – III, C – IV, D – I (4) A – II, B – IV, C – III, D – I
Key: (3) Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found on a wide
variety of organic substrates, including "mature fruits and vegetables", jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts and tobacco.
Rhizopus stolonifer is more commonly known as black bread mold. Gonyaulax is one of the dinoflagellates responsible for the
advent of red tides. Yeast is a unicellular fungus, used to make bread and beer. Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi of
major importance in the natural environment as well as food and drug production. Some members of the genus produce
penicillin, a molecule that is used as an antibiotic.
50. Match the scientists given in column I with their discovery given in column II and choose the correct option.
Column-I Column-II
(Scientists) (Discovery)
A. Ernst Mayr I. Discovered Viroids
B. Whittaker II. Gave the name virus
C. Pasteur III. Proposed five kingdom classification
D. Diener IV. Darwin of the 20th century
(1) A – IV, B – III, C – II, D – I (2) A – III, B – IV, C – II, D – I
(3) A – II, B – III, C – IV, D – I (4) A – I, B – II, C – III, D – IV
Key: (1) Ernst Mayr was a renowned taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, and historian of science. His work contributed to
the conceptual revolution that led to the modern evolutionary synthesis of Mendelian genetics, systematics, and Darwinian
evolution, and to the development of the biological species concept. Robert Harding Whittaker was a distinguished American
plant ecologist. He was the first to propose the five-kingdom taxonomic classification of the world's biota into the Animalia,
Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera in 1959. Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his
discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization. He gave the name virus. Theodor Otto
Diener discovered the viroid, a plant pathogen one fiftieth of the size of the smallest viruses.
51. Match column I (containing fungus name) with column II (common name) and choose the correct options.
Column-I Column-II
(Fungus name) (Commonly called)
A. Puccinia I. Yeast
B. Ustilago II. Mushroom
C. Agaricus III. Smut fungus
D. Saccharomyces IV. Rust fungus
(1) A – I, B – II, C – III, D – IV (2) A – II, B – III, C – IV, D – I
(3) A – III, B – IV, C – I, D – II (4) A – IV, B – III, C – II, D – I
Key: (4) Puccinia, Ustilago, Agaricus and Saccharomyces are commonly called as rust fungi, smut fungi, mushroom and yeast
respectively.
52. Select the correct match from the given option.
(1) Occurrence of dikaryotic stage - ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
(2) Saprophytes - They are autotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates.
(3) Vegetative mean of reproduction in fungi - fragmentation, budding and sporangiophores.
(4) Steps involved in asexual cycle of fungi - plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores.
Key: (1) Saprophytes are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates. Vegetative mean of reproduction in
fungi are fragmentation, budding and fission. Steps involved in sexual cycle of fungi are plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis
in zygote resulting in haploid spores.
53. Refer to the given figures of bacteria cell and Nostoc and choose the option which shows correct label for the structures marked
as A, B, C, D and E ?

(1) A – Cell wall, B – Cell membrane, C – Heterocyst, D – DNA, E – Mucilagenous sheath


(2) A – Cell wall, B – Cell membrane, C – DNA, D – Heterocyst, E – Mucilagenous sheath
(3) A – Mucilagenous sheath, B – Cell membrane, C – DNA, D – Heterocyst, E – Cell wall
(4) A – Cell membrane, B – Cell wall, C – DNA, D – Heterocyst, E – Mucilagenous sheath
Key: (2) The correct labeling in the figures of bacterial cell and Nostoc are - A- cell wall, B - cell membranes, C - DNA, D-
heterocysts, E - mucilaginous sheath.
54. The figure given below shows the structure of a bacteriophage. Identify its parts labelled as A, B, C and D.

A B C D
(1) Tail fibres Head Sheath Collar
(2) Sheath Collar Head Tail fibres
(3) Head Sheath Collar Tail fibres
(4) Collar Tail fibres Head Sheath
Key: (3) The given diagram is of bacteriophage (viruses that infect the bacteria). They have tadpole-like structure, i.e., with head and
tail. Nucleic acid generally DNA is present inside the head. Tail is having hollow core end is surrounded by tail sheath. At the
end of tail, end plate is present to which tail fibres are attached.
55. Bacteria are found to be primitive organisms because they
(1) are small, microscopic which are not seen with naked eye.
(2) cause serious diseases to human being, domestic animals and crop plants.
(3) produce endospores which are very resistant to adverse conditions.
(4) possess incipient nucleus and show amitotic division.
Key: (4) Bacteria are microscopic organisms whose single cells have neither a membrane-enclosed nucleus nor other membrane-
enclosed organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Bacteria are found to be primitive organisms because they do not have
well-defined nucleus and shows amitotic division.
56. Mycorrhizae are useful for plants because they
(1) fix atmospheric nitrogen. (2) enhance absorption of nutrients from the soil.
(3) kill insects and pathogen. (4) provide resistance against abiotic stresses.
Key: (2) Mycorrhizae is symbiotic association between fungi and roots of higher plants, e.g., in the roots of Pinus. This association
provides the fungus with food. Fungus help in the absorption of water and nutrient.
57. Ustilago causes plant diseases (called smuts) because
(1) they parasitize on cereals. (2) they lack mycelium.
(3) they develop sooty masses of spores. (4) their affected parts becomes completely black.
Key: (4) Smut disease is caused by Ustilago species of basidiomycetes fungi. It is characterized by formation of black coloured
chlamydospores or teleutospores (called smut spores) due to which the affected part becomes black.
58. Fungi show asexual reproduction by all of the following kinds of spores except
(1) conidia (2) oospores (3) sporangiospores (4) zoospores
Key: (2) In fungi, asexual reproduction takes place by sporescalled conidia or sporangiospores or zoospores, and sexual reproduction
is by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.
59. Which of the following is the correct sequence of three steps in the sexual cycle of fungi?
(1) Mitosis  Meiosis  Fertilization (2) Plasmogamy  Karyogamy  Meiosis
(3) Mitosis  Plasmogamy  Karyogamy (4) Karyogamy  Plasmogamy  Meiosis
Key: (2) The sexual cycle in fungi involves the following three steps : plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis
(i) Fusion of protoplasm between two motile or non-motile gametes called plasmogamy.
(ii) Fusion of two nuclei called karyogamy.
(iii) Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores.

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