31-08-2019

WHAT IS AIR CONDITIONG.

The important factors involved in a complete air conditioning HVAC
installation include:
1. Temperature control. Air-Conditioning Systems:-
2. Humidity control. Depending on applications, there are several
3. Air movement control. options / combinations of air conditioning, which
4. Air filtering, cleaning and purification. are available for use:

Complete air conditioning provides automatic control of the Air conditioning (for space or machines)
above factors for the outdoor weather conditions for BOTH Split air conditioners
summer and winter conditions. Fan coil units in a larger system
Air handling units in a larger system

LAWS OF REFRIGERATION THE COMPRESSION CYCLE. THE COMPRESSION CYCLE.

It’s plain physics.
• Compression cycle or A.C. cycle as better known
Any evaporation cycle needs heat to perform because it is the compressor which enables the
And its reverse is condensation cycle. transfer of energy.
1. So the first law of refrigeration
fluids ABSORB HEAT - while changing from liquid to • It is by means of compressor that the refrigerant is
able to absorb heat in one place and release it in
gaseous state. another.
GIVE UP HEAT in changing from gas to a liquid.
2. The TEMPERATURE at which a CHANGE OF • It is that part of the mechanism used to put heat
STATE OCCURS is CONSTANT. But this laden refrigerant in such a condition that it may
temperature will vary directly with the PRESSURE. dissipate the heat energy it absorbed when it was
evaporating at low pressure.

THE COMPRESSION CYCLE. THE COMPRESSION CYCLE. THE COMPRESSION CYCLE.

Lets start at the compressor.
• Compressor applies pressure to GASEOUS
refrigerant – about 200 psi (pounds per inch)
• This causes the temperature of the refrigerant to rise
to 170 F degree. (80 deg. C)
• This HIGH pressure, HIGH temp. gas enters
condenser where reverse happens.
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THE COMPRESSION CYCLE. THE COMPRESSION CYCLE. THE COMPRESSION CYCLE.

• As the name suggest condenser condenses the gas • In EVAPORATOR its pressure is reduced from 260
to liquid. to 70 psi.
• As the ambient temp. is LOWER than the BOILING • The reduction in pressure results in temperature
refrigerant in the condensing unit heat gets drop from 120 deg. F to 40 deg. F.
transferred from the condensing unit to the external • LOW PRESSURE liquid evaporates in the
spare. evaporator.
• Any evaporation cycle requires heat. The liquid takes
• Hence its cooling is required. It is either air cooled or heat from the surrounding and turns into gas. And in
water cooled. turn chill the surrounding in the evaporator.
• This cooled refrigerant is stored in liquid receiver • And now this LOW pressure, LOW temp. gas enters
tank. compressor which then applies pressure and then it
• This high pressure liquid is allowed to pass through turns into liquids and ………
expansion valve or liquid metering devise before it
enters EVAPORATOR.

THREE AIR CONDITIONINGCYCLE. COMPONENTS OF A.C.CYCLE COMPONENTS OF A.C.CYCLE

Low pressure, low temp. High pressured, high temp. • COMPRESSOR.
refrigerant which chills water refrigerant. This heat needs to
• PURPOSE
or air between AC plant room be dissipated – cooling tower.
to space needed to be chilled • Its job is to take in LOW PRESSURE, LOW TEMP.
GASEOUS REFREGERANT and turn it into HIGH
PRESSURE HIGH TEMP. GASEOUS REFERIGERANT.

• WHAT DOES A CONDENSOR DO? The air conditioning or heat pump

compressor compresses the incoming refrigerant to a high Refrigeration and Air ConditioningTheory State changes of refrigerant are what removeheat
pressure gas and moves that gas into the condensing coil. • In an air conditioning system, pressure is used to change (increase) • : Refrigeration systems rely on two state changes of the
• The refrigerant gas leaves the compressor at high pressure and at the vaporization point (state change from liquid to gas) or refrigerant: gas to liquid, and liquid back to a gas. It is these
high temperature (since compressing a gas will raise its condensation point (state change from gas to liquid) of the state changes of the refrigerant that move sensible heat from
temperature). In most air conditioning or heat pump compressors, a refrigerant. one side of the air conditioning system to the other: by
piston draws in refrigerant and then compress refrigerant gas, moving • On the A/C system's high side, the condensation point must be absorbing BTUs of heat during evaporation (in the evaporator
refrigerant vapor from the incoming low side to the outgoing high side some temperature above ambient outdoor air temperature (if air is
of the compressor. coil) and by releasing BTUs of heat during condensation (in the
being used to cool the condensing coil) or condensation of the
condenser coil).
• The refrigerant gas leaves the compressor and enters the refrigerant gas back to a liquid will not occur.
condensing coil • R12 refrigerant has a boiling point of -21 deg F (change of state
Creation of high side & low side in a refrigeration system:
• It will contain both heat that the refrigerant absorbed at the from liquid to gas vapor) and R22 has a boiling point of -41 deg
• The restriction in refrigerant flow created by the thermostatic
evaporator coil (heat from air in living space of the building), and F.
expansion valve (TEV) located close to the evaporator coil (cooling
additional heat produced at the compressor by the process of coil) allows the compressor to raise the pressure and increase the State change of refrigerant gas to liquid:
compressing the gas. temperature at which the refrigerant (coolant) will change state (from • The state change of the air conditioning refrigerant from a high
• The refrigerant gas is thus heat laden with sensible heat from the liquid to gas in the cooling coil, and from gas back to liquid in the pressure high temperature gas back to a liquid occurs inside
living area and compressor heat from the compressor motor. condensing coil). This restriction in refrigerant flow at the TEV is what the condensing coil. This state change (gas to liquid) releases
allows the compressor a pressure difference between the high side
energy in the form of heat which is blown into outdoor air (or
and low sides of the system.
transferred into water).
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State changes of refrigerant are what removeheat TYPES OF COMPRESSOR CONDENSER.

• State change of refrigerant liquid to gas: the state change
• RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS. • As seen earlier, the refrigerant enters the condensers in the
from a liquid refrigerant to a low pressure gas occurs in the
Easy to construct, service & widely used. Available in 50 – form of HIGH PRESSURE VAPOUR.
indoor evaporator or cooling coil, absorbing energy in the form
250 tons. Suitable for small hotels, hospitals, industrial plants, • It is the function of the condenser to condense the vapour
of heat (the heat in indoor air being blow across the evaporator
large office buildings. back to a liquid that can be used over and over again in the
coil), thus moving heat from the indoor air into the refrigerant refrigeration cycle.
• ROTARY COMPRESSOR.
gas in the system.
advantage in terms of vibrations & moving parts are • The condenser is usually made of copper or steel tubing upon
• REMEMBER concerned. which fins are fixed to assist the rapid radiation of heat.
• Refrigeration cycle diagram will always have the same basic • CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR CONDENSERS ARE OF TWO TYPES.
components (compressor, condenser, expansion device, available in 150 – 1200 tons. 1. AIR COOLED.
evaporator, and refrigerant tube.) • By means of a forced fan draft.
used for large A/c projects
• These components may be in difference shape, capacity and requires careful mounting. • By natural air circulation (convection)
size, but it does the same thing. 2. WATER COOLED –
requires noise and vibration counter measures.
• If you understand how the refrigeration cycle works, you • By means of cooling towers.
understand how any air conditioner works. Since all air
conditioners have the same basic five components and basic
refrigeration cycle.

CONDENSER. COOLING TOWER COOLING TOWER

1. AIR COOLED CONDENSER. Cooling towers are sort of spray
towers used in large industrial • Its location could be on roof, ground floor, roof of a separate
• These are quite common in smaller refrigeration systems. utility building.
units or where cooling water is not • But generally avoid ground space, unless pretty wide open
available. There is an indoor storage tank for
the water cooled by the area available, as it is noisy.
• These are cooled by a large fan cooling tower. • Provide free space surrounding the Cooling Tower for proper
located on the motor or built into the air circulation.
compressor flywheel. A water pump removes the water
from the storage tank, forces it • Adequate space for maintenance.
• These can be mounted outdoors or through the condenser (thus • Provide steel structure under the Cooling Tower foot to
indoors using ducts. taking away the heat) and transmit the load on the roof beams.
then up to the cooling tower • Use vibration isolators to reduce mechanical vibrations
2. WATER COOLED CONDENSERS. and back again. transmission to building.
• In this system two pipes or tubes While spraying the water some of • Extra water requirement have to be provided as water is lost
are one within the other. Refrigerant water is lost. For this a small in the spraying movement.
passes one way through the outer amount of water is needed to
pipe while the water passes the compensated for lost water.
other way through the inner tube. Hence make up tank to be
near Cooling Tower.

EVAPORATOR or COOLING UNIT WHATARE THE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS? WHAT IS DIRECT EXPANSION TYPE OF SYSTEM?

• The liquid refrigerant from the condenser is led through the AIR CONDITIONINGSYSTEMS .AIR IS DIRECTLY COOLED, BY PASSING OVERTHE REFRIGERANT
liquid line to the cooling unit.
• Expansion valve is fitted just before the evaporator to WHAT IS CHILLED WATER TYPEOF
DIRECT EXPANSIONTYPE CHILLED WATER
reduce the pressure. SYSTEM?
• This low pressure results in low boiling/evaporating . WATER IS CHILLED IN COILS INTERWOVEN WITH
temperature for the refrigerant. EVAPORATOR COILS, BEFORE DISTRIBUTED TO AHU’SOR
FCU’S
• As a result it evaporates and ABSORBS considerable heat. UNITARY
• In DIRECT EXPANSION SYSTEM the heat is absorbed
directly from the surrounding air.
• While in chilled water system the heat is taken from the water
coils that surround the evaporator which in turn gets SPLITSYSTEMS
chilled and is circulated to the required spaces for cooling.

PACKAGED
DX SYSTEMCOIL CHILLED WATER SYSTEM COIL
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DIFFERENCESBETWEEN DX SYSTEM & CHILLED WATER SYSTEM  Superior air quality than
 Not as good as central plant. DX system.  Localized areas cannot be
OVERVIEW OF DX & CENTRAL PLANT SYSTEM  Cannot do close humiditycontrol.  Better control over the
DX SYSTEM CENTRALSYSTEM AIR QUALITY shutdown completely under
 Cannot give high efficiency temperature, humidity,
 Separate building space tohouse filtration. air distribution and any condition.
chillers, boilers, pumps, AHU’s, filtration.
 No separate plant room  Can have a control point for  Local systems can be turned off in  Can operate on part load
BUILDING SPACE distribution network andcontrol each zone wired to the
required. unoccupied spaces like dormitories, conditions.
panel.  Basic controls integrated withthe control panel.
REQUIREMENTS  Space temperature control
 Less bulky unit; off the shelf hotels etc ; energy savings potential.  Can give individualized control
 Impacts the structural loads, can be achieved by using
 Thermostat.
VAV systems. (Vaiable air  Self contained system, a local HVAC by giving a VAV system and
vibration control, noise controletc  Room by room zone avoidsover flow volume) system, can
cooling. alter the air deliveryrates. can provide greater thermal comfort localized thermostats.
 Less appealing, may notblend  Concealedsystem.  Only occupied zones can be EFFICIENCY
 CAV (constant air volume) through individualized heating and  VAV systems on block load
AESTHETICS with aesthetics.  Only visible supply /return air grille conditioned. systems alter temperature
CONTROLS  Other areas turned down or shut while keeping air delivery cooling options. calculations for centralized.
 Equipment seen which can be blended
off. rates constant.
 Relies on reheat coilsto  Limited option to operate on part  Can borrowair from areas with
 Serves one zone,major  Limited capacity control, limited
control the delivered load, as they are designed for full low load, excellent savings in
components located withinthe capability to reduce air flowsduring
 Can serve multiple thermalzones. cooling; energywastage
low load situations.
zone.  Major components located outside due to simultaneous peak load. power.
 Limitation in saving the fanenergy. heating and cooling.
ZONING  Multiple units formultiple  Considerable space temperature  Proper zoning can avoid
the zone at a central location.  AHU’s with VAV’s can
fluctuation provide energy efficient
zones.  More flexibility in terms ofzoning. conflicting demand for heating
cooling, eliminate theneed
 Less flexibility for zoning. for reheat. and cooling.

DX EXPANSION SYSTEMS – UNITARY AIR ADVANTAGES OF UNITARY AIRCONDITIONERS

DX EXPANSION SYSTEMS – SPLIT AIR CONDITIONERS.
CONDITIONERS. 1. User controlled, hence enhanced thermal
1. TOP DISCHARGE SPLITAC
comfort.
2. SIDE DISCHARGE EVAPORATOR,
2. Can be switched off completely. EVAPORATOR
INDOOR UNIT
3. PORTABLE BLOWER,
REFRIGERANT
EXPANSION VALVE,
DIS ADVANTAGES OFUNITARY AIR TUBING &
AIR FILTER
OUTDOOR UNIT ELECTRICAL
CONDENSOR,
CONDITIONERS WIRING (100 M M
CONDENSOR FAN,
HOLE IN WALL)
1. Limited flexibility for positioning. COMPRESSOR.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE
POSITIONING 2. Noisy.

1. Orientation of space and positionof 3. Uneven distribution of air flow.

4. Limited options for energysaving
window.
strategies.
2. Orientation of Activity andfurniture
layout. 5. Cannot close control humidity.
6. Thermostat not precise.
3. Position of air conditioning.
4. Tonnage required max ‐15% sizedabove.

WHATARE THE TYPES OF INDOOR SPLIT UNITS? THE CHARACTERISTICS FOR INDOORUNIT TYPES PACKAGED SYSTEMS – MULTIPLE SPLITS (PAC’S)
INDOOR UNITTYPES
CEILING MOUNTED WHAT ARE PAC’S?
CHARACTERISTICS WALL MOUNTED
EXPOSED SEMI EXPOSED CONCEALED
INDOOR INSTALLATIONS
Mounting Height Abovr 2.5 mtapprox On ceiling Within ceiling Within ceiling •Compressor + Condenser + Compressor fan + Air
SPLIT
Operation
Corded /cordless Corded /cordless
Corded /cordless remote Corded /cordless remote handling
UNITS remote remote
Condensat Gravity, tray concelaed Drain pump (upto
Smallpump Small pump (upto850mm)
e within 600mm)
WALL CEILING
drainage
MOUNTED MOUNTED
Not there, usesand Not there, usesand Can be ducted forfresh
Fresh air intake Can be ducted for freshair FACTS ABOUT PAC’S
circulates room air circulates room air air
Thickness 250mm 210mm 200mm 200mm
SEMI EXPOSED Upto 5 tons(turbo
EXPOSED (CASSETTE) CONCEALED Tonnage available Upto 3 tons Upto 5 tons (turbosplits) Upto 5 tons (turbosplits)
splits) •Available from 3 ton – 16.5 ton
Upto 70deg rotationof
Air throw 1 way 1 way, 2 way, 4way 1 way •Getting more popular againstchilled
blades
Efficiency very high COP available very high COPavailable very high COP available very high COPavailable
water plants.
Can detect movement,
can be computer
direct air flow, can be computer •Cheaper installation costs againstcentral
controlled, email for can be computer controlled,
automatic filter cleaning controlled, email for
malfunctioning,filter email for malfunctioning,filter
Intelligentcontrols device, filter clean malfunctioning, filter chilled water plants.
clean indication, clean indication, variable
indication, star ratingi.e
variable refrigerant clean indication,variable refrigerantinput
very high energy refrigerantinput •Better temperature and humiditycontrol
input
efficiency
commercial, retail, commercial, retail, commercial, retail, residential than unitary splits or multiple splits.
Applications Small rooms, homesetc
residentialetc residentialetc etc
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TYPES OF PAC’S LATEST TRENDS IN PAC’S ‐VRF

Table 1 : Benefits and limitations of standard packaged airconditioners.
BENEFITS LIMITATIONS PACKAGED WHAT IS VRF?
UNITS
Low installation cost Precise control of room conditions isnot
possible 1) Variant RefrigerantFlow.
Readily and easily available Limitations on air flow andfiltration levels
WATER 2) Multiple compressors in oneunit.
AIR COOLED
Being totally factory built, ensuresbetter Smaller compressor and hence higherkW/ton COOLED 3) Multiple types of splits canbe
quality and reliability consumption
attached.
Less plant room spacerequired Operating sound levels can be quitehigh FLOOR
FLOOR CEILING
STANDING SUSPENDED
STANDING 4) range of services that optimise'sroom
Simple operation – trained man power is not Limitations on the amount of fresh air intake DUCTABLE DUCTABLE
FREE
DISCHARGE
required comfort and reduces energy and
Modularity permits phase wiseair Variations in the roomtemperature due to
maintenance costs, combined with
conditioning on/off cycles
Metering of consumed power byindividual Must be greatly over sized for high sensible maximised simplicity and operating
customers is veryeasy load applications
flexibility.
Possible to switch off units catering to Average life span of about 10years.
unoccupied spaces thereby avoiding wastage. 5) Upto 48 units can be connected to a
single system.

VENTILATION

1 WAY
N AT U R A L FORCE D AIR A I R CO N D I TI O N I N G

CO OLI N G H E AT I N G

2 WAY

UNIT S Y S T E M

4 WAY
C E N T R AL S Y S T E M

D I R E C T E X PA N S I O N S Y S . CHILLED WAT E R S Y S T E M
UNIT • U s e d in smaller areas. • U s e d in huge installment
SY STEMS
• Air is p a s s e d directly • Air is p a s s e d over chilled
over chilledrefrigerant. water which are chilled
PACKAGE
UNIT
SP LI T
UNIT
W IND OW
UNIT
• Usually t h e s e are air by refrigerant.
cooled c ondensers a s
s ys . is for small units. • Usually water cooled
A I R COOLED condensers.
A I R COOLED W A T E R COOLED A I R COOLED W I TH D U CT • Expensive
5 , 7 .5 , 1 0 , 1 5 T. 5 , 1 0 , 1 5 , TR. 1 , 1 .5 , 2 , 3 TR. 3 , 5 , 7 .5 , 1 0 , 1 5
TR
• A n A H U is n o t generally • These t o o are expensive.
req • A n A H U is a necessity.
Floor
mou n t e d
• Refrigerant is circulated • Chilled water is
in the coils over which circulated t o A H U from
fan is blowed t o cool air. A C plant room.
Ceiling
mount ed
• Huge d u c t s are used t o • N o bulky ducting from
carry cooled air from A C
A.C. plant room.
plant room t o spac es.
Wall • Air is cooled in A C plant • Air is cooled a t A H U
M ou n t e d
room level.
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A.C. CENTRAL PLANT. DIRECT EXPANSION AND CHILLED WATER SYSTEM DIRECT EXPANSION AND CHILLED WATER SYSTEM

• A.C. central plant is the place where refrigeration cycle

takes place.
• Usually it is placed in the basement or away from the main
habitable area as it creates all kind of disturbances. It
requires maintenance, creates noises, vibrations etc.
• Compressors, condensers, chillers or evaporator are
placed here.
• Requires extensive maintenance and hence should be easily
accessible.
• Creates high vibrations. Hence structural components to be
taken care of.
• Similarly it is to be acoustically treated or placed such that it
does not disturb other functions.
• Should be properly ventilated and draining facility to be
provided.

D I RE CT E X PA N S I O N S Y S . CHI LLE D WAT E R S Y S T E M

DIRECT EXPANSION AND CHILLED WATERSYSTEM
• Use d in smaller areas. • Use d in huge installment
• In direct expansion air is blown directly over coils carrying • Air is pas s e d directly over • Air i s p a s s e d over chilled
refrigerant. So if the AC plant room is not centralized there are chilled refrigerant. water which are chilled by
two options – either have huge ducts that carry chilled air to the • Usually t h e se are air cooled refrigerant.
spaces or have small FCU into which refrigerant is rotated. co n den se rs a s sys. i s for • Usually water cooled
small units. condensers.
• Expensive • These t o o are expensive.
• An A H U i s n o t generally req • An A H U i s a necessity.
• Refrigerant i s circulated in • Chilled water i s circulated
• In chilled water system refrigerant chills water which is rotated
t h e coils over which fan is t o A H U from A C plant
in insulated pipes to AHU or FCU (fan coil unit) over which blowed t o cool air. room.
blower blows air and cools air.
• Huge d u c t s are u se d t o • N o bulky ducting from A.C.
carry cooled air from A C plant room.
plant room t o spaces. • Air i s cooled a t A H U level.
• Air i s cooled in A C plant
room

CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS

There are two types of central air conditioning systems: Direct Direct Expansion (DX) Type of Central Air Conditioning Plant 1) The Plant Room:
In the direct expansion or DX types of air central conditioning The plant room comprises of the important parts of the
Expansion (DX) type of central air condition plants and Chilled
Water type of the central air conditioning plants. plants the air used for cooling space is directly chilled by the refrigeration system, the compressor and the condenser. The
Description of the DX central air conditioning system is as refrigerant in the cooling coil of the air handling unit. Since the compressor can be either semi‐hermeticallysealed or open type.
follows:‐ air is cooled directly by the refrigerant the cooling efficiency of The semi‐hermetically sealed compressors are cooled by the air,
In the DX system the air used for cooling the room or space is the DX plants ishigher. which is blown by the fan, while open type compressor is water
directly passed over the cooling coil of the refrigeration plant. In However, it is not always feasible to carry the refrigerant piping to cooled. The open compressor can be driven directly by motor
case of the chilled water system the refrigeration system is used the large distances hence, direct expansion or the DX type of shaft by coupling or by the belt via pulley arrangement.
central air conditioning system is usually used for cooling the The condenser is of shell and tube type and is cooled by the
to first chill the water, which is then used to chill the air used for
cooling the rooms orspaces. small buildings or the rooms on the single floor. water.The refrigerant flows along the tube side of the condenser
There are three main compartments of the DX type of central and water along the shell side, which enables faster cooling of
conditioning systems. the refrigerant. The water used for cooling the compressor and
the condenser is cooled in the cooling tower kept at the top of
the plant room, though it can be kept at other convenient
location also.
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CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS

2) The Air Handling Unit Room: There are two types of ducts connected to the air handling unit: 3) Air ConditionedRoom:
The refrigerant leaving the condenser in the plant room enters for absorbing the hot return air from the rooms and for sending This is the space that is to be actually cooled. It can be residential
the thermostatic expansion valve and then the air handling unit, the chilled air to the rooms to be air conditioned. room, room of the hotel, part of the office or any other suitable
which is kept in the separate room. The air handling unit is The blower of the air handling unit enables absorbing the hot application. The ducts from the air handling room are passed
a large box type of unit that comprises of the evaporator or the return air that has absorbed the heat from the room via the to all the rooms that are to be cooled. Theducts are connected to
cooling coil, air filter and the large blower. After leaving the ducts.This air is then passed through the filters and then over the the grills or diffusers that supply the chilled air to the room.
thermostatic expansion valve the refrigerant enters the cooling cooling coil. The air absorbs the heat and gets heated and it passes through
coil where it cools the air that enters the room to be air The blower then passes the chilled air through ducts to the another set of the grill and into the return air duct that ends into
conditioned. The evaporator in the air handling unit of the DX rooms that are to be air conditioned. the air handling unit room. This air is then re‐circulated by the air
central air conditioning system is of coil type covered with the handling unit.
fins to increasing the heat transfer efficiency from the refrigerant Though the efficiency of the DX plants is higher, the air handling
to the air. units and the refrigerant piping cannot be kept at very long
distance since there will be lots of drop in pressure of the
refrigerant along the way and there will also be cooling losses.

CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS

Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Plants
Further, for the long piping, large amounts of refrigerant will be The chilled water types of central air conditioning plants are installed in the
needed which makes the system very expensive and also place where whole large buildings, shopping mall, airport, hotel, etc,
prone to the ma instance problems like the leakage of the comprising of several floors are to be air
refrigerant. conditioned.
Due to these reasons the DX type central air conditioning systems While in the direct expansion type of central air conditioning plants,
are used for small air conditioning systems of about 5 to 15 tons refrigerant is directly used to cool the room air; in the chilled water plants the
refrigerant first chills the water, which in turn chills the room air.
in small buildings or the number of rooms on a single floor. If
In chilled water plants, the ordinary water or brine solution is chilled to very
there are large air conditioning loads, then multiple direct low temperatures of about 6 to 8 degree Celsius by the refrigeration plant.
expansion systems can be installed. In such cases, when there is This chilled water is pumped to various floors of the building and its different
lesser heat load one of the plants can be shut down parts. In each of these parts the air handling units are
and the other can run at full load. The DX expansion system runs installed, which comprise of the cooling coil, blower and the ducts. The
more efficiently at higher loads. Even in case of the breakdown of chilled water flows through the cooling coil. The blower absorbs return air
the plants, the other plants can be used for the cooling from the air conditioned rooms that are to be cooled via the ducts. This air
purpose. The DX types of central air conditioning plants are less passes over the cooling coil and gets cooled and is then passed to the air
popular than the chilled water type of central conditioning plants. conditioned space.

CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS

Various Parts of the Chilled Water Air ConditioningPlant If the water flows along tube side and the refrigerant along the shell 2) Air Handling UnitRooms:
All the important parts of the chilled water air conditioning plant are side, it is called as the flooded chiller.The water chilled in the chiller is The air handling units are installed in the various parts of the building
described in detailbelow: pumped to various parts of the building that are to be air conditioned. that are to be air conditioned, in the place called air handling unit
1) Central Air Conditioning PlantRoom: It enters the air handling unit, cools the air in cooling coil, absorbs the rooms. The air handling units comprise of the cooling coil, air filter, the
The plant room comprises of all the important components of the
heat and returns back to the plant room to get chilled again. The blower and the supply and return air ducts.
chilled water air conditioning plant. These include the compressor, amount of water passing into the chiller is controlled by the flow The chilled water flows through the cooling coil. The blower absorbs
condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and theevaporator switch. the return hot air from the air conditioned space and blows it over the
or the chiller.The compressor is of open type and can be driven by the
In the central air conditioning plant room all the components, the cooling coil thus cooling the air. This cooled air passes over the air filter
motor directly or by the belt via pulley arrangement connected to the compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve, and thechiller and is passed by the supply air ducts into the space which is to be air
motor. It is cooled by the water just like the automotive engine.
are assembled in the structural steel framework making a complete conditioned.
The condenser and the evaporator are of shell and tube type. The compact refrigeration plant, known as the chiller package. Piping The air handling unit and the ducts passing through it are insulated to
condenser is cooled by the water, with water flowing along the shell required to connect these parts is also enclosed in this unit making a reduce the loss of the cooling effect.
side and refrigerant along the tube side. The thermostatic expansion
highly compact central air conditioningplant.
valve is operated automaticallyby the solenoid valve.
The evaporator is also called as the chiller, because it chills the water. If
the water flows along the shell side and refrigerant on the tube side, it
is called as the dry expansion type of chiller.
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CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS CENTRAL PLANT ROOMS

3) Air ConditionedRooms: 4) Cooling Tower:
These are the rooms or spaces that are to be air conditioned.These The cooling tower is used to cool the water that absorbs heat from the
can be residential or hotel rooms, halls, shops, offices, complete compressor and the condenser. When water flows through these
theater, various parts of the airport etc. At the top of these components some water gets evaporated, to make up this loss some
rooms the supply and the return air ducts are laid. The supply air ducts water is also added in the cooling tower.
supply the cool air to the room via one set of the diffusers, while the The cooling tower is of evaporative type. Here the water is cooled by
return air ducts absorbs the hot return air from the room by another the atmospheric air and is re‐circulated through the compressor and
set of the diffusers. The hot return air enters the air handling unit, gets the condenser.
cooled and again enters the room via supply duct to produce air
conditioning effect.

CHILLER