Scientia Horticulturae 207 (2016) 1–6

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Scientia Horticulturae
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scihorti

Contribution of nitrogen from urea applied at different rates and

times on grapevine nutrition
Gustavo Brunetto a,∗ , Carlos Alberto Ceretta a , George Wellington Bastos de Melo b ,
Eduardo Girotto c , Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira a , Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi d ,
Rafael da Rosa Couto a , Adriele Tassinaria a , Rodrigo Knevitz Hammerschmitt a ,
Lincon Oliveria Stefanello da Silva a , Bruno Pedro Lazzaretti a ,
Matheus Severo de Souza Kulmann a , Corina Carranca e
a
Department of Soil Science of the Federal University of Santa Maria, C.P. 221, CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
b
Embrapa Uva e Vinho, C.P. 130, Rua Livramento 515, Bento Gonçalves, CEP 95700-000 RS, Brazil
c
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Nelsi Ribas Fritsch 1111, Ibirubá, CEP 98200-000 RS, Brazil
d
Department of Rural Engineering of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianópolis, CEP 88034-000 SC, Brazil
e
Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Nova Oeiras, Portugal

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In Brazilian vineyards planted in sandy soils, nitrogen (N) should be applied at optimal rates and timing
Received 14 August 2015 that correspond to greatest demand, thus minimizing N losses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
Received in revised form 23 March 2016 grapevine N distribution and recovery of urea-15 N applied at budding and bloom. In 2009, in a vineyard
Accepted 8 May 2016
(Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) planted in Santana do Livramento, south Brazil, grapevines were
treated with 10 kg N ha−1 at budding +10 kg N ha−1 at full bloom (10B + 10F); 20 kg N ha−1 at budding
Keywords:
15
+20 kg N ha−1 at full bloom (20B + 20F); 20 kg N ha−1 at budding (20B); and 40 kg N ha−1 at full bloom (40F).
N uptake
Budding of grapevines in 2009 and 2010 was at the end of August and full bloom in November. In February
N derived from fertilizer
Plant N distribution 2010 and 2011, grapevine organs (leaves, berries, stem and roots) were collected, and in February 2011
Residual soil N soil samples were also collected in the profile. The wine-producing grapevines grown in the sandy soil
Vitis vinifera took up more N derived from 20B treatment, compared with other N treatments, especially in the first
crop season. The N derived from fertilizer applied at different rates and time was preferentially distributed
in annual plant organs, but most N contained in the plant organs was derived from other sources than
the fertilizer N. In the following season, 15 N applied in the previous year was recovered preferentially in
leaves and fruits, again in low amounts. Nitrogen derived from fertilizer applied at different rates and
time in a sandy soil apparently contributes little to grapevine nutrition.
© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction up in small amounts by these crops (Brunetto et al., 2011, 2014).

However, usually grapevines show low levels of N in the leaves
Sandy soils planted with vineyards normally have low to (<16 g N kg−1 ) (CQFS-RS/SC, 2004). This may cause a decline in crop
medium organic matter content which gives them a low capac- yield and negatively affect the composition of grape. Thus, the addi-
ity for supplying grapevines with mineral nitrogen (N) (Brunetto tion of a mineral N source such as urea has been recommended.
et al., 2007). Therefore, some wine producers maintain legumes in Application of urea on the soil surface, it is rapidly hydrolyzed
the inter-row spacing to promote the sumbiotic fixation of atmo- by urease extracellular enzymes produced by microorganisms such
spheric N2 . During decomposition of shoots of cover crops in the as bacteria, actinobacteria and soil fungi and produces ammonium
soil surface and roots below the surface, N contained in the plant carbonate (NH4 + )2 CO3 which is not stable in the soil. In the presence
tissue is released within the root zone of grapevines and is taken of water it decomposes into HCO3 − , OH− and ammonium (NH4 + ).
The HCO3 − may then decompose into CO2 and OH− . If the NH4 +
reacts with OH− , a loss of NH3 can occur to the atmosphere. How-
ever, part of NH4 + is transformed through biological oxidation into
∗ Corresponding author. nitrite (NO2 − ) followed by nitrate (NO3 − ) which may be taken up
E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Brunetto).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.05.002
0304-4238/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2 G. Brunetto et al. / Scientia Horticulturae 207 (2016) 1–6

by plant roots or lost by leaching, especially in soils with a sandy Table 1

Mean monthly values of rainfall (mm), air temperature (◦ C), and air relative humidity
texture (Barlow et al., 2009; Lorensini et al., 2012). However, the
(%RH) during the experimental period.
amount of N leached is especially dependent on the amount of N in
the soil and the volume of rainfall (Nielsen et al., 1982; Hajrasuliha Year/Month Phenological Rainfall Air temperature Air RH
(◦ C)
et al., 1998). A strategy for minimizing the NO3 − leaching losses Stage (mm) (%)

in the soil profile is to apply the fertilizer N at phenological stages 2009

with greater crop N demand (Conradie, 1990, 1991). August Begin of budbreak 45.3 14.2 77.9
September Budbreak 269.4 13.3 86.6
Literature shows contradicting results as to the most appro-
October End of budbreak 135.9 16.9 77.8
priate time for N application for grapevines production (Spayd November Begin of bloom 540.8 20.8 86.7
et al., 1991). Some studies report that grapevines recover a sat- December End of bloom 219.0 21.7 79.2
isfactory amount of N from fertilizer applied at the beginning 2010
of budding—this was shown by Conradie (1991) in South Africa, January Veraison 204.1 23.4 77.3
Löhnertz (1991) in Germany, Glad et al. (1994) in France, Araujo February Veraison 240.7 23.1 82.8
et al. (1995) in California, the United States and Brunetto et al. March Harvest 58.9 21.8 79.9
April Start falling leaves 132.0 17.1 78.8
(2006b) in the south of Brazil. Most of these authors attribute this
May falling leaves 133.4 14.3 86.7
fact to mild temperatures and proper soil moisture at the end of June falling leaves 33.7 12.1 84.0
winter which increases the activity of the microbial population in July End of falling leaves 295.3 10.9 80.9
the soil and consequently the availability of mineral N in the soil. August Budbreak 53.3 11.6 78.5
September Budbreak 182.6 14.4 81.2
Also the emergence of active roots is greater at this time Brunetto
October End of budbreak 19.4 16.2 68.1
et al. (2006b, 2014). However, Vos et al. (2004) in the United States November Begin of bloom 29.0 19.7 59.8
and Schreiner and Scagel (2006) observed that grapevines recov- December End of bloom 56.0 23.7 57.3
ered more N when fertilizer was applied from blooming to six
2011
weeks after blooming, in comparison with the application at the January Veraison 61.6 25.0 70.3
beginning of budding with a crop recovery of N greater than 20%.
Part of N taken up by the crop is incorporated into the car-
bonate structures, such as allantoin (4N:4C), arginine (4N:4C), and Table 2
citrulline (3N:3C), or, moreover, in mineral forms, such as NH4 + Main physical and chemical characteristics of the soil in the experimental site at 0
and NO3 − transported through the stem and branches older than − 0.20 m soil layer.

one year to the vegetative organs with active cell division and Soil characteristics Unit 0–0.20 m
consequently with a higher dry matter increase, such as leaves, Clay g kg−1 63
shoots, and bunches (berries + rachis) (Glad et al., 1994). Part of Silt g kg−1 115
accumulated N in the annual organs throughout the period of leaf Sand g kg−1 822
senescence may be redistributed to the perennial organs, especially Organic matter g kg−1 15.0
Total N mg kg−1 2.300
to roots and stem/trunk (Bates et al., 2002; Zapata et al., 2004;
pH(H2 O) – 6.00
Brunetto et al., 2005, 2006a, 2014). For studies on N recovery and Exchangeable aluminum 0.00
accumulation in organs of fruit-bearing plants like grapevines, 15 N Exchangeable magnesium cmolc kg−1 0.80
isotope has been used as a tracer since it allows a precise moni- Exchangeable calcium cmolc kg−1 1.75
toring of fertilizer N taken up by the crop and its distribution in Exchangeable potassium mg kg−1 50.0
Available phosphorus mg kg−1 40.0
the plant (Brunetto et al., 2006a,b; Menino et al., 2007; Neto et al.,
2008).
The aim of this study was to evaluate the grapevine N distribu-
tion and recovery of urea-15 N applied at budding and bloom. We Typic Hapludalf and the chemical properties in the 0–0.20 m layer
hypothesized that fertilizer N applied at blooming in the previous are shown in Table 2. Plants in the inter-rows spacing were desic-
year is remobilized for vegetative and flowering organs in the fol- cated with non-residual herbicide. In this inter-rows, a mixture of
lowing season, whereas N applied at budding is especially used in plants was cultivated, especially the Paspalum notatum, Trifolium
the current season. repens and Lolium perenne.
In 2009, grapevines received the following four treatments:
10 kg N ha−1 at budding +10 kg N ha−1 at full bloom (10B + 10F);
2. Materials and methods 20 kg N ha−1 at budding +20 kg N ha−1 at full bloom (20B + 20F);
20 kg N ha−1 at budding (20B); and 40 kg N ha−1 at full bloom (40F).
2.1. Description of the experiment Budding of grapevines in 2009 and 2010 was at the end of August,
and full bloom in November. The N source was urea enriched with
The experiment was conducted from September 2009 to 3% 15 N atom excess. The urea was incorporated into the soil surface
February 2012 in a vineyard at Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande in the row, below the of grapevine canopy. In addition, five plants
do Sul—Brazil (longitude 655321.09 m E; latitude 6593897.74 m without 15 N application were used as control plants. The experi-
S). The vineyard (Vitis vinifera) was the Cabernet Sauvigon culti- mental design was under randomized blocks with five replications,
var grafted on SO4 (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis riparia) rootstock. Plant with three central plants in each plot being used for measurements.
density per hectare was 3703 (1.0 m × 2.7 m) on a spur pruned The leaves of grapevines collected in the veraison contained (%):
cordon system. Climate in the region is subtropical humid, Cfa2 0.90 N, 0.2 P, 2.0 K, Ca 1.5 and 0.4 Mg.
type, according to the Köppen classification and is characterized In February 2010 and 2011, eight bunches of grapes were col-
by mild temperature and rainfall with little variation throughout lected randomly from each grapevine. Then, berries from the upper,
the year. Mean annual rainfall for a long period is 1600 mm; the middle and lower part of each bunch were separated and frozen in
mean temperature of the hottest month (January) is 23.8 ◦ C and liquid N, dried in a freeze-dryer until constant weight, and reserved
the mean temperature of the coldest month (July) is 12.4 ◦ C. Data for testing. The eight rachis of bunches were also reserved for analy-
on mean monthly temperature and accumulated rainfall through- sis. Afterwards, mature leaves were collected from the middle third
out the experimental period are shown in Table 1. The soil is a of three shoots chosen at random in each plant. Leaves and rachis
 G. Brunetto et al. / Scientia Horticulturae 207 (2016) 1–6 3

Leaves Berries Rachis

100 100

Percentage distribution of total N

80 80

Percentage distribution of Ndff

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0

20B

20B
10B+10F

20B+20F

40F

10B+10F

20B+20F

40F
Treatment

Fig. 1. Percentage distribution of total N (a) and N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) (b), in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine organs as response to urea-15 N applied this season
(2009/2010). 10B + 10F = 10 kg N ha−1 applied at budding +10 kg N ha−1 applied at full bloom; 20B + 20F = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding +20 kg N ha−1 applied at full bloom;
20B = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding; 40F = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding.

Table 3 length × 0.20 m depth. Pits were opened beside the grapevine row,
Total N (%), atom% 15 N excess, N derived from fertilizer (%Ndff), and N derived from
corresponding to the area beneath the plant canopy, where 15 N
other sources (%Ndfs) in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine organs as response to urea-
15
N applied this season (2009/2010). fertilizer has been applied. Soil was removed from the roots by
washing the roots with distilled water and roots were reserved for
Treatment Leaves Berries Rachis CV (%)
analysis. Leaves, shoots, 1-year-old shoots, stems, and root samples
Total N (%) were oven-dried with air circulation at 65 ◦ C until constant weight,
10B + 10F 2.33 bAa 0.85 aC 1.73 aB 22.74 and were sieved (0.05 mm sieve) and kept for analysis.
20B + 20F 3.03 aA 1.01 aC 2.00 aB 10.58
In the same pits where roots were taken, soil samples were
20B 2.10 bA 0.77 aB 1.81 aA 7.89
40F 2.37 bA 0.85 aB 2.04 aA 6.73 collected in February 2011 at 0–0.05, 0.05–0.10 and 0.10–0.20 m
CV (%) 8.78 16.11 16.78 depth. Soil samples were air dried, sieved and analyzed.
Atom% 15 N excess
10B + 10F 0.120 bA 0.104 aA 0.116 bA 13.53 2.2. Plant and soil analysis
20B + 20F 0.133 bA 0.128 aA 0.137 bA 5.90
20B 0.218 aA 0.133 aB 0.205 aA 6.46
Total N and atom% 15 N enrichment in the plant organs and soil
40F 0.127 bA 0.104 aA 0.116 bA 3.72
CV (%) 4.90 8.42 6.78 samples were analyzed by dry combustition and mass spectropho-
tometer (Hydra 20/20 model, PDZ Europa, Crewe, UK), respectively.
%Ndff
The 15 N dilution technique was used to estimate the atom% 15 N
10B + 10F 4.00 bA 3.48 aA 3.85 bA 13.48
20B + 20F 4.42 bA 4.26 aA 4.57 bA 5.71 excess in the plant organs and soil, and the%15 N recovery in each
20B 7.27 aA 4.45 aB 6.84 aA 6.36 organ and soil layer, as follows (Brunetto et al., 2014):
40F 4.23 bA 3.47 aA 3.88 bA 3.82 The atom% 15 N excess was calculated according to Eq. (1):
CV (%) 4.95 8.39 6.72
Atom15 N excess in sample (%) = %atom15 N in sample − 0.3663% (1)
%Ndfs
10B + 10F 96.00 aA 96.52 aA 96.15 aA 0.53 where 15 N from natural abundance in the atmosphere is 0.3663%
20B + 20F 95.58 aA 95.74 aA 95.43 aA 0.26
enrichment and is assumed as reference.
20B 92.73 bB 95.56 aA 93.16 bB 0.42
The nitrogen derived from fertilizer (%Ndff) was calculated using
40F 95.77 aA 96.53 aA 96.12 aA 1.12
Eq. (2):
CV (%) 0.92 0.34 0.34
a %atom15 N excess in sample
Mean values followed by the same lowercase in the column and uppercase Nitrogen derived from fertilizer (%) = × 100 (2)
in the line do not differ among them according to the Scott-Knott test at 5% %atom15 N excess in fertilizer
probability. 10B + 10F = 10 kg N ha−1 applied at budding +10 kg N ha−1 applied at full
The nitrogen derived from other sources, especially from the soil
bloom; 20B + 20F = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding +20 kg N ha−1 applied at full
bloom; 20B = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding; 40F = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding;
(%Ndfs) was calculated using Eq. (3):
CV = coefficient of variation.
Nitrogen derived from othersources(%) = 100 − nitrogen derived

from fertilizer (3)

were dried in an air circulation oven at 65 ◦ C until constant weight,
and were sieved (<0.05 mm) and reserved for testing.
In February 2011, shoots and leaves were collected at random
from each plant. The 1-year-old shoots were also collected each 2.3. Statistical analysis
plant and prepared for analysis. For each stem, a strip of about
0.05 m length, representing around 1/4 of the diameter of the stem Data were subjected to Analysis of Variance and when this
was collected at 0.4 m from the soil surface. Roots were also taken analysis indicated statistically significant differences, data were
from a soil volume collected in two pits of 0.20 m width × 0.20 m subjected to the Scott–Knott mean comparison test for p < 0.05.
4 G. Brunetto et al. / Scientia Horticulturae 207 (2016) 1–6

Table 4
Total N (%), atom% 15 N excess, N derived from fertilizer (%Ndff), and N derived from other sources (%Ndfs) in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine organs as response to urea-15 N
applied in the previous season.

Treatment Leaves Berries + Rachis Shoots 1-year-old shoots Stem Roots CV (%)

Total N (%)
10B + 10F 1.41 aAa 0.47 aD 0.70 aC 0.67 aC 0.41 aD 1.17 bB 8.10
20B + 20F 1.41 aA 0.44 aC 0.69 aB 0.60 aB 0.38 aC 1.44 aA 10.35
20B 1.25 bA 0.59 aB 0.64 aB 0.62 aB 0.39 aC 1.17 bA 14.23
40F 1.21 bA 0.50 aC 0.68 aB 0.59 aB 0.36 aC 1.32 aA 14.39
CV (%) 13.10 17.89 5.22 11.52 4.94 4.00

Atom% 15 N excess
10B + 10F 0.033 aC 0.030 aB 0.072 cA 0.045 aB 0.057 aA 0.060 bA 9.40
20B + 20F 0.038 aC 0.034 aC 0.096 bA 0.070 aB 0.066 aB 0.080 aB 15.11
20B 0.020 bD 0.016 bD 0.121 aA 0.059 aC 0.072 aC 0.086 aB 19.40
40F 0.042 aC 0.041 aC 0.094 bA 0.055 aC 0.068 aB 0.053 bC 19.95
CV (%) 14.15 22.15 16.31 15.51 13.82 13.90

%Ndff
10B + 10F 1.10 aC 1.00 aB 2.40 cA 1.50 aB 1.91 aA 2.01 bA 9.33
20B + 20F 1.27 aC 1.13 aC 3.19 bA 2.33 aB 2.19 aB 2.68 aB 15.19
20B 0.68 bD 0.54 bD 4.04 aA 1.96 aC 2.39 aC 2.88 aB 19.31
40F 1.40 aC 1.37 aC 3.12 bA 1.83 aC 2.27 aB 1.75 bC 19.65
CV (%) 13.74 21.81 16.20 15.32 13.68 13.84

%Ndfs
10B + 10F 98.90 bA 99.00 bA 97.60 aB 98.50 aA 98.09 aB 97.99 aB 0.16
20B + 20F 98.73 bA 98.87 bA 96.81 bC 97.67 aB 97.81 aB 97.32 bB 0.33
20B 99.32 aA 99.46 aA 95.96 cC 98.04 aB 97.61 aB 97.12 bD 0.41
40F 98.60 bA 98.63 bA 96.88 bC 98.17 aA 97.73 aB 98.25 aA 0.39
CV (%) 0.15 0.22 0.53 0.30 0.31 0.33
a
Mean values followed by the same lowercase in the column and uppercase in the line do not differ among them by according to the Scott-Knott test at 5% prob-
ability. 10B + 10F = 10 kg N ha−1 applied at budding + 10 kg N ha−1 applied at full bloom; 20B + 20F = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding +20 kg N ha−1 applied at full bloom;
20B = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding; 40F = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding; CV = coefficient of variation.

3. Results and discussion large number of young roots which were a little active but were
responsible for the crop water and fertilizer N uptake.
3.1. N distribution in the grapevine In the following season (2010/2011), the highest total N con-
centration was observed, especially in leaves of grapevines with
In the 2009/2010 crop season, the greatest concentration of the addition of 10B + 10F and 20B + 20F (Table 4, Fig. 2), confirming
total N was observed in the leaves of grapevines that received the results observed in the previous season. Unlike, roots presented
20 kg N ha−1 at budding +20 kg N ha−1 at full bloom (20B + 20F) the highest total N concentration by the addition of 20B + 20F and
in comparison with other treatments (Table 3). Yet, the total N 40F. The total N concentration in berries + rachis, 1-year-old shoots,
concentration in berries and rachis was not statistically different shoots and stem was not affected by treatments. For most treat-
among treatments. By the addition of 10B + 10F and 20B + 20F at full ments in this season, total N concentration followed the sequence:
bloom, a higher (p < 0.05) concentration of total N was observed in leaves > roots > 1-year-old shoots = shoots > berries + rachis = stem.
leaves as compared with berries and rachis (Table 3). Similarly, in The highest atom% 15 N excess and %Ndff applied in the pre-
grapevines with application of 20 kg N ha−1 at budding (20B) and vious season was observed in the leaves and berries + rachis
40 kg N ha−1 at full bloom (40F), a higher concentration of total of grapevines by the addition of 10B + 10F, 20B + 20F and 40F
N was observed in leaves and rachis as compared with berries (Table 4, Fig. 2). In the shoots, the highest atom% 15 N excess and
(Table 3, Fig. 1). %Ndff was measured in grapevines under the 20B treatment and
Among grapevine organs, the highest atom% 15 N excess and in 20B + 20F, and in roots for 20B treatment. In the 1-year-old
%Ndff applied in the year was measured in the leaves and rachis shoots, shoots and stem no significant response to treatments
with the addition of 20B, and no statistical difference was observed was observed. As to treatment 10B + 10F, the atom% 15 N excess
for other treatments (Table 3, Fig. 1). As expected, the lowest con- and %Ndff varied in the plant organs according to the sequence:
centration of N derived from other sources (%Ndfs) was observed shoots = stem = roots > 1-year-old shoots = berries + rachis > leaves,
in the leaves and rachis of grapevines fertilized with 20B (Table 3). similar to the application of double amount of N (20B + 20F):
Thus, leaves and rachis represent a physiological N sink during the shoots > 1-year-old shoots = stem = roots > leaves = berries + rachis.
vegetative and productive growth of grapevines (Glad et al., 1994; With the addition of 20B, the order was similar: shoots > roots > 1-
Schreiner and Scagel, 2006; Brunetto et al., 2014). However, the year-old shoots = stem > leaves = berries + rachis. Finally, by the
%Ndff in leaves, rachis and berries was low, smaller than 7.3% for all addition of 40F in the previous year, the atom% 15 N excess
treatments indicating that more than 92.7% of N in these organs was and %Ndff in plant organs again followed a similar sequence:
derived from other sources than the urea-15 N, including internal shoots > stem > roots = 1-year-old shoot = leaves = berries + rachis.
N, the soil N, plant N reserves, irrigation water, etc. The low %Ndff The greatest %Ndfs was observed in leaves and berries + rachis in
recovered in grapevine organs in the year of urea-15 N application the grapevines provided with 20B in the previous year (Table 4), in
is attributed to the dilution effect of fertilizer N in the plant which the shoots by the addition of 10B + 10F, and in the roots by addition
is mobilized to these new organs (Nikolaidou et al., 2010; Agnelli of 10B + 10F and 40F. Treatments did not affect the %Ndfs in 1-year-
et al., 2014), assuming that roots are active at these growth phases. old shoots and stems. The treatment 10B + 10F affected significantly
In previous studies, Conradie (1990, 1991), Löhnertz (1991), Glad %Ndfs in the following order: leaves = berries + rachis = 1-
et al. (1994), Araujo et al. (1995) and Eissenstat (2007) observed a year-old shoots = shoots = stem = roots. The %Ndfs in plant
organs followed the order: leaves = berries + rachis > 1-year-
 G. Brunetto et al. / Scientia Horticulturae 207 (2016) 1–6 5

Leaves Berries +Rachis New shoots 1-year-old shoots Stem Roots

100 100

80 80

Percentage distribution of total N

Percentage distribution of Ndff

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0

40F

40F
10B+10F

20B+20F

10B+10F

20B+20F
20B

20B
Treatment

Fig. 2. Percentage distribution of total N (a) and N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) (b), in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine organs as response to urea-15 N applied this season
(2009/2010). 10B + 10F = 10 kg N ha−1 applied at budding +10 kg N ha−1 applied at full bloom; 20B + 20F = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding + 20 kg N ha−1 applied at full bloom;
20B = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding; 40F = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding.

old shoots = stem = roots, and was the opposite of %Ndff in plant Table 5
Residual total N (%), atom% 15 N excess, and N derived from fertilizer (%Ndff) mea-
organs by double N fertilizer (20B + 20F) and the 20B. This shows
sured on February 2011 in soil planted with Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine after
that most N in these plant organs came from other sources, as application of urea-15 N in 2009.
the internal N reserves and soil N (Brunetto et al., 2006b; Menino
Treatment Layer (m) CV (%)
et al., 2007; Neto et al., 2008; Nikolaidou et al., 2010; Agnelli et al.,
2014). Fertilizer N applied in the previous season was accumulated 0–0.05 0.05–0.10 0.10–0.20
mostly in the reserve organs: stem, roots and shoots. This 15 N Total N (%)
accumulated in the reserve organs was remobilized for the new 10B + 10F 0.07aAa 0.04aB 0.03 aB 20.68
organs in the following season. As demonstrated by Menino et al. 20B + 20F 0.07 aA 0.03 aB 0.04 aB 9.33
(2007) for perennial orange trees and Neto et al. (2008) for pear 20B 0.06 aA 0.04 aB 0.03aC 6.88
40F 0.04bA 0.03aB 0.03aB 8.69
trees, fertilizer N applied in the year is mobilized to the young CV (%) 14.08 10.19 11,56
organs during the vegetative and flowering phases, and when is
Atom% 15 N excess
applied at harvest, N is accumulated in the reserve organs (stem,
10B + 10F 0.129 bA 0.038 bB 0.026 aB 22.79
roots, shoots) to be translocated for the new flush in the following 20B + 20F 0.177 aA 0.068 bB 0.050 aB 15.76
year. Leaves are the most enriched plant N organ from fertilizer N 20B 0.085 cA 0.112 aA 0.024 aB 14.46
applied in the year, especially at bloom. 40F 0.194 aA 0.137 aB 0.055 aC 14.47
CV (%) 23.15 7.81 16.04

%Ndff
3.2. N distribution in the soil 10B + 10F 4.29 bA 1.26 bB 0.87 aB 22.38
20B + 20F 5.91 aA 2.27 bB 1.66 aB 15.86
In the soil, the highest (p < 0.05) concentration of total N for all 20B 2.83 cA 3.72 aA 0.78 aB 14.14
treatments was observed in the surface layer (0.0–0.05 m) and the 40F 6.47 aA 4.56 aB 1.84 aC 18.60
CV (%) 23.11 7.74 16.59
lowest level was measured for the 40B treatment added in the pre-
a
vious season (Table 1). In the 0.05–0.10 and 0.10–0.20 m soil layers, Mean values followed by the same lowercase in the column and uppercase
in the line do not differ among them according to the Scott-Knott test at 5%
the total N concentration did not vary (p ≥ 0.05) among treatments
probability. 10B + 10F = 10 kg N ha−1 applied at budding + 10 kg N ha−1 applied at
(Table 5). full bloom; 20B + 20F = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding + 20 kg N ha−1 applied at full
The higher %Ndff was observed in the surface layer regardless bloom; 20B = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding; 40F = 20 kg N ha−1 applied at budding;
of treatment. In the surface layer (0–0.05), the highest atom% 15 N CV = coefficient of variation.
excess and %Ndff was measured under the highest N rates applied
in the previous season (20B + 20F and 40F) (Table 5). In contrast,
the lowest atom% 15 N excess and %Ndff was observed under the 4. Conclusions
20B treatment applied in the previous year. In the 0.05–0.10 m soil
layer, atom% 15 N excess and %Ndff were higher (p < 0.05) under the Grapevines for wine production grown in a sandy soil took up
20B and 40F treatment. In the 0.10–0.20 m soil layer, no signifi- more N derived from fertilizer applied at a rate of 40 kg N ha−1
cant differences of atom% 15 N excess and %Ndff were found for all split at budding and full bloom in the first season. This fertilizer
treatments applied. N was preferentially recovered in annual plant organs (leaves and
The lowest atom% 15 N excess and %Ndff in the surface layer berries + rachis). Unlike, in the following season (2010/2011), fer-
with 20B may be attributed to the greater fertilizer N uptake by tilizer N applied in the previous year was recovered especially in
grapevines in the first crop season (2009/2010), diagnosed by the reserve organs, such as the stem, roots and shoots, whereas leaves
increase in the concentration of atom% 15 N excess and %Ndff in the and berries + rachis showed the lowest 15 N recovery. Nitrogen in
leaves and berries + rachis (Table 3), but also to some movement of both seasons was mainly derived from other sources than the fer-
15 N in the soil profile to the 2nd layer.
tilizer N.
6 G. Brunetto et al. / Scientia Horticulturae 207 (2016) 1–6

Conflicts of interest CQFS-RS/SC (Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo—RS/SC), 2004. Manual de

adubação e calagem para os Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina.
SBCS—Núcleo Regional Sul/UFRGS, Porto Alegre.
The authors declare no financial or other competing conflicts of Conradie, W.J., 1990. Distribution and translocation of nitrogen absorbed during
interest. late spring by two-year-old grapevines grown in sand culture. Am. J. Enol.
Vitic. 41, 241–250.
Conradie, W.J., 1991. Distribution and translocation of nitrogen absorbed during
Acknowledgements early summer by two-year-old grapevines grown in sand culture. Am. J. Enol.
Vitic. 42, 180–190.
We are grateful to the CAPES (Edital 034/2007) for scholarships Eissenstat, D.M., 2007. Dinamica di crescita delle radici nelle colture da frutto.
Italus Hortus 14, 1–8.
and other financial support. Our thanks are also due to the CNPq Glad, C., Farineau, J., Regnard, J.L., Morot-Gaudry, J.L., 1994. The relative
for the research productivity grant offered to the first author. contribution of nitrogen originating from two seasonal 15 N supplies to the
total nitrogen pool present in the bleeding sap and in whole Vitis vinifera cv.
Pinot noir grapevines at bloom time. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 45, 327–332.
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