Derivation for Impedance & Reactance Derivation for Power Derivation for Stored Energy

Current in the circuit i = (C) ( VM) (-cos w

0 ) t=0
P = (VM sin wt) X (IM sin wt+90° )
dq dq Wc = 0 Vdq (2)
IL i= i=
(1)
i = (C) ( VM) w Taking integration over a cycle we get,
dt dt VM) = 1
wC
0
P = (VM sin wt) X (IM sin wt+90°)dwt 1
q = (C) x (Vt) i
1 2π W =C qdq
V(t) =VM sin wt dv q = (C) x ( VM sin wt ) XC
2π 0
i=C = wC
P = I2MV
0
1 q2
dt d [(sin wt) X( cos wt)]dwt W =[(
C ) ( ) ]0
M
I(t) =IM sin wt+90° i = [ (C) x ( VM sin wt) ] XC = 2π1f C π 2π
dt 0

+q "C" VC =C diq d P = IMVM 2π( sin 2wt ) dwt 1

i = [ (C) x ( VM sin wt) ] Z =0-i X c 2π 2 2
W =[( ) X(q ) ]0
q = (C)(Vt )
dt dt C
VL idt= (C) ( VM) (sin wt) d P = I8MV (
M -cos 4π + cos 0
)

ᴓ
-q
Z =X C -90° π 1 2
W = ( 2 ) X(Q ) (3)
i = (C) ( VM) (-coswwt ) t=0
P IMVM (-1+1) P = 0
Voltage lag current by -90°
f = 0 Hz or
Current lead voltage by 90° = 8π
XC =∞
I =0 Capacitors oppose changes in voltage with the flow of electrons onto the plates of the capacitor being
f = ∞Hz directly proportional to the rate of voltage change across its plates as the capacitor charges and discharges.
Unlike a resistor where the opposition to current flow is its actual resistance, the opposition to current flow in a
XC = 0
capacitor is called Reactance ( XC ).
w = 2 πf I =max From the above formula we can see that the value of capacitive reactance and therefore its overall impedance (in Ohms)
(a)Diagram for Pure Capacitor (C) decreases towards zero as the frequency increases acting like a short circuit. Likewise, as the frequency approaches zero or
DC, the capacitors reactance increases to infinity, acting like an open circuit which is why capacitors block DC.

P =(IM sin wt+90° ) X( VM sin wt) =0

x(t)
VL =VM sin wt I L = IM sin wt+90°
(+) (-) (-)
+i Power Returned Power Returned
IM sin wt+90°

Ic
1.0000

90
90 °

-1 0
°
VM sin wt +1 Vc 0° wt t
45° π2
ᴓ

π 2π
°
90

90° 180° 270° 360°

1 -90°
XC
1.4142

-i
(+) (+)
1.0000 (-) Power Consumed Power Consumed

(b)Phasor Diagram Representation

1.5708 (c)Sinusoidal Representation

Thus, similar to inductive circuit, power absorbed in pure capacitance is zero as the power absorbed and returned back during each half cycle. The figure below shows the voltage, current
and power waveforms of an AC capacitive circuit.
During the positive half cycle of the power waveform, the energy is stored in the capacitor while it is charging. And during the negative half cycle, energy stored is returned back to the
source while it is discharging. It is to be observed that the areas of both cycles are equal and hence the average power absorbed by the circuit is zero.
The power factor in a pure inductive circuit is zero, i.e., pure lagging power factor.
In this pure capacitive circuit, there is a phase difference of 90° (leading) between voltage and current waveforms. The power factor, cos θ = cos 90° = 0
Prepare by: Engr. Wilson Fernandez
Hence the power factor in a pure capacitive circuit is zero leading, i.e., pure leading power factor. [email protected]