KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME

2019-2020
Programming for Inclusive Solutions and Sustainable Development

1 NOPOVERTY 2 ZERO
HUNGER 3 GOOD HEALTH
AND WELL-BEING 4 QUALITY
EDUCATION 5 GENDER
EQUALITY 6 CLEAN WATER
AND SANITATION 7 AFFORDABLE AND
CLEAN ENERGY 8 DECENT WORK AND
ECONOMIC GROWTH 9 INDUSTRY INNOVATION
AND INFRASTRUCTURE

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Lynwood Court, Westlands, Nairobi
P. O. Box 43801 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya 10 REDUCED
INEQUALITIES 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES
AND COMMUNITIES 12 RESPONSIBLE
CONSUMPTION
AND PRODUCTION
13 CLIMATE
ACTION 14 LIFE
BELOW WATER 15 LIFE
ON LAND 16 PEACE, JUSTICE
AND STRONG
INSTITUTIONS
17 PARTNERSHIPS
FOR THE GOALS

©UNHCR Kenya, 2019

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acronyms & Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................2

Foreword ...................................................................................................................................3

Purpose and rationale of the Kenya comprehensive refugee programme (KCRP) 2019-2020 .........4

The need for a more comprehensive, development-oriented and inclusive approach to refugee
hosting in Kenya ........................................................................................................................5

How the KCRP 2019-2020 fits into existing international, regional and
National policy and planning frameworks ...................................................................................6

Kenya as a refugee hosting country: legal and policy frameworks .................................................8

The populations of concern ....................................................................................................... 9

Funding situation and projections .............................................................................................11

Coordination and partnership ..................................................................................................12

The role of the private sector ....................................................................................................14

Overall strategic priorities 2019-2020 ......................................................................................16

Locations and Sectors

Turkana County - Kakuma camp and Kalobeyei settlement.........................................................25
Protection ...........................................................................................................................26
Education ...........................................................................................................................28
Health and nutrition ............................................................................................................29
Food security, agriculture, livestock and natural resource management ..................................30
Self-reliance and socio-economic inclusion ..........................................................................31
Shelter, spatial planning and infrastructure ...........................................................................32
Water, sanitation and hygiene .............................................................................................33
Sustainable and clean energy ..............................................................................................34

Garissa County - Dadaab ........................................................................................................35

Protection ...........................................................................................................................36
Education ...........................................................................................................................37
Health and nutrition ............................................................................................................38
Food security, agriculture, livestock and natural resource management ..................................39
Self-reliance and socio-economic inclusion ..........................................................................40
Shelter, spatial planning and infrastructure ...........................................................................41
Water, sanitation and hygiene .............................................................................................42
Sustainable and clean energy ..............................................................................................43

Urban programme...................................................................................................................44
Protection ...........................................................................................................................45
Education ...........................................................................................................................47
Health................................................................................................................................48
Self-reliance and socio-economic inclusion ..........................................................................49
Implementation arrangements .............................................................................................50

Annex .....................................................................................................................................51

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 1

 ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS

AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome KASI - Kiosk Automated Services and Information
AIM - Application for Integrated Management for KCPE - Kenya Certificate of Primary Education
Protection and Solutions KISEDP - Kalobeyei Integrated Socio-Eonomic
AGD - Age, Gender and Diversity Development Programme
BIA - Best Interest Assessments KKFC - Kakuma–Kalobeyei Challenge Fund
BID - Best Interest Determination KPLC - Kenya Power and Lighting Company
BIMS - Biometric Identity Management System LGBTI - Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and
CAN - Comprehensive Needs Assessment Intersex
CBI - Cash-Based Intervention MCH - Mother and Child Health
CBT - Cash Based Transfers (dubbed as Bamba MIYCN - Maternal Infant and Young Child Nutrition
Chakula) MOU - Memorandum of Understanding
CBO - Community-based organisation MSME - Micro, Small and Medium scale Enterprise
CIDP - County Integrated Development Plan MTP - Medium Term Plan
CHW - Community Health Worker MUAC - Mid-Upper Arm Circumference
CMR - Crude Mortality Rate NESP - National Education Sector Plan
CPIMS - Child Protection Information Management NITA - National Industrial Training Authority
System NGO - Non-Governmental Organization
CRIs - Core Relief Items NHIF - National Health Insurance Fund
CRRF - Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework NRB - National Registration Bureau
CSP - Conflict Sensitive Programming NYD - New York Declaration
CSK - Computer Society of Kenya PoC - Person of Concern
DRA - Department of Refugee Affairs PIN - Personal Identification Number
DRDIP - Development Response to Displacement PRIMES - Population Registration Identity Management
Impacts Project Echo-System
EAC - East African Community PRRO - Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation
ECD - Early Childhood Development PSN - Persons with Specific Needs
ECHO - European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid RAB - Refugee Appeals Board
and Civil Protection RAS - Refugee Affairs Secretariat
EMIS - Education Management Information System RSD - Refugee Status Determination
EU - European Union RRRP - Regional Refugee Response Plan
FAO - UN Food and Agricultural Organization SAM - Severe Acute Malnutrition
FSD - FinAccess household Survey SEA - Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
GAM - Global Acute Malnutrition SDG - Sustainable Development Goal
GBV - Gender Based Violence SGBV - Sexual and Gender Based Violence
GBVIMS - Gender-Based Violence Information SNE - Special Needs Education
Management System SOP - Standard Operating Procedure
GEEW - Gender and Economic Empowerment of SPP - Security Partnership Project
Women TSC - Teacher Service Commission
GCR - Global Compact on Refugees TWG - Thematic Working Group
GCM - Global Compact on Migration TVET - Technical and Vocational Education and
GDP - Gross Domestic Product Training
GFD - General Food Distribution UASC - Unaccompanied and Separated Children
GOK - Government of Kenya UAM - Unaccompanied Minors
HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus U5MR - Under 5 Mortality Rate
IcSP - Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace UNDAF - United Nations Development Assistance
ICT - Information Communication and Technology Framework
IDA - International Development Association UNDP - United Nations Development Programme
IFC - International Finance Corporation UNFP - United Nations Population Fund
IGAD - Intergovernmental Authority on Development UNICEF - United Nations Children’s Education Fund
IMAM - Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition UNHCR - United Nations High Commission for
IMCI - Integrated Management of Childhood Refugees
Illnesses UON - University of Nairobi
INS - Instant Network Schools VIP - Latrine Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine
ILO - International Labour Organisation WASH - Water Sanitation and Hygiene
IPRS - Integrated Population Registration Services WB - World Bank
ISSB - Interlocking Stabilised Soil Blocks WFP - World Food Programme
IYCF - Infant and Young Child Feeding WHO - World Health Organization

2 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 FOREWORD

K
enya has a long history of welcoming forcibly displaced people from its neighbouring countries.
It currently hosts over 475,000 refugees, mainly from South Sudan and Somalia. The majority
resides in camps in the semi-arid areas in the north of the country. The camps depend largely
on humanitarian assistance and are located in areas with limited access to basic social services and
economic infrastructure. Nevertheless, they have evolved into vibrant entrepreneurial communities.

Guided by the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) and in line with the 2030 Agenda and the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), UNHCR’s aim is to help both the refugee and the host
communities not only to survive, but to thrive and become self-reliant. Therefore, it is important to
move away from a solely humanitarian approach and promote a more inclusive and development-
oriented strategy that will meet these communities’ economic and social needs and aspirations.
Bringing different actors together and developing strategic partnership with the private sector, will
foster solidarity and cooperation between the refugees and the communities that host them, as well
as responsibility sharing.

The development of the Kenya Comprehensive Refugee Programme (KCRP) 2019-2020 was guided
by these principles. It provides a consolidated overview of the refugee situation: its achievements,
challenges, opportunities, planned responses, knowledge gaps and capacity building needs. The
KCRP intends to open an informed dialogue across a broad spectrum of stakeholders. The goal is to
develop a long-term, inclusive and sustainable approach for the benefit of the populations residing in
the refugee hosting areas.

The refugees in Dadaab and Kakuma are already using various innovative tools to study, earn
livelihoods and connect to the global community. The camps in Kenya have fostered Olympic athletes,
supermodels, artists and leaders who went on to leave their mark in countries across the world.
The time is now to strive for new solutions that will allow more refugees to reach their potential and
become the role models of tomorrow.

It is my hope the KCRP will be a useful document that will help the reader understand the refugee
context in Kenya and will serve as a gate-opener for greater engagement of both existing and new
actors in finding sustainable solutions.

Fathiaa Abdalla
Representative UNHCR Kenya

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 3

 PURPOSE AND RATIONALE OF THE KENYA
COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME (KCRP) 2019-2020

“There is an urgent need for a more equitable sharing of the burden and responsibility for
hosting and supporting the world´s refugees, while taking account of existing contributions and
the different capacities and resources among States. Refugees and host communities should not
be left behind.”
Mr Filippo Grandi, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to the General Assembly on the Global
Compact on Refugees

T
he Kenya Comprehensive Refugee Programme (KCRP) 2019-2020 provides a consolidated
and structured overview of context and challenges, strategic priorities, achievements, planned
responses and areas in need of attention and knowledge development across locations and
sectors of the Kenyan refugee operation.

The aim is to:

• Present a gateway to a more comprehensive, development-oriented and inclusive approach to
refugee programming in Kenya in line with the principles of the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) and the Comprehensive
Refugee Response Framework (CRRF).
• Demonstrate how this approach fits in with existing national, regional and international policy
and planning frameworks and priorities.
• Give rationale for a multi-stakeholder approach led by the Kenyan Government articulating
the need for increased engagement, support and collaboration among relevant stakeholders,
involving government institutions, international development donors, non-governmental
organizations, private sector, philanthropic organizations, faith-based organizations, academia
and most importantly refugees and host population themselves.

The KCRP 2019-2020 principle point of departure derives from the UN Global Compact on
Refugees (GCR) that aims to set the ground for a more sustainable, inclusive and comprehensive
response to refugee movements and protracted situations. Guided by the core principle of “leaving
no one behind,” as stated in the 2030 Agenda and the call for new and broader constellations of
collaboration between different stakeholders that can leverage innovative and sustainable solutions,
the KCRP 2019-2020 shall be seen as an attempt to strengthen and develop the linkage between the
spheres of humanitarian and development work in a refugee hosting context, without compromising
humanitarian principles.

The area- and sector-based approaches come with a firm focus on programming that benefits both
refugees and host communities in line with national and local planning and priorities. In doing so,
the focus is on supporting an inclusive and sustainable development guided by the following main
principles; Government in the lead, building on a whole-of-government, multi-stakeholder approach:
• Government in the Lead - building on a whole-of-
government, multi-stakeholder approach to ensure Government
in the Lead
ownership, control on and support to national and
local development and priorities, as spelled out in
national and local development plans.
• Area-based Approach - to ensure an inclusive Market Area-based
Development Approach
development.
• Centrality of Communities - to ensure that community
identified projects are at centre of programming.
• Sustainability in Investments - to ensure application
of medium to long-term perspectives in investments.
• Market Development - to encourage the role of Sustainability Centrality of
private sector and private public partnership in in Investments Communities
development.
4 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020
 THE NEED FOR A MORE COMPREHENSIVE, DEVELOPMENT-
ORIENTED AND INCLUSIVE APPROACH TO REFUGEE
HOSTING IN KENYA

T
oday the impact of forced displacement is increasingly asymmetrical and complex. The rapidly
changing global political environment in which displacements take place and lack of appropriate
solutions in many protracted situations have given rise to unprecedented demands to which
there is an urgent need of sustainable solutions. There are “crises within the crisis” exacerbating
the already incredibly difficult circumstances faced by the refugees. The recently endorsed Global
Compact on Refugees (GCR) aptly describes the challenging situation facing many refugees and
recipient countries. Importantly, it calls for a broadening and more comprehensive perspective on
issues relating to protracted refugee situations and the need for international solidarity, responsibility
sharing and societal inclusion. While stressing the multi-dimensional vulnerability of protracted refugee
situations, the GCR also highlights the interactive dynamism and under-lying potential of development
oriented interplays between refugees and host communities.

The need to find durable and development oriented solutions to the problem of forced displacement
is more urgent than ever. Today, an unprecedented 70 million people around the world have been
forced from their homes. Kenya is at the centre of this development, being one of the larger refugee
hosting countries in the world. The refugee operation in Kenya is of a mixed and protracted nature and
is today home to almost half a million refugees, of which the majority have fled conflicts in Somalia
and South Sudan. Alongside refugees who have been in the country for decades, Kenya receives new
arrivals and may continue to do so if the situations in neighbouring countries deteriorate, generating
an influx of refugees to Kenya. Currently, 84 per cent of the refugees and asylum-seekers in Kenya are
living in camps. The counties hosting these large numbers of refugees are the most marginalized and
underdeveloped, facing elevated levels of food insecurity, chronic malnutrition rates, high levels of
poverty, poor livelihood opportunities, deficits in human capital, limited access to basic social services
and economic infrastructure.

Refugees and asylum seekers in Kenya are facing a protracted exile, meaning they are caught in a
situation that have since long moved beyond the initial emergency phase. According to UNHCR´s
definition a protracted situation is when 25,000 or more refugees from the same nationality have been
in exile for five or more years in a given asylum country. Further, UNHCR describes protracted refugee
situations as those in which refugees find themselves in a long-lasting and intractable state of limbo.
Their lives may not be at risk, but their basic rights and essential economic, social and psychological
needs remain un-fulfilled after years in exile. A prolonged encampment situation potentially leads to a
limitation of a number of rights contained in the 1951 Convention including freedom of movement and
the right to seek wage-earning employment outside the camp. Faced with these restrictions, refugees
become largely dependent on humanitarian assistance. Aside from the many problems associated
with this kind of situation, such as passivation and restricted economic potential among refugees,
a protracted situation can also potentially lead to direct security concerns, such as organization of
terrorism, arms trafficking, drug smuggling, trafficking of women and children and recruitment of
child soldiers and mercenaries. There can also be indirect security implications, such as increased
competition with the host population over scarce resources. Tensions between refugees and the local
populations can arise as refugees are perceived to receive preferential treatment, especially as access
to local social services such as health and education becomes increasingly difficult for local rural
populations while such services are mostly available in the refugee camps.

In view of the current protracted situations in Kenya, it is clear that a traditional approach to assistance
based on only humanitarian assistance does not constitute a long-term solution. Instead there is need
for a more integrated and comprehensive approach that considers the needs, concerns and capacities
of the host country, the country of origin and resettlement and donor countries along with the needs
and capabilities of refugees and host populations themselves. Such an approach needs to break with
existing structures of compartmentalization between development and humanitarian programmes
and allow for new types of actors to participate and contribute ensuring that individual needs are
placed at the centre.
KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 5
 HOW THE KCRP 2019-2020 FITS INTO EXISTING
INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL POLICY AND
PLANNING FRAMEWORKS

I
n line with the need of a comprehensive approach, the strategic priorities and planned responses
presented in the KCRP 2019-2020 emanate from a number of international, regional and national
key policy and planning documents. Internationally, the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) is considered the prime guiding framework for the outlined strategic
priorities and planned responses in the KCRP 2019-2020. The 2030 Agenda, which is to be fully owned
by governments, makes an explicit pledge to leave no one behind. With the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) being largely silent on the situation faced by refugees, the overall framework of the
2030 Agenda provides a strong rationale for the inclusion of migrants and refugees as development
actors. Importantly, it also recognizes the importance of resilience of hosting communities (2030
Agenda, Paragraph 29). As a means of implementation of the 2030 Agenda and SDGs, the Addis
Ababa Action Agenda (Addis Agenda) on Financing for Development (FfD) is formulated in
response to the need for comprehensive and diverse additional funding for sustainable and inclusive
development. The Addis Agenda captures the essence of the challenges to be tackled in the SDGs by
turning them into operational commitments. Refugees and asylum seekers are not explicitly targeted
in the Addis Agenda, but in view of a more comprehensive and development oriented approach to
refugee hosting as outlined in the CRRF, the agenda provides an import framework for the mobilization
of financial resources from the Kenyan Government, international public donors as well as the private
sector.

The 2016 New York Declaration on Migrants and Refugees (NYD), The 2018 Global
Compact on Refugees (GCR) and the Comprehensive Refugee Response framework
(CRRF) are milestones for global solidarity and refugee protection. The GCR affirmed by the UN
General Assembly on 17 December 2018 contains the CRRF as an integral part and a Programme
of Action to reinforce the application of comprehensive responses. Although not legally binding, it
provides an important guiding document in supporting refugees, migrants and host countries through
the mobilization of political will, a broadening of the base of support and arrangements for more
equitable and predictable burden- and responsibility-sharing recognising that refugee camps should
be the exception and a temporary measure in cases of emergency and outline a broad range of
measures to work towards solutions. The four objectives of the GCR, as already known from the CRRF,
are to: 1) ease pressures on host countries, 2) enhance refugee self-reliance, 3) expand access to third
country solutions and 4) support conditions in countries of origin for return in safety and dignity. At the
Leaders´ Summit on Refugees, in connection to the NYD in September 2016, the Kenyan Government
made a few additional commitments in relation to enhancing refugee self-reliance and inclusion,
facilitating legal status for refugees and facilitating access to refugee education.

Regionally, the Kenyan Government participates in the Intergovernmental Authority on

Development (IGAD) and was a leading state in the adoption of the 2017 Nairobi Declaration
and its Plan of Action for the benefit of refugees and host communities alike. Kenya also participated
in IGAD’s first inter-ministerial thematic meeting with a focus on Education, where IGAD Member
States adopted the commitment to refugee inclusion in national education systems across the region
by 2020 as well as in the inter-ministerial meeting in Kampala that brought about the declaration on
Jobs, Livelihoods and Self-reliance for Refugee, Returnees and Host Communities in the IGAD region
(Kampala, 28th March, 2019). The Kenyan government also played a significant role in the South
Sudan situation through the Revitalized Agreement for the Resolution of Conflict in South Sudan. The
adoption of the African Union Protocol on Free Movement of Persons, Right of Residence and Right of
Establishment in January 2018 also provides an opportunity in allowing free movement of refugees
and refugees’ access to third-country solutions in the region. Kenya is also part of the East Africa
Community and has actively engaged in the Partner States’ efforts on the development of an EAC
Common Policy on Refugee Management.

Nationally, close references are made to the following central policies and planning tools:
• The Kenya Vision 2030 aiming to transform Kenya into a newly industrialized, middle-income
6 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020
 country providing a high quality of life to all its citizens by 2030 in a clean and secure environment.
Under Vision 2030, a Bill of Rights will be secured and guaranteed, which will cover civil, political,
economic, social and, cultural rights as well as women, children, elderly, disabled and refugee
rights.
• Medium Term Plan III which intends to implement additional legal and institutional reforms
to maintain and strengthen macroeconomic stability including public sector and governance
reforms in administration of justice and law and order to improve the business environment and
promote private sector investment and growth.
• The Big Four Agenda should be seen as a fast-tracking strategy for the Vision 2030, comprising
four priority areas (i) manufacturing; (ii) food and nutrition; (iii) housing and (iv) universal
healthcare coverage for all Kenyans.
• The County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs) and the KISEDP which is an integral
part of the Turkana CIDP II are central implementing tools for achieving the objectives of the KCRP
2019-2020.

Delivering Together
The United Nation Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) 2018 – 2022 articulates
the UN´s commitment to support the people of Kenya to realize their development agenda. With
the framework in place, the UN system as a whole is aligning its programmes to support the
implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs, including its country-based support for national
authorities, through contributions under three pillars:
• Empowered nation / transforming government
• Human capital development
• Sustainable economic growth.

The status and needs of refugee and host community populations, stateless persons and migrants are
specifically reflected in the UNDAF. At the core of the implementation strategy of the UNDAF is the
Delivering as One focus, a deliberate move to entrench coherence in messaging and impact of all UN
agencies in the country, as well as optimising available resources for effectiveness.

The KCRP 2019-2020 is also aligned with in the Kenya Multi Year Multi Partner (MYMP) Strategy
for Kenya 2018-2020, which provides an overall strategic guidance for all partners currently involved
in the refugee operation in Kenya. It serves as a vehicle to support the government in applying
comprehensive responses, while also expanding its scope to other persons of concern. The focus of
the MYMP is primarily to safeguard the protection of and seek solutions for refugees and other persons
of concern, supporting a move towards greater government ownership of core protection issues and
sustainable alternatives to the encampment policy. The strategy has five main objectives that are
reflected in the strategic priorities and planned responses of the KCRP 2019-2020:
• Maintain asylum space, peace and security in the areas of residence of persons of concern
(POCs) and uphold protection standards
• Ensure the establishment of efficient and fair government owned protection processes
• Achieve durable solutions (voluntary repatriation, resettlement, local integration) for POCs
• Refugees benefit from basic services, including health, education and water, provided by national
authorities and private sector
• Refugees enjoy economic inclusion and increasingly self-reliant through the development of
individual capacities and the promotion of a conducive environment for livelihoods opportunities.

The Kenyan MYMP is included in the Solutions Capital Initiative, which is a donor pact developed
in the spirit of the New York Declaration and the consultations leading to the Global Compact on
Refugees as well as the commitments made as part of the Grand Bargain. Through this pact, UNHCR
is seeking additional funds to enable a select group of operations to implement their MYMPs. The
selected operations include: Costa Rica, Ecuador, Ghana, Malawi and Kenya.
KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 7
 KENYA AS A REFUGEE HOSTING COUNTRY: LEGAL AND
POLICY FRAMEWORKS

K
enya has since the early 1970s been a critical hub for refugees and asylum seekers mainly from
the East and Horn of Africa. A large share of these refugees has now lived in Kenya for decades
creating generations of people who know no other home. With an escalation of the refugee
situation in terms of scale and complexity, Kenya has over time gone through policy shifts in the way
refugees are perceived and hosted. These shifts span from more integrative solutions in the early days
of reception to the current more restricted encampment policy.

Kenya is a State Party to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1969 OAU
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa. The status and treatment of
refugees in Kenya is governed by the 2006 Refugees Act and its 2009 Refugee Regulations. Under the
2006 Refugee Act, the Government of Kenya, more specifically the Refugee Affairs Secretariat (RAS)
under the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, has the overall responsibility
for administration, coordination and management of refugee matters. A review of the Act and a
drafting of a new refugee policy is in process. A Refugee Bill, containing progressive provisions, went
through three Parliamentary readings in the course of 2017, but was then rejected by the President,
citing lack of public participation.

The current refugee framework in Kenya contains two critical elements - encampment and restriction
of movement. Because of security concerns, spurred by a series of terrorist attacks, the Kenyan
Government decided in 2012 to tighten its encampment policy requiring all refugees and asylum
seekers, including those residing in urban areas, to relocate to designated camps. Although refugees
have been allowed to engage in informal employment in the past, this has become increasingly difficult
as the encampment policy constraints refugees from leaving the camps without permission. Work
permits are available to refugees but only those with special skills or investments will be successful.
However refugees are allowed to engage in any form of self-employment inside the camps without the
need to obtain formal authorization.

Kenya’s legislation also contains provisions that protect stateless persons and persons at risk of
statelessness. The Constitution of Kenya 2010, contains a progressive Bill of Rights and a revised
chapter on citizenship. The Constitution does not pronounce safeguards to prevent statelessness at
birth. Kenya has not acceded to any of the Conventions on statelessness. The legislation that provides
for the registration of stateless persons in the country is set to expire in August 2019; however, this
deadline was extended through a Miscellaneous Act and is currently awaiting gazetting (the new
deadline will be August 2025). The new draft Bill on the registration of persons is being reviewed
in a bid to include more favorable provisions vis-à-vis the stateless populations. It will also contain
provisions for the registration of persons and births and deaths registration.

Once enacted, it will repeal the current Registration of Persons Act and the Births and Deaths Registration
Act. It would have provisions for the Huduma Namba registration which is being done through the
National Integrated Identity Management System (NIIMS). The draft National Action Plan to Eradicate
Statelessness is pending endorsement. Kenya has started the process to amend the Births and Deaths
Registration Act creating an opportunity to ensure inclusivity of the registration stateless children and
includes provisions for the prevention of future stateless cases from emerging.

In addition, even though, the Kenya Constitution provides that a person who has been lawfully resident
in Kenya for a continuous period of at least seven years and who meets other conditions prescribed in
the relevant legislation may be naturalized, there have been very few successful cases. Strengthening
the case for naturalization of refugees can be found in the Kenyan law on citizenship, which highlights
the ability to speak Kiswahili or a local language and the capacity to make a substantive contribution
to Kenya’s development as approving conditions.

8 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 THE POPULATIONS OF CONCERN

A
s of July 2019, Kenya is currently hosting 477,451 refugees and asylum seekers, mostly from
Somalia and South Sudan. It is a decrease of 20% (-116,639) over the past five years or an
average decline of 5% per year. The decrease since 2015 is mainly due to voluntary repatriation
(88,003 as at end of July 2019), verification and BIMS enrolments exercises conducted in 2016
(Kakuma), in 2017 (Nairobi), and in 2018 (Dadaab). Still, Kenya remained the fifth largest asylum
country in Africa.

UNHCR estimates that by the end of 2020, Kakuma will be hosting the largest number of POCs
(estimated at 219,818) in Kenya and surpass Dadaab. UNHCR estimates that the increase of refugees
will be solely in Kakuma and Kalobeyei, and potentially in the urban programme depending on the
prevailing policy of the Government, however there is a possibility of a gradual reduction in tandem
with the consolidation of situation in South Sudan, Burundi and possibly also DRC. It is anticipated that
Kenya, in line with its obligations under the international law, will keep its borders open and ensure
that all who seek asylum are protected.

In the case of the urban refugee population, it is anticipated to increase from 75,742 in 2018,
to 78,632 in 2020 if urban centres are recognised as legal residence for PoCs and the dispersed
population is individually registered and assisted to return.

It is estimated that altogether in Kenya, the population will decrease from 471,724 by end of 2018
to 449,019 in 2019 (5 per cent), 431,098 (4 per cent) in 2020 and then to 428,250 (1 per cent)
in 2021. It is assumed that the Note Verbal from the GoK on closure of Dadaab will spawn some
new voluntary returns of refugees. It is also expected that among the South Sudanese, an increased
number of spontaneous returns will occur for the next three years; 2,000 in 2019 and 2020 then
3,000 in 2021. DRC will continue to generate a constant flow of new arrivals. About 3,000 refugees
will depart to third country through resettlement or complementary pathways and 3,500 others will
relocate to neighbouring countries (secondary movers).

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 9

 KENYA
Registered refugees and asylum-seekers
as of 31 July 2019

10 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 FUNDING SITUATION AND PROJECTIONS

D
espite the two high-profile regional situations; Somalia and South Sudan, the Kenya operation
experience some funding challenges. While donors have continued to provide considerable
support to the Kenya programme over the years, there is growing unpredictability of funding
levels, which oblige UNHCR and partner to revise activities, available resources, and to re-prioritise
needs.

Building upon existing cooperation and established opportunities, multi-year joint projects are being
developed in partnership with humanitarian and development actors to increase donor base and
collaborative efforts. Joint programmes have been developed between UNHCR, FAO and WFP
under the EU Trust Fund to enhance self-reliance of refugees and host communities contributing
to transforming the traditional humanitarian model of assistance towards development-oriented
solutions (Phase I- Kakuma/Kalobeyei and Phase II- Kakuma/Kalobeyei and Dadaab). A similar joint
programme ‘PAMOJA’ has been developed between UNHCR and WFP under DFID to support the
provision of basic assistance, protection services, and economic integration of refugees and host
communities in the Dadaab and Kakuma refugee camps, Kalobeyei settlement and refugee-hosting
areas of Turkana, Garissa and Wajir.

The government of the Netherlands along with UNHCR and the WB, IFC, ILO and UNICEF are also
joining forces to enable a better and more informed response to improve protection, education and
income generating opportunities for refugees and host communities. Kenya is also one of the refugee-
hosting areas benefiting from the Development Response to Displacement Impacts Projects (DRDIP). A
joint proposal with UNCDF for financial inclusion has been prepared with UNHCR carrying out joint
fundraising efforts. Through the UNDAF, the UN in Kenya will in the coming five years, commit a total
of $1.97 billion, of which 59 per cent is going to support human capital development programmes
where the bulk of refugee programming is concentrated.

However, efforts invested in attracting new funding from non-traditional donors are starting to yield
results, albeit not on the scale that is required for an operation of the scale of Kenya. The successful
operationalization of the CRRF (notwithstanding other factors such as the legal environment and
inclusion of communities, local & national government, at the centre of decision making) will depend
on the availability of funds for the operation, including predictable funding in order to implement the
MYMP 2018-2020. It is hoped that the steps taken by the operation in 2019-2020 to bring on board
development partners and private sectors, would provide much needed holistic, medium to long term
perspective on development issues in the refugee camps and their host communities and will start
materialising, especially as the Kalobeyei development Phase I has been launched which is budgeted
at $500 million for the next 5 years, and thus will need aggressive fundraising and comprehensive
coordination structures.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 11

 COORDINATION AND PARTNERSHIP

I
nnovative partnerships and coherent
coordination will be key in achieving the
objectives and responses outlined in the Kenyan
Government
KCRP 2019 – 2020. The 2030 Agenda, the International
Addis Agenda and the GCR underscore the Faith-based organisations
organisations
importance of a strengthened institutional
framework for sustainable development
through greater collaboration between Partnership and
the governments, international donors, coordination
International
international organisations and institutions, for sustainable donors
Philantropic
CSOs, the private sector, philanthropic organisations
and inclusive
response in
organisations, faith-based organisation and
refugee hosting
academia. The new models of partnership are
intended to expand the points of intersection
NGOs
between humanitarian and development Academia
interventions. Based on the KCRP priorities for
the coming years, UNHCR and partners will Private sector
continue to increasingly work with new partners
and forge alliances in a coordinated manner.

The New Way of Working is particularly important, as the Kenya operation moves towards an integrated
model of service delivery in the camps/ settlements requiring a shift in programming models from
the traditional partnership model towards county supported programming guided by the County
Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs). The application of a more solutions-oriented and inclusive
approach to refugee hosting depends heavily on government leadership. Hence, the integrated nature
of the 2030 Agenda and SDGs and the CGR/CRRF requires institutional arrangements, within and
across national and local governments; involving multiple ministries, departments and government
institutions.

Both Garissa and Turkana Counties have reiterated their interest in participating in the ongoing
refugee programmes, both at a programmatic and operational level. The CIDPs for Turkana and
Garissa provide entry points for coordination and collaboration. For the first time, refugees have been
integrated into both counties’ development plans.

International development donors, including the World Bank, have an important role to play in
supporting the government in finding a sustainable approach to refugee hosting in the country. In
order to bridge the humanitarian – development divide, the issue of finding sustainable and market-
based solutions to the protracted refugee situations in Kenya has been integrated into the development
strategies of international donors as most international donors are guided by the principles of the 2030
Agenda and the SDGs. Highlighting the importance of leaving no one behind, refugees can no longer
be looked upon in isolation as being solely a humanitarian issue. With refugees and host populations
being part of their strategies, international donors can in their dialogue with the Government stress
the importance of having refugees and asylum seekers included in national development plans and
their readiness to support in line with such approach. National and county sectoral working groups
are important forums in this regard. To support a constructive dialogue in these forums, measures are
needed to raise awareness in the donor community (collectively and individually) about the GCR and
how refugees and host populations can be positioned in existing and future development strategies
for Kenya.

The UN agencies play a central role in supporting coordination at the government level. The UN
convenes, facilitates and leverages strategic engagement with various partners’ drawn from both
the state and non-state actors at national and county levels to ensure national ownership and
12 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020
accountability. Membership in the UNCT is one of the main vehicles for coordination both amongst
UN sister agencies and with the Government. At present, the most prominent joint framework is
the Kenya UNDAF 2018-2022, which feeds into the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs, Kenya’s Vision
2030 and the Big Four agenda as well as the Government’s MTP III. The UNDAF National Steering
Committee and Secretariat (NSCS) co-chaired by both the Government of Kenya at Cabinet Secretary
Level and the UN Resident Coordinator provide overall program steering and oversight. Further,
it has result area groups providing leadership and oversight for implementation, planning review,
monitoring and reporting.

The work of international and national non-government organizations (NGOs) is crucial to the
implementation of responses outlined in the KCRP. They are also critical to public engagement and the
vision of a whole of society approach by raising awareness, conducting advocacy, driving innovation,
diversifying support, and contributing financially to planned activities.

To effectively facilitate the collaboration and coordination of the various stakeholders and to provide
the required level of support and strengthen technical and institutional capacities at county level,
the Kalobeyei Integrated Socio-Economic Development Program (KISEDP) framework provides all
partners with the platform to effectively implement and monitor progress of multi-year and multi-
sectoral activities. The KISEDP has a Steering Committee, a Secretariat and eight Thematic Working
Groups led by the County Government. The KCRP considers the coordinating structure of the KISEDP
as being the core modality for implementation and monitoring of activities within the area-based
approach involving Kalobeyei and Kakuma.

Given the high degree of complexity involved in the transformative change of strengthening humanitarian
and development work in the implementation of the GCR in Kenya, knowledge development needs to
have a central position. A closer collaboration with academic institutions in Kenya and internationally
is needed to make well-informed decisions based on empirical research on various matters linked to
the work on bridging the humanitarian and development divide.

At core of the partnership dialogue is also the inclusion of refugees, asylum seekers and host populations
themselves. The GCR presents an opportunity to ensure that the voices of refugees translate into
tangible outcomes, provided the inclusion of a diverse set of actors is based on a sound contextual
analysis. It is not only about developing and supporting consultative processes with refugees and host
communities, but it is first and foremost about empowering them to have a voice where it matters
most.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 13

 THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR

T
here is a growing recognition of the role of the private sector— individuals, companies,
foundations and philanthropists— as a source of innovative solutions to refugee and host
community challenges. The sector´s potentially important role as a driver for sustainable and
inclusive development is explicitly highlighted in the 2030 Agenda, the Addis Agenda, the NYD and
the GCR. Studies on market potentials in the refugee settings (e.g. ‘Kakuma as a marketplace’) suggest
that the role of the private sector can be much enhanced, both in relation to consumer markets
and productivity. While these studies suggest the presence of a strong driving-force and potential for
economic activities among refugees in places like Kakuma, research also shows that refugees face
numerous barriers in developing their businesses. Factors caused by distorted economies resulting
in local actors monopolising services and cartels, limited access to power, water and infrastructure,
discrimination and xenophobia, limited resources/skills, remote location far from existing import/
export hubs or major commercial centres, weak comparative advantages e.g. requisite skills compared
to other commercially viable locations; can potentially impede the development of business.

The development of a vibrant business climate and the growth of enterprises owned by refugees and
host populations is largely dependent on access to investment capital. For refugees this is particularly
problematic since they often lack required identification documents to access loans from commercial
financing institutions, such as banks. A potential solution to this is the development of a guarantee loan
instrument that will enable mobilisation of additional capital for small and medium-sized enterprises
in refugee effected areas. Banks and other investors often find it too risky to offer loans to refugees
that lack security and credit history.

Importantly, the ambition of increasing the involvement of private sector actors in a refugee-hosting
context must come with an awareness of the varieties of incentives and rationales among these actors.
Hence, there is need to differentiate between actors on the basis of their profile and intentions -
corporate social responsibility (CSR) by for profit businesses, philanthropy and shared values, access
to private sector capacity (such as management expertise, operational expertise, or tech), social
enterprises etc. A strategy is needed to provide guidance on these aspects.

Working towards a greater involvement of the private sector as a driving force for sustainable and
inclusive development in refugee – host settings, will entail a more deliberate strategy and advocacy
built on lessons learned from previous and ongoing partnerships in Kenya and other CRRF countries.
Foremost, such a strategy will need to build on experiences and outcomes of innovative business models
and partnership constellations. Looking in to the role of private sector, the formulation of strategies
for engagement need to start out from the following set of questions: 1) Can private sector solve the
problem by itself? 2) Could there be a market-based approach to addressing the identified challenge?
3) What are the roles and interests of the private sector in addressing the identified challenge? 4) Are
there factors constraining the involvement of private sector? and 5) What can and will be the role of
humanitarian/development partners in mobilizing the private sector?

To strengthen the involvement of the private sector engaging in the following areas will be of importance:

• Development of a strategy for private sector engagement including philanthropic organisations/

foundations focusing on area-based programming. This should be a joint undertaking with
representatives from the private sector.
• Strengthening coordination between the private sector and Delivering as One (DaO) through
closer coordination between all stakeholders, and spelling out the role of private sector.
• Strengthening institutional capacities for public-private partnerships, primarily at county level.
• Promote an enabling environment for collaboration in areas like right to work, freedom of
movement, access to finance, commercial regulations, customs, taxes, etc.
• Work with IFC and others promoting private sector development to organize roundtables and field
visits to engage the private sector in the refugee setting. This would ideally not be fundraising-
14 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020
 driven but focused on identifying business solutions through the private sector.
• In line with the forthcoming Global Refugee Forum, find opportunities to showcase best practices
and future commitments from the private sector in support of refugees and host communities,
which could be an instrument to enable business engagement specific to Kenya.
• Engage with proactive communication and strengthen public private dialogue. Find champions
in the private sector supported by multinational corporates, or entice Small and Medium-Sized
Enterprises (SMEs).
• Mobilize investments in infrastructure that would support manufacturing in Special Economic
Zones (SEZs).
• Undertake empirically-based research studies on issues relating to private sector engagement
thereby looking at various aspects within the dynamics of local enterprises. Suggestions of topics
are:

√ How to address reputational and financial risks that private sector firms face when entering
refugee hosting areas;
√ Information management support, specifically for coordination and prevention of crowding
out of private sector;
√ Role of social enterprises as uniquely suited to bridging the gap between and refugee
response;
√ Focus on demand driven vocational/skills programming.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 15

 OVERALL STRATEGIC PRIORITIES 2019-2020

W
hile recognizing the need for a more inclusive and sustainable approach in meeting with
challenges faced by refugees and host populations in Kenya, the KCRP 2019-2020 identifies
five overall strategic priorities. The priorities emanate from the previously outlined guiding
principles; Government led initiative, Area-based approach, Centrality of communities, Sustainability
of Investment and Market Development and are formulated in close reference with earlier described
legal, policy and planning frameworks such as the GCR, the 2030 Agenda, the SDGs and relevant
regional, national and county development frameworks as policy corner stones including the Kenya
MYMP 2018-2020. The identified overall strategic priorities are to be seen as overarching and meant
to guide actions/responses in the specific locations and sectors.

The overall Strategic priorities are:

1. Strengthen National/County Ownership and Institutional Capacity
2. Support an Enabling Protective Environment and Durable Solutions
3. Promote Innovations in Assistance Delivery and Enhance Development Support for Refugees and
Host Populations
4. Create a Conducive Environment for Investments and Stimulate Economic Opportunities for
Refugees and Host Populations
5. Enhance Knowledge Development and Data Collection

1. Strengthen National/County Ownership and Institutional Capacity

Government ownership and institutional capacity is crucial for the establishment of efficient and
reliable protection processes as well as for the development of sustainable and institutional integrative
capacities in hosting communities. Given the long-term presence of refugees in the country and the
prospect of future refugee inflows, the Government needs to be accurately equipped to manage refugee
processes at various levels within its administration. Embarking on a more integrated approach will
require capacity development in a number of areas, such as the ability to effectively plan government
expenditure and the delivery of public services, the ability to collect required statistical information for
effective policy implementation, development aid absorption and project implementation capacity, tax
administration skills, effectiveness to fight corruption and enhance governance and the making and
enforcement of rules and laws and judicial reforms. Improvements in the capacity to deliver public
services to the population, especially the poor and vulnerable, are crucial to translate both tax revenue
and foreign aid into poverty reduction and required integrative measures for refugees.

Drawing on good practices, and recognizing the importance of national leadership, national
arrangements need to be established to coordinate and facilitate the efforts of all relevant stakeholders
working to achieve a comprehensive response. Securing refugee status and documentation confirming
rights to refugee protection as well as access to services is a central requirement of a more inclusive
hosting environment. Such efforts need to be supported under national leadership, in line with national
policies and priorities, with the assistance of UNHCR and other relevant stakeholders as appropriate,
setting out policy priorities, institutional and operational arrangements, requirements for support from
the international community, including investment, financing, material and technical assistance.

Key programmatic areas

• Further support the development of RAS as an efficient and strong institution with an adequate
financial and staffing structure.
• Support the development and implementation of the national eligibility process at first instance
and appeal levels, including the judicial review.
• Promote the availability and affordability of legal aid partners/pro-bono lawyers to enhance the
accountability of the Refugee Status Determination (RSD) process.
• Ensure an inclusive and reliable registration system across the country.
• Ensure the implementation of an effective and transparent exemption process as long as the
encampment policy is enforced.
16 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020
• Support the Government’s effective management of the refugee database and implement quality
assurance.
• Support Government’s effective management of refugee camps/settlements. Support Government
in area of risk management and creating capacity of their side with regards to Enterprise Risk
Management (ERM).

Areas requiring further attention

• Strengthen institutional and technical capacities at national and county governance levels
supporting local development, including resource mobilization, financial management
(diversification of funding sources), organizational learning and leadership development.
• Improve service delivery mechanisms by ensuring transparent and accountable use of resources;
marked shift in the programming model: i.e. from the traditional project implementing partner
model towards national/county supported service delivery.
• Strengthen the ability of RAS, line ministries and County Governments to enable the cross-
Government coordination, which is required for comprehensive responses and to take leadership
in bridging the development-humanitarian gap

2. Support an Enabling Protective Environment and Durable Solutions

In line with a more development oriented approach to refugee hosting it is important that the
Government of Kenya in collaboration with UNHCR and project partners continue to ensure that
refugees hosted in the country receive adequate protection and humanitarian support during their
stay. The humanitarian response will need to be maintained during 2019-2020 (and even beyond),
because of a prevailing insecurity in the refugees´ countries of origin and continued application of the
encampment policy requiring humanitarian assistance to cover basic needs for the majority of asylum
seekers and refugees. With shrinking resources for protection, refugee community involvement will
become increasingly important. Age, gender, and diversity considerations will guide all aspects of our
work, informed by the imperatives of promoting gender equality and empowering women and girls, as
well as by the best interests of the child. A greater role and responsibility of the refugee population will
enable creative ways of reaching out to the most vulnerable refugees and providing timely protection
interventions which will have to be sought notably in the field of prevention, mitigation and response
of SGBV, LGBTI, and identification of children at-risk, youth and support to persons with specific
needs. Integration and reintegration efforts will need to be scaled up requiring inclusion of refugees
in national services and systems such as those addressing civil registration, education, justice and
healthcare, as well as the building of social and cultural ties.

The strive towards solutions is strongly articulated in the GCR, especially in objectives 3 and 4 on
expanding access to third country solutions and supporting conditions in countries of origin for
return in safety and dignity, and further outlined under ‘areas in need of support’ in the Programme
of Action. Supporting the Government of Kenya finding long-term solutions that enable refugees
to access international protection and to live their lives in dignity and peace is core to refugee
programming. Protection and solution needs are to be addressed from the outset of the protracted
displacement situation in Kenya, especially through the IGAD platform. Importantly, a progressive
approach to solutions must also go beyond the traditional durable solutions (voluntary repatriation,
local integration and resettlement) and seek solutions socio-economic inclusion in the country and
through complementary pathways such as those used to facilitate international mobility for education,
work and family reunion.

Data management and data integrity will also be highly important to enhance the ability of stakeholders
to make timely and evidence-informed decisions that can improve the lives of affected people and
facilitate access to data, with adequate anonymization and safeguards to ensure the integrity of the
legal protection framework. For an enabling protection environment, there will be need to strengthen
automation, coordination, partnerships, linkages of services, efficient data management and
KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 17
collaboration with the Government to support implementation of durable solutions strategies.

Planned key programmatic areas

• Ensure a favourable and inclusive policy and legal framework, support its implementation and
address negative perceptions vis-à-vis PoCs.
• Provide a continuous response to influx of new arrivals and continue to carry out border monitoring.
• Develop a communication strategy on protection messaging.
• Improve and harmonise data and information management systems in all activities (ProGres,
AIM, and others) in order to accurately capture the needs of refugees and to have a mechanism
through which cases may be identified for solutions or referred for specialized protection services.
• Ensure peaceful coexistence and security, including through the Security Partnership Project.
• Ensure that the needs of refugees are addressed through various avenues, including more robust
outreach to the communities, access to protection desks as well as usage of 24/7 help line (phone
and email), and other innovative tools including KASI for reporting and feedback mechanisms.
• Continue to expand, notably through the use of the 24/7 help line, dedicated phone applications
and other innovative tools including KASI for reporting and feedback mechanisms.
• Support the voluntary repatriation programme.
• Use resettlement places in the most efficient and strategic manner through credible and robust
identification and processing mechanisms and explore all complementary pathways to resettlement
while managing resettlement expectations?
• Devise a robust advocacy strategy to ensure the socio-economic inclusion of refugees in various
basic services.
• For an enabling protection environment, strengthen automation, coordination, partnerships,
linkage of services and efficient data management.

Areas requiring further attention

• The legal dimension of local integration needs to be further highlighted. There should in principle
be no obstacle for refugees married to Kenyan nationals to avail themselves of this option, but
those who have applied have not been successful so far. Although not comprehensive, the options
made available to refugees are limited and need to be reviewed.
• Renewed engagement on the Tripartite Agreement between Kenya, Somalia and UNHCR should
be further explored.
• There should be expansion of development approaches in favour of countries of origin that will
enable conditions for voluntary return, where appropriate.

3. Promote Innovations in Assistance Delivery and Enhance Development Support for

Refugees and Host Communities
To accelerate a more sustainable and inclusive approach to refugee hosting and host community
development in line with the New Way of Working and the objectives of the GCR, in particular easing
pressures on host countries and increasing refugee self-reliance, innovations can play an important
role and be seen as dynamic processes which would focus on the creation and implementation of new
or improved services and products, processes, methods, positions, paradigms and partnerships. More
specifically, innovations can bring about innovations in (i) products, such as improved cooking stoves,
food products to counter malnutrition, more efficient energy and water sources; (ii) processes, such as
improved coordination, improved learning and quality assurance; (iii) the position of an organisation
and its work in relation to the changing needs; (iv) paradigms or combined attitudes determining the
fundamental approach to humanitarian work, such as the call for paradigm shifts in humanitarian
business model delivery towards beneficiary participation, local ownership and capacity development.

Innovation can boost the welfare of the poorest and marginalized by providing innovative products
and solutions that are accessible to a wider share of the population. By this, innovation can help
provide opportunities in addition to the two well-known traditional approaches - redistributive policies
18 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020
and international aid. An attractive element of this approach is the idea that this may create a
market for private businesses and thus be self-sustaining. Innovation can also facilitate grassroots’
entrepreneurship and could help integrate previously marginalised groups into circuits of economic
activities. It often involves either the exploitation of traditional knowledge (agriculture, craftsmanship) or
an adapted use of modern technology that most people can afford (mobile phones are the prototype).
There is often value in local innovations that are born out of necessity and can help improve living
standards more than some technical innovations.

Successful innovations deliver results by improved efficiency, effectiveness, quality or social outcomes
and impacts. Although many of the factors determining the success of humanitarian and development
work are beyond the control of humanitarian actors, and there are many context-specific transactional
innovations in the delivery of aid, the sector needs to capitalise more on its innovative potential. In
relation to the overall objective of the KCRP, the use of and investments in innovations are to support an
inclusive development in refugee affected areas, including innovative solutions assisting in transitions
and structural shifts by economic diversification, redressing widening inequalities resulting from
gender and disability, technology and skills alignment, data integrity and accountability to affected
populations etc. This will involve greater private sector involvement to boost economies and impact
everyone.

The coordination of the social protection system at the national and county level needs to be
strengthened as well. One of the key challenges outlined in the 2011/2012 NSPP was the fragmentation
of social protection programmes, leading to duplication and inconsistencies in the operation and
implementation of interventions in the country, missing opportunities for efficiency gains or economies
of scale. In order to address these challenges, it is instrumental to enhance accountability, to monitor
and evaluate the planned expansion of social protection programmes as well as its impacts on poverty,
vulnerability and inequality. Further it is important to work on a collaborative approach for cash,
building on local capacity and systems and leveraging cash assistance to increase impact on social
cohesion and coexistence.

Planned key programmatic areas

• Improve the socio-economic conditions of the refugee and the host communities through
innovative programming.
• Work on a collaborative approach for cash, building on local capacity and systems.
• Align cash assistance with available social protection and continue cash programming especially
for financial inclusion.
• Leveraging cash to increase impact on social cohesion and coexistence in line with the effectiveness
research just done with CDA on the effects of cash on social cohesion.
• Promote resource efficiency and eco-innovation, design and implement efficient and innovative
health, education and WASH projects.
• Change consumption and production patterns in developing and transitioning economies through
encouragement of businesses to reduce their environmental footprint.
• Increase the use of cash based programming in all responses and move towards multi-purpose
cash from sectoral cash.
• Increase interconnectivity - multi-faceted partnerships with the technology and telecommunications
sectors to ensure that refugees can benefit from the digital revolution.
• Promote adoption of sustainable types of energy (cooking, lighting) and income generating
“green” activities.
• Enhance linkages sought with the Government of Kenya programme on Hunger Safety Net that
is being supported by DFID and World Bank, and which covers large parts of the Turkana County
population.
• Continue to construct permanent shelters strictly according to the Kalobeyei Spatial Plan.
• Reorient healthcare provision towards the national health insurance scheme to be rolled out in
KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 19
 conjunction with the World Bank’s support to NHIF for the Kenyan poor, supporting the local
Turkana community.
• The current water prospecting and surveys will result in a Water Master Plan that will be adopted
by the County and guide water infrastructure development in Kalobeyei and greater Kakuma
catchment area with linkages to the Kenya RAPID (Kenya Resilient Arid Lands Partnership for
Integrated Development) that includes Turkana.
• Promote the expansion and sustainability of Connected Education initiatives, in refugee hosting
areas aligned with government priorities for digital learning and ICT.

Areas requiring further attention

• Strengthen the nexus between humanitarian and development assistance coupled with the
socio-economic inclusion of refugees through increased support for development initiatives
and projects targeted towards peace and more efficient government structures. This will ensure
that development actors, including international and regional financial institutions, dedicate
development resources under favourable terms through both bilateral and multilateral channels,
with direct benefits to host countries and communities, as well as to refugees.
• Cash based programming in the form of unrestricted cash will need to be programmed by
substituting most of the current in-kind assistance, including all sanitary and hygiene items, other
Core relief items (CRIs) and also shelter materials for temporary dwellings.
• There should be expansion of development approaches to other areas hosting large numbers of
refugees like Garissa and Wajir.

4. Create a Conducive Environment for Investments and Stimulate Economic

Opportunities for Refugees and Host Population
Economic inclusion starts from the beginning of the refugee influx, and leveraging the provision of
both humanitarian assistance and educational opportunities at this stage can lead to better outcomes
for refugees in later phases of displacement. It is important to recognize that positive outcomes for
livelihoods and economic inclusion require multi-year strategic planning. While the 2006 Refugee Act
and the Citizenship and the 2011 Citizen and Immigration Act, grant refugees the right to employment,
the ability of refugees to exercise these rights has been limited by practical and administrative
constraints and the ongoing encampment policy. This in turn impedes self-reliance, being associated
with negative livelihood outcomes. Due to the protracted nature of the refugee crisis, a key objective
is to increase the welfare of both refugee and host communities.

This will ensure the ongoing development of host countries, boost the contributions of refugees to
their respective economies and also allow them to maintain their skills. Currently, high amounts of
cash go into financial inclusion programmes. As available resources are already under pressure, new
economic opportunities for host communities and the economic inclusion of refugees (which at the
moment does not imply political rights and access to citizenship) need to be achieved by boosting local
economic growth as opposed to redistributing existing resources. Economic inclusion will contribute to
the self-reliance and resilience of refugees, empowering them to meet their needs in a safe, sustainable
and dignified manner; avoid having to resort to negative coping strategies; contribute to the host
economies, reduce the need for aid/welfare; and prepare refugees for their future whether they return
home, integrate in their country of asylum or resettle in a third country.

Activities under the KCRP consist not just of direct programmatic support, but also targeted and
evidence-based interventions to improve the access to economic rights by refugees (including
improved enabling environment), with an emphasis on creating job opportunities for all, reducing the
skills mismatch , improving the employability of vulnerable persons, creating improved regulation
and investment climate, improving access to external markets, and providing support for public and
private sector job creation. Alongside, it will be important to expand the increased use of cash-based
interventions (CBI) for efficiency and effectiveness of interventions while promoting (1) a favourable
20 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020
economic environment for refugees and host communities, (2) peaceful coexistence and (3) the
financial inclusion of refugees. One of the main direction will also be to move from the use of CBI for
sectoral programming to multi-purpose cash programming covering all basic needs.

Planned key programmatic areas

• Advocate for an environment that will enable the economic inclusion and livelihoods of refugees
and enhance their access to decent work based on the principles put forward by the IGAD
Kampala declaration.
• Map the state of refugee entrepreneurship in countries of origin and asylum.
• Profile refugee skills, competencies and experience, to understand the potential for entrepreneurship
and enhance entrepreneurial education and technical and skills development.
• Encourage the growth of the private sector in order to strengthen markets and access to goods
and services.
• Undertake refugee camp consolidation and decommissioning as designated areas for refugee
camps. This is in addition to other related activities such as rehabilitation of degraded range areas
through establishment of ecological corridors and green-belts, and/or shift towards agriculture.
• Support communities to establish climate-sensitive livelihood enterprises.
• Undertake research and socio-economic studies in Dadaab. The ILO/UNHCR/Samuel Hall
market study was a step in this direction.
• Engage a broad range of stakeholders, leveraging the added value and strategic positioning of
all actors.
• Increase assistance through CBIs.
• Support sustainable agricultural production and promote intensification of livestock, the latter in
coordination with the local population.
• Promote and support self-employment and micro-enterprise opportunities through access to
micro-grants/loans from financial institutions and private sector.
• Undertake market surveys in countries of origin/asylum and identify skills and professions needed;
in turn increasing access to educational and vocational trainings institutions for refugee youth.
• Facilitate the growth and expansion of Village Savings and Loans groups in the camps and urban
areas, as a basis for financial inclusion.
• Advocate for socio-economic inclusion and local integration of refugees with the Government of
Kenya.
• Promote equal access of women and girls into livelihood programmes.
• Work on a collaborative approach for cash, building on local capacity and systems and continue
cash programming especially for financial inclusion.
• Align cash assistance with the social protection systems with a view as to extend social safety nets
to refugees facing the same economic challenges and vulnerabilities as Kenyan nationals.

Areas requiring further attention

• Efforts of complementary actions by various actors exist, for instance in the case of KISEDP,
however, information gaps on livelihoods/economic opportunities exist on ‘What the UN, NGOs,
private sector, governments achieve as a whole in livelihoods and economic opportunities.’ Still
strong concentration lies on short-term interventions.
• There is predominance of emergency/short-term initiatives with imbalances/lack of integration
between supply (employability) and demand focused interventions. Support is mostly concentrated
on the supply side, requiring further investments on the demand side.
• Achieving the Kenyan political goal of creating 1.1 million jobs will require a more strategic
and coordinated use of existing scattered, short-term and emergency employment initiatives,
alongside the creation of sustainable economic opportunities.
• There is a proliferation of livelihoods indicators that require some rationalization. Results in many
areas are not captured well, in many cases, with each actor defining them differently. Often the

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 21

 targets in activities and outputs do not add up to sector objectives. There is a need for more
consistency.
• Approaches to support the employability of refugee and host community women remain ad hoc
and clustered around informal employment (largely microfinance) and livelihoods programming
is not systematic. Ensuring equality will require a deeper understanding of the barriers to women’s
work, and specific programming to address these.
• Although private sector involvement in crisis response is at the heart of the resilience-building
narrative, there are not yet domestic or international mechanisms for effective integration of
private sector partners into the crisis response and this may require efforts to be scaled up for
their integration and future prospects. This would also require capacity building of humanitarian
actors on the ground to speak the same language.
• Social enterprises as resource needs further exploring.
• Adopt a life-cycle approach, strengthening linkages between investment/ prioritization in
education and skills training, and employment/ livelihoods opportunities.
• Strengthen the nexus between humanitarian and development assistance coupled with the
socio-economic inclusion of refugees through increased support for development initiatives and
projects targeted towards peace and state building. This will ensure that development actors,
including international and regional financial institutions, dedicate development resources
under favourable terms through both bilateral and multilateral channels, with direct benefits to
host countries and communities, as well as to refugees. Opportunities for the expansion of the
existing social protection systems to include refugees throughout the displacement cycle need to
be explored in order to promote peaceful coexistence, strengthen resilience, and enhance self-
reliance.
• Work with the Social Protection authorities and other partners to align cash assistance for refugees
facing the same challenges and vulnerabilities as Kenyan nationals with national Social Safety
Nets.

5. Enhanced Knowledge Development and Data Collection

Data collection and analysis play a crucial role in the planning as well as decision making process.
Hence, given the high degree of complexity involved in a transformative change of bridging
humanitarian and development work in terms of areas, actions, actors and methods, knowledge
development and data collection need to be placed at the centre of the strategic approach outlined
in this KCRP. This would also include data integrity that goes in line with risk management measures.
Data limitations is the main constraint when analyzing and assessing the impact of refugees on host
countries and integrative aspects of coexistence. Improvement in statistical capacity is therefore crucial
for better poverty and social impact analysis and to facilitate more effective monitoring of progress
toward development goals.

Understanding the role of knowledge development in the context of the KCRP also includes the
importance of acknowledging and building knowledge capacity in the society. The future development
of places like Turkana West and Garissa not only depends on the availability of knowledge delivered
from outside, but these societies need also to have the ability to self-determine, manage, renew and
sustain own knowledge needs and systems. This includes the need to consider knowledge, systems,
and an approach which aims to connect people, organizations and institutions through their diverse
knowledge. and the need to bridge all divides, both digital and knowledge, especially for girls and
women, minorities, people living with disabilities and other vulnerable populations. It is important
to recognize and make use of local knowledge identities, cultures, policies, strategies, institutions,
partnerships and processes that will help refugees and host population to determine and create their
own future for sustainable development in partnership with relevant stakeholders. Political processes,
political expediency, money, individual personalities, ideology and the capacity to actually understand
and use evidence and make changes are often more important than the research and data itself.

22 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

Hence, there is a need to strengthen the links between research and policy by investing in medium
to long-term knowledge management systems, relationships, networks, policy engagement and the
capacity of researchers, practitioners and policy actors to work better together.

With a clear overall strategy for producing and managing knowledge, concerned stakeholders can
develop more innovative products and services that can drive changes in a positive direction. With
the increasing complexity of a more inclusive and sustainable approach to refugee hosting, such a
knowledge strategy needs to consider the combination of methods, policies, principles, processes,
strategies, technologies and tools to provide a foundation for identifying areas in need of knowledge
development and data collection. Such a strategy can make the infrastructure surrounding the KCRP
more efficient by simplifying implementation processes and collaborative tools, creating conditions for
faster responses and more effective decisions ahead of completion, avoiding mistakes and, not least,
cutting costs.

Planned key programmatic areas

• Establish an Academic Network among universities in Kenya and elsewhere to enhance knowledge
development (e.g. research, evaluations, studies) in areas relevant to the understanding of refugee
– host integrative processes in Kenya. Build on the idea of an Academic Network outlined in the
GCR.
• Develop a knowledge strategy to support the implementation of sustainable and integrative
measures. With a clear overall strategy for producing and managing knowledge, concerned
stakeholders can develop more innovative products and services that can drive changes in a
positive direction. Such a knowledge strategy needs to consider the combination of methods,
policies, principles, processes, strategies, technologies and tools to provide a foundation for
identifying areas in need of knowledge development and data collection.
• Collaborate closely with national and international institutions/organizations relevant to
knowledge development in areas of importance to refugee/host integration.
• Conduct a systematic mapping of areas in need of knowledge development across relevant
sectors and actors and develop a strategy that will help stakeholders to better coordinate, create,
apply and transfer knowledge relevant to the objectives of this KCRP.
• Engage potential international donors on supporting knowledge development.
• Studies and surveys that are planned during the KCRP cycle include the socio-economic profiling
to be undertaken in Kalobeyei and Dadaab jointly by the WB and UNHCR and the joint DANIDA
–UNHCR evaluation of Kalobeyei.
• WFP is currently working with Oxford University (Refugee Studies Centre) on a three-year study
of the refugee economies in Kakuma and Kalobeyei for more evidenced based livelihoods
programming.
• Leverage university actors, current tertiary students, and alumni of connected learning programs
to build and leverage local research capacity and knowledge bases

Areas requiring further attention

• Develop frameworks and analytical tools to promote more systematic analysis of economic benefits
and costs of refugees as well as social, political and cultural aspects of refugee integration and
host community development.
• Undertake longitudinal studies (i.e. data analysis over time using the same variables and methods)
which are currently not available and must be explored especially in other locations.
• Build on previous studies concluded, for example the study on “Search of Protection and Livelihoods:
Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Dadaab Refugee Camps on Host Communities”
from 2010 and the recent study – Doing Business in Dadaab, conducted by ILO. A further study

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 23

 building on and evaluating change a decade ago could provide much needed knowledge for
future programming. In addition, the Garissa CIDP also calls for the commissioning of a scientific
integrated study on the impact of refugee settlements since 1991.
• Gathering data on funding and private sector finance flows to refugees and refugee hosting areas,
as well as address definitional challenges on how to assess the extent to which development flows
and national actions contribute to refugee self-reliance and inclusion.
• Improve knowledge transfer from universities and other research producing bodies to inform
policy development and practical implementation of integrative measures.
• Include refugees into national poverty assessments.
• Provide technical assistance for building capacity in monitoring and evaluation (M&E)

24 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 TURKANA COUNTY – KAKUMA CAMP AND
KALOBEYEI SETTLEMENT

T
urkana County is the second largest of the 47 counties in Kenya located in the northwest and borders
Uganda to the west, South Sudan and Ethiopia to the north and northeast respectively. 80 per cent
of the county is categorised as either arid or very arid and rain patterns and distributions are erratic.
The County is administratively divided into seven sub-counties, 30 wards and 156 sub-locations. Turkana
is one of the poorest counties in Kenya. According to the Turkana CIDP II close to 80 per cent of the
population lives below the poverty line, compared to a national average of 31 per cent. Households and
communities suffer from low availability of and access to food resources, resulting in high levels of chronic
and acute food insecurity and malnutrition. The county remains prone to drought, insecurity, poor harvests,
high malnutrition rates, water scarcity, and high food prices. Subsequently, natural resources are limited
and often prompt conflict among neighbouring countries and counties.

Refugees reside in Turkana West Sub county in two areas: Kakuma camp and Kalobeyei settlement. The
estimated total population of Turkana County was 1,122,207 by 2017 and is expected to grow to 1,366,596
by 2023. Turkana West, where most refugees are residing, has a population of 320,000 with a growth rate
of 3.35 per cent. Some 60 per cent of the population is below 19 years of age. The refugee population
in Kakuma has fluctuated over the years and despite the long existence of Kakuma refugee camps, 67 per
cent of its population arrived in the past five years. The Turkana West population including refugees has
increased by approximately 50 per cent since 2013. This makes Kakuma a vibrant place with refugees
from over 20 nationalities whose presence positively contribute to the local economy with increasing needs
for public and private sector investments and building of marketable skills and capacities

The Kalobeyei Integrated Socio-Economic Development Plan in Turkana West (KISEDP)

The Turkana operational context includes the Kalobeyei Integrated Socio-Economic Development Plan in
Turkana West (KISEDP), being a government led approach of developing a settlement that promotes self-
reliance of refugees and host communities through better livelihood opportunities and enhanced service
delivery. At the heart of KISEDP is the vision that both refugees and host communities in the Turkana
Country will benefit from investments in basic infrastructure, enhanced access to social services, increased
opportunities to participate in the local economy and better community participation resulting in improved
social cohesion between refugees and host communities. The KISEDP is a 15 year-long plan and multi-
agency collaboration, which forms part of the CIDP. Key characteristics of the plan include sustainable urban
and agricultural and livestock development, and enhanced services, all targeted towards host communities
and refugees through increased delivery by both national and county governments and supported by
increased private sector involvement. This requires developing models for integration of basic services
within the existing systems of the government and ensuring that the government will have the capacity to
manage the service delivery in a sustainable manner.

The implementation of KISEDP is led by the County Government in close collaboration with UNHCR and
all partners, with an initial financial support of the European Union complementing other multilateral
and bilateral assistance in Turkana West. It follows a four-phase approach; a preparatory stage in 2016-
2017 followed by Phase I (2018-2022), Phase II (2023-2027) and Phase III (2028-2030). A steering
committee will provide the necessary oversight and guidance on policy matters, while a secretariat will
facilitate effective communication amongst all stakeholders Programmatic and technical discussions will
also be coordinated on a quarterly basis through Government-led thematic working groups. During phase
I of KISEDP the need for accessible basic social services provision and protection for refugees and host
communities in Turkana West will continue to be funded while at the same time there will be efforts to
strengthen the humanitarian-development nexus and scale up innovative delivery modalities such as cash-
based KISEDP PHASE I (2018-2022)

The KISEDP Secretariat through its M&E unit will design a robust methodology for monitoring and evaluation
using a risk-based management perspective which will ensure that proper controls are put in place and
reliable analysis is used to ensure continuous improvement. Based on the initial risk analysis submitted,
risk logs will be established and regularly updated by reviewing the external environment that may affect
the KISEDP implementation. The budget requirement for phase I is $500 million. The targeted population
is 186 000 refugees and 320 000 host community members.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 25

 PROTECTION

Major achievements:
• RAS is fully in charge of RSD procedures in Key Priorities 2019-2020
Kakuma, but UNHCR continues to provide
technical support to ensure that activities are • Strengthen the capacity of national
harmonized, efficient and of quality, and protection providers in line with
transparent procedures are maintained at all international standards through the
times provision of technical advice.
• Unified registration process has started from • Support authorities and other service
July 2017 providers to provide specialised protection
• Voluntary return of 1,560 persons to Somalia services to prevent and mitigate risks, while
and Burundi. Another 470 persons departed to strengthening the response.
third countries on resettlement grounds. • Engage communities as agents of
protection.
Main Challenges: • Advocate for strengthening resilience and
• Protection Space for Asylum Seekers and expanding solutions for refugees.
Refugees:
- Limited capacity of authorities in key areas
Budget 2019: $36,839,675*
like child protection, female police officers, Budget 2020: $28,571,978
gender officers, magistrate and civil registry
- Delays in production of refugee ID cards • Durable solutions (resettlement,
and a backlog in the RSD procedure. complementary pathways, voluntary
• People of concern with specific needs: repatriation and local integration):
- Persons with specific needs are highly - Prospects for resettlement is low due to
vulnerable with limited access to health limited resettlement quotas.
and livelihood; they are exposed to limited
mobility, stigma and discrimination. Major planned responses:
These include LGBTI persons, elderly, and • In line with the GCR and the MYMP, the Operation
persons living with disabilities, women will focus on coordinating, building capacity,
and children at risk, survivors of violence and strengthening the oversight capacity of
and gender-based violence (GBV), as RAS staff on the implementation of a unified
well as individuals suffering from mental registration Standard Operating Procedure
disabilities or disorders. (SOP) for Kakuma and Kalobeyei so as to fully
- Safety of women and children is severely handover registration activities to RAS.
threatened by cultural practices and social • Advocate for posting of a permanent civil
prejudices which continues to stigmatize registrar in Kakuma to ensure that refugees get
survivors, preventing them from seeking crucial documents on time.
available support, and ending certain • An age, gender and disability sensitive approach
types of SGBV (particularly Intimate Partner will be adopted in support for specialized child
Violence and early/forced marriage). protection services, community led initiatives,
- Protection remains a major concern for training on SEA and SGBV prevention and
children residing in Kakuma Camp and response including youth engagement
Kalobeyei Settlement with close to 60 per programmes.
cent of the population being below the • A roster system will be organized from the
age of 18 years. The large number of different Community-based Rehabilitation
unaccompanied and separated children Centres in Kakuma camp and Kalobeyei
coupled with limited resources for families settlement where adolescent boys and girls, men
depending solely on humanitarian and women will be able to register to provide
assistance, has exposed children to abuse, different kind of services to persons living with
exploitation, violence and neglect. disability and elderly such as assisting them in
• Community participation and peaceful food collection, reaching services centres, doing
co-existence: shopping of basic commodities, etc.
- Limited economic opportunities. • UNHCR will scale up its protection services to
- Freedom of Movement within the County ensure more refugees can access to national
should be increased. services e.g. persons with specific needs in
- Legal challenges and a complex lengthy joint consultation with the local stakeholders
process exacerbated by administrative and county authorities including by advocating
procedures for local integration. for improvement of social services for refugees
26 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020
 and the host population in Turkana West and fund-raising activities.
building capacity of existing services. • Enhanced partnership with County authorities in
• Support will be provided for capacity building of line with KISEDP key strategic objectives.
national and county service providers. • Development of a communication strategy
• Focus on promoting voluntary repatriation and towards refugee and host communities among
engaging with diaspora, further to promote all protection actors.
resettlement and complementary pathways • Continuous improvement of two-way
focusing on labour mobility, scholarships abroad communication tools with the refugee community.
and family reunification. • Risk management across all protection
• Promote meaningful community participation programs, including prevention of sexual abuse
across all protection sectors to encourage and exploitation.
refugees to take up delivery of protection services • Promotion of complementary pathways with
through promotion of CBOs/self-help groups States and refugee and host community
as business partner, expanding interpretation, • Promoting new protection partnerships including
counselling in camp/settlement orientation and with refugee and host communities (i.e. CBOs
rights and obligations of refugees, provision and Self-help Groups) and private sectors.
of legal advice on commercial/ business law, • Gender and Disability Mainstreaming in all
expanded use of innovative tools such as programming.
iMonitor to allow refugees to monitor delivery of
services, engaging with diaspora on resettlement Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
and complementary pathways, volunteerism • Capacity of local stakeholders, including sub-
initiatives, alternative dispute resolution county authorities, with regard to specialized
mechanisms, community police, etc. protection services needs to be strengthened,
• Continued support to Return Help Desk/s (RHD) including access to justice
in Kakuma and Kalobeyei for the provision of • Knowledge of the refugee community on
information on area of return and general their rights and obligations will be further
information on the process of voluntary strengthened including their knowledge of
repatriation. applicable frameworks with regard to eligibility
• Explore and develop complimentary pathways and issuance of work permits and licences.
in close co-operation with States, non-profit Knowledge of the host population of available
organizations and operational and project services provided by UNHCR and partners that
partners. are also implemented for their direct/indirect
• Continue to engage the Government of Kenya benefit
in the direction of the inclusion of refugees’ • Capacity-building of relevant stakeholders like
needs in the development plans, as pathways to line ministries, including RAS and Immigration
securing solutions. authorities, on border management, conflict
management and refugee law.
Areas in need of attention: • Support capacity building for the county
• Integrity of protection data across all sectors. government officials in realising aspirations of
• Continuous capacity-building of RAS with regard the UNSCR 1325 and the National Action Plan in
to RSD/Registration but also core protection line with the national government commitments
functions and protection specialized services.
• Enhanced coordination of protection
programmes among relevant stakeholders and
partners including for better streamlining of

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 27

 4 QUALITY
EDUCATION

EDUCATION

Major achievements:
• According to the Turkana CIDP II, increased investment Key Priorities 2019-2020
in early childhood development centres (ECDCs) has
raised the number of children enrolling for basic • Advocate for and support the Government
education in Turkana by over 50,000 in the past five to develop appropriate policy and planning
years. instruments to guide the inclusion of
• Collaborative efforts in the new centres and the refugee learners in the national education
school feeding programme have raised the enrolment system.
of children across the County from 84,832 in 2013 to
• Expand access and retention to integrated
over 140,000 in 2017.
• Increase in the number of primary schools from 315 public pre-primary and primary education
in 2013 to 389 in 2017, 24 of which are located in services for refugees and host community
the Kakuma camps and Kalobeyei Settlement. children.
• In 2018, there are 121,820 students enrolled in pre- • Expand access to and retention in
primary, primary and secondary education across secondary education within an integrated
public schools in Turkana West which includes schools public system for refugees and host
in the refugee settlement and camps. As indicated in community children.
the table below, refugee children constitute 70 percent • Recognise and respond to the distinct
of school enrolment.
learning needs of learners with specific
• All pre-schools, primary schools and secondary
schools in Kakuma and Kalobeyei are registered as vulnerabilities and at risk of dropping out.
public learning institutions and headed by teachers • Increase the number of young men and
registered with the Teacher Service Commission. women benefiting from post-secondary
• The Turkana West University Campus was launched education.
in partnership with the County Government and ten • Improved education data, research
university partners, both Kenyan and international. and information management inform
• Incentives such as School Meal Programmes and responses.
provision of food at vocational training centres.
Budget 2019: $9,438,080.86*
Main Challenges: Budget 2020: $12,108,958.07
• While significant progress has been made in improving
education access for refugee and host community
immediate educational needs of refugees and host
children, nearly half of school aged children are
communities, while at the same time, supporting the
out of school and existing schooling facilities are
Government of Kenya to advance the inclusion of
inadequate; there is an insufficient number of qualified
refugees and asylum seekers in the national education
teachers and school materials. Girls and children with
system.
disabilities are at a disproportionate disadvantage.
• 82 per cent of teachers in camp-based schools are
Areas in need of attention:
considered unqualified according to Government
• Area-based sector planning with a focus on
standards.
education services that benefit both refugee and host
• With an average of 167 learners to one classroom, a
communities.
learner to desk ratio of 6:1 and a learner to textbook
• Comprehensive education data, and integration of
ratio of 7:1, access, participation and potential for
refugee learner data in national system.
study outside of school hours is limited.
• Expansion of education programmes that respond
• Transition to secondary education is restricted as the
to the specific needs of refugees and nomadic host
number of secondary schools in refugee hosting areas
communities.
are less than one-third of the number of primary
• Professional development, certification and
schools
recognition of refugee and host teachers to ensure
• 47 per cent of enrolled learners in camp-based
deployment of qualified teachers that are adequate in
schools are overage resulting in multiple issues such
number in refugee and host learning institutions.
as drop-out as a result of bullying, and or behavioural
• Post-secondary education and training, with a focus
problems.
on available areas of employment/ livelihoods.
Major planned responses:
Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
• In line with the County Integrated Development
• Private sector partnership/ engagement in education.
Plan II (CIDP II), and the Kalobeyei Integrated Social
• Humanitarian-development nexus – how balance the
and Economic Development Plan in Turkana West,
immediate needs in education with more long-term
refugees and host communities will be supported to
institutional capacity development.
access relevant formal and non-formal education and
training. This will be achieved through addressing the

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

28 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 3 GOOD HEALTH
AND WELL-BEING

HEALTH AND NUTRITION

Major achievements:
• The doctor to population ratio stands at 1:20,000 Key Priorities 2019-2020
compared to 1:70,000 in 2013, while the nurse to
population ratio is 1:2,310 compared to 1:5,200 in • Strengthen institutional and technical
2013. The average distance a person needs to travel capacities for the provision of effective
to the nearest health facility dropped from 50 km in healthcare service delivery.
2013 to 35 km in 2017 • Enhance community and health partner
• Health Infrastructure maintained, constructed and engagement in preventive health
expanded. This includes construction of Lodwar
interventions to reduce morbidity.
County Referral Hospital (ICU and HDU, casualty
unit, perimeter wall) which is 90 per cent complete, as • Improve access to quality health
well as upgrading and equipping seven sub-county care services through investment in
hospitals. The number of hospitals has increased infrastructure.
from five to nine and 30 health centres have been • Promote sustainable health financing
upgraded and equipped. through inclusion in the national health
• Recruitment of more than 1000 health workers across insurance fund.
the County, among the seven sub-counties’ health • Implement Social and Behaviour Change
facilities. Communication strategies to address
• The population receiving services at the health
socio-cultural and behavioural factors that
facility in Kalobeyi increased, where an out-patient
department with maternity ward was established and contribute to poor health and nutrition.
is operational.
• Solarisation of the health facility in Kalobeyei. Budget 2019: $3,374,372*
• NHIF Feasibility Study conducted in Kakuma 2018- Budget 2020: $8,637,685
showing positive outcomes for rolling out NHIF for
refugees Major planned responses:
• Nutrition services were integrated with health services, • Support equitable access to quality, comprehensive
improving communities’ access and sustainability. and cost-effective health and nutrition services for
• Emergency responses for malnutrition are effective, refugees and the host population in Turkana West.
reducing the risk of death and associate morbidities. • UNHCR aims to have the health facility in Kakuma
registered as a county facility while at the same time
Main Challenges: getting accredited as an NHIF facility offering services
• Low medical staffing levels. through the NHIF in 2019.
• High cost of health services especially specialized and • WFP and UNHCR will continue supporting the
tertiary health care services. treatment of acute malnutrition among the host
• Accessibility to services remains a challenge. population, as well as in Kakuma and Kalobeyei, as
According to the Turkana CIDP the average distance part of routine services provided in health facilities.
a person needs to travel to the nearest health facility Alongside this WFP will continue to support prevention
is 35km. programmes in the camps as well as in the host
• Global acute malnutrition (GAM) has been consistently population.
high in the County, exceeding the WHO emergency • The prevention programme in the larger Turkana will
thresholds of 15 per cent. be implemented when acute malnutrition is above
• Water supply, sanitation and physical infrastructure of critical (≥20 percent Global Acute Malnutrition) with
the health facilities need to be improved significantly. a high risk of deterioration.
• Teenage pregnancy in Turkana is 2 per cent higher
than the national average of 18 per cent in 2016. Areas in need of attention:
There are not enough youth friendly centres and • Kakuma is planning to introduce the health insurance
services in the County where teenagers can access scheme from July 2019. This will require close
family planning methods and counselling. monitoring and an evaluation after one year to
• There is lack of legislation and policies at National establish the benefits and challenges of running a
and County level to address immunization and cross- health insurance scheme in remote setting.
border disease surveillance. • Prospects of HIS/refugee data integration with
• There is a need for increased interventions in national health management information system
sanitation and vector control needed as in 2018, (DHIS2) and disaggregation of data by nationality to
Kakuma refugee camp experienced two outbreaks of the extent possible.
communicable diseases of malaria and cholera.
• Most of the medical facilities in Kakuma camp Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
need additional equipment to adequately respond • Study to establish unit cost of providing healthcare
to diagnostic interventions such as X-rays and which will guide planning and emergency
ultrasounds. preparedness in Kenya and the region.

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 29

 15 LIFE
ON LAND 2 ZERO
HUNGER 13 CLIMATE
ACTION

FOOD SECURITY, AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK

AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Major achievements:
• From September 2018, WFP increased the proportion Key Priorities 2019-2020
of the food basket provided through the cash-
based transfers from 30 to 40 per cent of the cereals • General distribution: in-kind food and cash.
component of food basket (cereals make up 75 per cent • Increase livestock production and productivity.
of WFP food basket) • Safeguard human and veterinary health.
• Recent findings on the effects and cost benefits of the
• Increase crop production and productivity.
Cash Based Transfers (CBTs) revealed that:
- CBT in refugee camps is highly relevant and
• Increase consumption of nutritious agriculture
appropriate to the beneficiaries products.
- The markets so far are responsive with exponential • Develop market systems for livestock, and
increase in volumes of sales by traders realised crop value chains.
due to CBT • Strengthen producer groups and link to
- CBTs are cost-efficient and effective and provides markets and providers.
a good platform for Gender and Economic • Build institutional capacity of relevant
Empowerment of Women
government entities.
- CBTs have promoted refugees and host
community connectedness through the trade and • Conserve natural resources and rehabilitate
business opportunities that has greatly improved and manage sustainably degraded lands.
livelihoods within the refugee camps/settlements • Strengthen National Resource Management
area of operations (NRM) institutions for improved disaster and
• In the Kalobeyei Settlement, since July 2016, the local conflict risk management.
traders and farmers have sold goods worth more than $
1,000,000 to the Home Grown School Meals market. Budget 2019: $54,054,843*
• In 2017 and 2018 about 3,000 households in Kalobeyei Budget 2020: $53,482,000
access fresh foods from backyard gardens; 750 refugee
and host community households farmed together on • Increase livestock and crop production and productivity
150 ha and produced about 90mt of sorghum. as well as investments into irrigation and infrastructure;
adapt and scale up climate smart technologies for crop
Main Challenges:
and livestock production and look into exploiting local
• Multiple shocks and setbacks over the past two decades.
demand/market for livestock, fisheries and agriculture
Droughts have been longer and more frequent. More
products.
than half of children under five are deprived of necessary
• WFP is planning to increase cash-based transfers to
nutrition, 65 per cent are deprived in terms of health
meet up to 60 per cent of food cereal component of the
and physical development.
food basket by 2020 and continue further to 70 per cent
• In Kalobeyei, a nutrition survey showed that GAM rates
by 2023.
had increased from 5.8 per cent to 9.3 per cent and
from 9.6 per cent to 12.6 per cent in Kakuma. Areas in need of attention:
• Inadequate legal framework and policies governing • Provide support to the County Government in its
environmental management. commitment in the CIDP II to rehabilitate the existing
• No value added in agriculture, livestock and energy irrigation schemes to make them operate at the optimum
inhibiting economic growth. The CIDP states that only and embrace technologies of rainwater harvesting
30 per cent of the county’s soil is suitable for crop technologies (flood-based farming).
production. • Support harmonisation of a training manual for school
• The interplay of various factors such as drought, poor gardens at county level that will support expansion
farming practices, irregular rainfall patterns and the of school vegetable and fruit tree gardens to support
lack of diversified livelihoods have exacerbated hunger nutrition diversity.
and malnutrition experienced by the population. • Support the County Government in the development of
• Anaemia levels in children, pregnant and lactating the Tarach River Dam.
mothers remained generally above the critical public
health threshold. Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
• Explore the potential of exploiting the Lotikipi aquifer for
Major planned responses: household and productive use
• Providing food assistance through the general • Facilitate enhanced water infrastructure i.e. dams
distribution (GD) through in-kind and cash. As part of for agriculture, livestock and other users. Advance
WFP’s strategy, the cash component will increase from appropriate agriculture and livestock production
40 per cent in 2019 to 50 per cent in 2020. Kalobeyei technologies; including hydroponic technology. Build
continues to receive all food assistance through cash and/strengthen institutional capacity of GOK livestock
based transfers. and extension delivery system including policies. Build
• Support for a transition from subsistence to commercial and strengthen relevant agribusiness value chains
agricultural (including livestock) production through linked to private sector.
strengthened linkages between producers, entrepreneurs • Support to strategies for sustainable water use/water
and financial institutions and other business service harvesting given that the region faces a large water
providers. insufficiency problem.

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

30 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 1 NOPOVERTY 8 DECENT WORK AND
ECONOMIC GROWTH

SELF-RELIANCE AND SOCIO-

ECONOMIC INCLUSION

Major achievements:
• 30 per cent of all businesses in Turkana are constituted Key Priorities 2019-2020
by 2,500 shops run in Kakuma and Kalobeyei.
• The presence of 3G/4G internet connectivity allows • Build institutional capacity and accelerate
the population to access online training platforms to institutional transformation.
further strengthen their capacities • Reduce and manage legal, regulatory
• Huduma/Biashara center in Kakuma for provision and administrative obstacles to business
of legal documentation and business development development and investments.
services to refugees and host communities engaging • Revitalize trade facilitation and investment
in businesses. The centre strives to provide well-
promotion.
coordinated, demand driven and needs based
response for the MSMEs in the Kakuma operation. • Promote and facilitate firm-to-firm linkages.
• While in the process of digitizing the tax regime, the • Facilitate the development and accelerate
Kenyan Revenue Authority (KRA) has started issuing growth of new and existing SMEs to adequately
single business permits in Kakuma and Kalobeyei respond to increasing local demand and
that allows for the KRA to tax and register a business reduce poverty.
simultaneously. • Develop services and education for ensuring
• Roll out the Kakuma Kalobeyei Challenge Fund, a the acquisition of knowledge and skills
business competition that will identify and support the
necessary for start-up and business expansion.
rollout of new businesses or support the expansion of
existing operations that are commercially viable. Budget 2019: $6,146,047*
• Facilitating entry and operations of micro-finance
institution such as Africa Entrepreneurship Collective to Budget 2020: $5,815,562
remove barriers to financial access with stratified loan
products for start-up, expansion and diversification. engagement and entrepreneurship development.
• Since July 2016, the local traders (refugees and • Involvement of new stakeholders in Kalobeyei,
hosts) and farmers have sold food worth more than $ Kakuma and neighbouring centres by bringing about
25,000,000 to households in Kakuma, and Kalobeyei a more pluralistic civil society with business minds that
and to the Home-Grown School Meals market in can drive entrepreneurship culture forward.
Kakuma west. • Increased availability of local skilled labour which
• Through WFP’s retail engagement strategy food will be strengthened through increasing vocational
traders received worth $ 780,000 short term credit in trainings in masons, carpenters, soap/sanitary items
the form of stocks from local wholesalers. fabrication and other market relevant skills. Utilizing
innovative training approaches – e.g. dissemination of
Main Challenges: training content to vulnerable populations using ICT
• Lack of market driven vocational skills trades to meet based approaches.
employers’ needs and for job creation. • To increase the purchasing power of potential
• Business registration, work permit and personal customers, UNHCR and partners will scale up efforts
identification number required for formal employment to provide assistance to meet basic needs including
remain under the national government and are only shelter, food and other core relief items through CBI
issued in Nairobi, restricting access for refugee traders and gradually rolling out a multi-purpose cash grant
and exposing them to fraudulent collection. Language (MPG) approach.
barriers for refugees from non-English speaking
countries as it is a prerequisite to advance in formal Areas in need of attention:
education. • Support for the establishment of the Biashara centre.
• Low number of university graduates. • Legal and technical assistance in drafting of legislative
• Difficulties in accessing business capital from bills to support business regulatory reforms, regulate
formal financial institutions (commercial banks and collection of selected revenue streams among others
microfinance institutions) due to strict prerequisites. (county level).
• Job matching and placements of qualified and skilled • Technical assistance in communication and investment
youth is low. promotion, construction permits, single business
• Given the informal nature of the camp economy, and permit and review and automation of revenue streams
the legal grey area in which they are working, refugees (county level).
are vulnerable to exploitation, and companies that • Technical assistance in building the county´s capacity
may want to hire refugees face procedural hurdles. to run and operate the systems for purposes of
sustainability (county level).
Major planned responses: • Avail opportunities/technical support to expand the
• Promote growth and development of MSMEs in employment space for youth by exploring options for
order to enhance employment creation and poverty online/e-employment.
reduction, focus on formalized trade sectors that are
efficient, multi-tiered and diversified in product range Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
and innovation and advocate for barrier removal to • Support for increasing institutional capacities to
facilitate enabling policy environment for private sector provide vocational trainings.

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 31

 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES
AND COMMUNITIES 9 ANDINDUSTRY INNOVATION
INFRASTRUCTURE

SHELTER, SPATIAL PLANNING

AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Major achievements:
• UNHCR launched the Cash for Shelter project in Key Priorities 2019-2020
Kalobeyei, the first of its kind globally. UNHCR
• Strengthen technical and institutional capacity
constructed 1,500 semi-permanent shelters, repaired
300 dilapidated temporary shelters and 1,930 in relevant ministries.
transitional shelters have been converted to permanent • Strengthen spatial planning processes.
shelters leading to approximately 22 per cent total • Promote land-use systems to manage the
permanent shelter coverage in Kalobeyei through growth for sustainable development.
CBI constructed by the refugees and host community • Develop transportation system to increase
members. mobility and economic growth in Turkana
• Completion of Kalobeyei settlement spatial plan West.
to guide and promote sustainable integrated
• Promote sustainable Housing/Shelter
development between refugees and host community -
within the 5km x 3km = 15km2. This is approximately solutions through CBI.
1,500 hectares in size.
• Construction of permanent shelters for refugees in
Budget 2019: $8,323,583*
Kalobeyei through CBI, an innovative aid delivery Budget 2020: $8,028,609
modality that increases refugees’ self-reliance,
developing local market systems and promoting • Inexistence of flood mitigation structures in the
socio-economic inclusion. settlement poses a danger to some shelters and
• Pilot of iMonitor for reporting shelter-related needs. infrastructure facilities.
• Repair of 200km of feeder roads in Kakuma 3.
• In July 2016, a MOU was signed that provides a Major planned responses:
framework for the development and implementation • To strengthen the technical and institutional capacity
of spatial planning, infrastructure design and in relevant ministries in the fields of urban planning,
refugee – host community delivery integration for sustainable infrastructure and transportation design,
the new settlement under the KISEDP. Currently, the urban governance and refugee response in settlements
operation has implemented spatial planning of nine along with sensitization sessions to increase refugee
towns (Lodwar, Lokichar, Lokori, Lorugum, Kalokol, and host communities’ awareness on land rights
Lowarengak, Lokitaung, Kakuma and Lokichoggio) including support in shelter assistance
with plans at validation stage. • A Sustainable Infrastructure Development &
• Formulated land policies and regulations. Management Plan and Transportation Plan will be
• Efforts underway to increase mobility and accessibility developed
for socio-economic growth in Turkana West by • CBI in the implementation of sustainable shelter will be
developing the transportation networks and investing enhanced, alongside the engagement of community-
in urban structures. based organizations in the repair of dilapidated
shelters and the construction and rehabilitation of
Main Challenges: secondary roads in the community
• Lack of adequate spaces impacts the standard site • Plans to establish a Geo-Referenced Property Registry
planning activities to layout demarcation in Kakuma which will provide physical address to all residents
camp. • A social tenure domain model (STDM) will be
• The influx of refugees into the settlement continues to established to facilitate the administration of parcels
increase daily, posing the risks of increased demands and prepare and issue “certificate of occupancy” to all
for access to services. Kalobeyei settlement inhabitants
• Financing infrastructure development to the desired • Plans to construct a multi-purpose olympic sports
standards is a major challenge, which increases risks complex based on a compact design model unifying
of building a less-resilient settlement. Kalobeyei urban model for athletics and sports culture.
• Risk of potential outflow of refugees from the settlement
should the crisis in their home countries reduce for Areas in need of attention:
adequate repatriation. • In order to deliver on KISEDP, Kakuma needs to expand
• Strong wind storms and rains continue damaging its engagement and support the government and other
the shelters thus increasing vulnerability of PoCs in partners in Turkana West. The three interconnected
Kalobeyei settlement and Kakuma camp. sectors namely road connectivity, energy and water
• Unforeseen circumstances such as repeated have the biggest potential to impact economic growth
heavy rains from February to April, the National into the Kakuma camp, Kalobeyei settlement and
Government’s ban on timber and the breaking down Turkana West as a whole.
of Kainuk Bridge affected the timely supply of shelter
materials and the construction of shelters in Kalobeyei. Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
• About 5 per cent of the Kalobeyei road network is • Analysis on the multiplier effect (disproportionate
developed; the inadequate access of road conditions rise in final income that results from an injection of
coupled with lack of drainage structure is hindering spending) of CBI on the local economy.
transportation of shelter and building materials.

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

32 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 6 CLEAN WATER
AND SANITATION

WATER, SANITATION
AND HYGIENE

Major achievements:
• Maintained provision of water within sphere standards, Key Priorities 2019-2020
21.96L/person/day for Kakuma and 19.72L/person/
day for Kalobeyei Settlement. • Strengthen sub-county and quasi-
• Drilled and equipped two boreholes in Kakuma. government institutional and technical
Two elevated steel tanks of 100,000 litre capacity capacity in WASH management.
constructed. This improved water access in Kakuma 1
• Increase availability of water for domestic,
where cholera been recurring.
• Drilled five additional boreholes to support the
institutional, livestock, agricultural, and
existing two boreholes currently supplying 1,200m3/ industrial purposes.
day of water to Kalobeyei. • Promote equitable distribution of water.
• 8 boreholes were solarized out of 18. • Promote effective and efficient use of
• Constructed four elevated steel tanks in Kalobeyei limited water resources.
and installed pipe network effectively reducing water • Improve access of communities to sanitary
trucking. facilities and access to solid waste
• A total of 15,871m and 2000m of pipelines were management services.
installed in Kalobeyei and Kakuma.
• Promote hygiene awareness and practices.
• In sanitation, 1238 household latrines were
constructed in Kakuma while 576 were built in
Kalobeyei. To address new arrivals’ sanitation needs,
Budget 2019: $8,946,454*
500 communal latrines were also constructed both in Budget 2020: $6,782,174
Kakuma and Kalobeyei.
• 500 container based toilets have been installed by the the refugee camp and the settlement in Kalobeyei.
private sector (Sanivation Ltd, operating a subcontract Consequently, limited basic services within the host
under the WASH Implementing Partner, NRC). The community undermines the resilience and coping
waste from these toilets is collected on a twice weekly mechanism of the people.
basis, mixed with other organic waste (charcoal dust) • The Government-led rural water schemes are
and made into briquettes. unreliable due to inadequate budgeting and a lack
• Initiated procurement of vector control chemicals to of maintenance of infrastructure. Diminishing water
address high cases of malaria in the camp. resources require that women and girls walk further
• Closely linked to the water resource management to access it, negatively affecting the time spent by girls
flagship under WASH, partners under this component at school.
are developing water infrastructure and land for
agriculture and livestock production in Kalobeyei Major planned responses:
settlement and surrounding areas. The utilization of • Continue to provide water, sanitation and hygiene
climate smart agricultural technologies (conservation services to refugees and host community in Kakuma
agriculture) and the use of trapezoidal bunds, micro- and Kalobeyei.
catchments, spate irrigation, drip irrigation and shade • To ensure safe, equitable and adequate water supply
house farming will be scaled up. for institutional, livestock, agricultural, commercial
• Work is in process to expand dryland farming and domestic purposes, and in light of the growing
technologies for kitchen gardens in order to improve population and the ambition to launch irrigated
household access to fresh and diversified nutritious agriculture activities, partners will prioritize water
food and improve food security. availability while also increasing efforts on sustainable
use of water. Furthermore, partners will increase their
Main Challenges: efforts to improve hygiene awareness and practices
• The rainfall in Turkana is bimodal though it is erratic and invest in innovative modalities for latrine usage
and sparsely distributed. At present the main water and availability. It will also explore strengthening
sources in the County are boreholes, piped water and technical and institutional capacities and support.
river water, and other sources include springs, rock • Construction of a sludge/waste water treatment plant
catchments and wells. whose planning is underway led by GIZ.
• Dependency on only two boreholes and one pipeline • Investment in waste management planning, systems
puts the inhabitants of Kalobeyei in a precarious and budgeting.
situation in terms of reliability in water supplyxs.
• Like other areas in the county, Turkana West Sub Areas in need of attention:
County which is the main grazing area for livestock in • Water master plan to guide future investments.
Turkana County continue to suffer from the prolonged
drought that has affected the region over the last three Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
years causing the area to become food insecure and • Need for further studies to adequately quantify the
water scarce. The situation has triggered movement ground water reserves and to assess the quality of the
of people from rural areas in Turkana County to water.
urban centres such as Kakuma town, areas around

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 33

 7 AFFORDABLE AND
CLEAN ENERGY 12 RESPONSIBLE
CONSUMPTION
AND PRODUCTION
13 CLIMATE
ACTION 15 LIFE
ON LAND

SUSTAINABLE AND
CLEAN ENERGY

Major achievements:
• Improved energy access through promotion of Green Key Priorities 2019-2020
Energy in Turkana County. Installed solar hybrid
mini-grids and standalone systems by both County • Create an enabling environment for
Government and development partners. energy.
• Increased access to cooking energy through the • Facilitate the adoption of clean cooking
organized general firewood distributions and energy
technologies.
efficient stove production.
• UNHCR partnered with two organizations namely
• Maximize the utilization of renewable
Energy 4 Impact (Moving Energy Initiative) and SNV energy sources for electricity generation.
Netherlands who have been conducting a series • Private Sector Partnerships on Models of
of market based access to energy projects and Delivery for Sustainability.
renewable energy market activation campaigns.
• The Kakuma market has experienced a steady increase Budget 2019: $3,977,534*
in the types and quality of solar home systems in both Budget 2020: $6,325,486
the refugee and host community markets since late
2017. Clean cooking solutions range from energy
Major planned responses:
efficient stoves/Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) to
• Continue to address this long-standing energy
cleaner fuels such as Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG),
challenge and build on new opportunities for
Electricity, Ethanol, and Biogas among others.
transforming the cooking sector, partners in response
• Establishment of mini-grid projects in Turkana West
will promote the adoption of cleaner cooking solutions
through financial instruments that leverage private-
through market based access to energy projects,
sector expertise/models of delivery in areas with low
including developing a coherent policy framework,
population density. These scalable structures will
awareness raising and information exchange, robust
enhance local generation and customers do not have
resources data, enhanced technical skills, and energy
to rely on the relatively few and remote centralized
storage.
power stations.
• Initial investment in Large Scale Solar Farm for
Areas in need of attention:
industry, commerce and institutions. This utility-scale
• High investment cost of power production, poor
power-plant can range anywhere from 10 to 15 Mega
transmission and distribution infrastructure, absent
Watts and will provide additional power to Turkana
metering systems, low per capita power consumption
West residents and significantly reduce the current
which affects the electricity tariffs and potential return
energy costs. This will also contribute to a functional
on investment. Households mostly rely on firewood,
economy with between 12 and 14 hours electricity
charcoal, paraffin and solar lanterns for their lighting
each day.
and cooking needs, with firewood being the main
source of energy
Main Challenges:
• Sanitation Ltd manufactures briquettes from toilet
• 80 per cent of refugees in Kakuma and Kalobeyei
waste mixed with charcoal dust burn faster, for
rely on solid fuels, such as firewood and charcoal to
longer and with less smoke than both firewood and
meet their daily domestic energy needs, which are
charcoal. They are sold to refugees and the host
inefficient, unsafe, inadequate and adversely affect the
community at the same price as charcoal, with the
environment. Only about 5 per cent of the County’s
revenue ploughed back into the sanitation operation
households have access to electricity. Households
to offset costs. The briquettes have gained acceptance
mostly rely on firewood, charcoal, paraffin and solar
but the free firewood distributions have eroded the
lanterns for their lighting and cooking.
market and the cost of sales and distribution means
• Poor transmission and distribution of infrastructure,
that revenues cannot cover the cost of providing the
high cost of power, low per capita power consumption
sanitation service and producing the briquettes.
and low countrywide electricity access.
• The amount of firewood and stoves distributed jointly
Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
meets only 30 per cent of daily requirements. This
• Energy is a crosscutting theme therefore the need for
lack of access to safe and sustainable energy comes
knowledge development with this perspective. Given
at a high cost to the health, safety and wellbeing of
the complex nature of humanitarian situations and the
refugees.
challenges of integrating sustainable energy solutions,
• Lack of sufficient cooking fuel impacts nutrition and
there is a need for collective actions to mobilize
food security in vulnerable households, since families
resources, build capacity, raise awareness, and use
often resort to under-cooking food or skipping
the opportunity to advocate for sustainable energy
meals to save fuel as well as to bartering food for
solutions in order to enhance further, the positive
fuel. Smoke inhalation from cooking over open fires
impact in crosscutting sectors such as Health, Food
threatens respiratory health.
Security, Education, Protection, WASH, Livelihoods &
Self-Reliance.

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

34 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 GARISSA COUNTY – DADAAB

G
arissa County is bordering with the Republic of Somalia to the east, Lamu County to the south,
Tana River County to the west, Isiolo County to the north west and Wajir County to the north.
It is arid with generally erratic and unreliable rainfall patterns, making it prone to drought
and flood emergencies. With 871,644 persons in the county, the population is projected to increase
to 948,880 persons by 2020. According to the current classification, there are six unclassified urban
centres namely: Balambala, Bura East, Dadaab, Modogashe, Nanighi and Hulugho. The urban
population constitutes about 23.5 per cent of the county’s total population. Dadaab is one of the
urban centres hosting a large population of refugees; mainly from Somalia. Refugees reside in the
Dadaab complex (Dagahaley, Ifo 2 and Hagadera Camps), a large proportion of which are children
and female mostly of Somali origin. A small proportion of the refugees in the camp come from
Ethiopia, South Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Yemen and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Dadaab
over the years has grown to become a vibrant economy.

In Garissa County, close to 65.5 per cent of the population live below the poverty line with Dadaab
Sub County particularly being on the borderline for food consumption score. The community is largely
pastoralist and pre-dominantly Somali. About 60-70 per cent of the people depend largely on livestock
for their livelihood.

Over the course of 29 years, UNHCR and partners have been providing basic services to the refugee
population in Dadaab with the “care and maintenance” approach. Today, the search for solutions for
the Dadaab situation is ever more imperative due to dwindling resources, the length of stay of refugees
and the political situation. This direction is now changing towards a more development and solutions-
oriented programming. With the Government directive in February 2019 on Finding Solutions in
Dadaab, there is a renewed momentum for a more sustainable, inclusive and comprehensive response
to the population in Dadaab (both local and refugees). The Garissa County in close collaboration with
UNHCR and partners, are developing a strategic plan for a Dadaab Integrated Settlement.

With multiple consultations already ongoing in the different sectors in Dadaab with County line
ministries, a phased approach to develop the Strategy for the Dadaab Integrated Settlement is being
devised. Familiarisation missions by the County and national government are ongoing alongside
plans for visit to Kalobeyei to understand the KISEDP model. This will be followed by a Stakeholders
Workshop and fundraising event.

The process is completely led by the County Government, with full support from UNHCR. This is a
multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder initiative in which a broad-based partners including the private
sector, refugees and host community leadership will collectively agree to respond to the current
situation in Dadaab using their comparative advantage through an area-based approach in finding
solutions that address the social, economic, and environmental needs among refugees and local
communities. Harnessing the varying capabilities and benefiting from comparative advantages that
each stakeholder brings to the table is the hallmark of this process. In order to effectively facilitate
the collaboration and coordination of the various stakeholders, and to provide the required level
of support and strengthen technical and institutional capacities at County level as well as to further
nurture existing partnerships, the process will provide all partners with the platform to effectively share
information, design, plan, develop, implement and monitor progress of multi-year and multi-sectoral
activities that strengthen the humanitarian-development nexus and contribute to the overall success
drafting the Strategic Plan for the Dadaab Integrated Settlement while preparing for and putting the
required measures in place for the next phases (steering committee, secretariat etc).

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 35

 PROTECTION

Major achievements:
• Population Registration and Identity Management Key Priorities 2019-2020
EcoSystem (PRIMES) has been rolled out in the
Government 5registration centre of Dadaab camp. • Access to legal assistance and legal
• With rollout of proGres v4 and RApp servers, remedies improved.
registration is now fully in the hands of RAS. • Access to the territory improved and risk of
• Construction of the Dadaab Courthouse with an aim
refoulement reduced.
to bring access to justice and legal remedies closer to
the population and to transition from mobile courts,
• Civil registration and civil status
thus minimizing expenses associated with it. determination procedures strengthened.
• Ongoing programme of birth certificate issuance • Undocumented asylum-seekers are
through visits of the Registrar. registered, coupled with access to and
• Ongoing development of national youth strategy quality of status determination procedures
initiative, mapping youth’s engagement in Kenya improved.
refugee operation and serve as tool to raise fund in • Protection of children strengthened.
support of youth programming in Dadaab. • Risk of SGBV is reduced and quality of
• The SPP-project which is contributing in training and
response improved.
awareness of refugees and government personnel,
improved ICT capacities, logistical support to security
• Services for persons with specific needs
personnel and youth inclusion. strengthened.
• Community mobilization strengthened and
Main Challenges: expanded.
• Lack of live capture system linked to the National • Peaceful co-existence with local
Registration Bureau, leading to delays in issuance and communities promoted.
renewal of refugee identity cards. • All solutions are promoted to decrease the
• RSD backlog that is limiting access to documentation number of camp residents.
and services and a lack of a coordination mechanism
to process individuals whose applications have been Budget 2019: $39,678,721*
rejected from Kenya after all avenues are exhausted.
• Resettlement countries imposing non-protection Budget 2020: $32,519,615
related preferences (nationalities, family composition,
etc.) on cases to be submitted and limited areas of - Increased support to persons with
return and conditions in country of origin including specific needs and awareness raising and
funding. capacity building in all areas of protection and
• Legal issues including mixed marriages and double promoting all efforts of peaceful-co-existence.
registration cases. • Renewed engagement on the Security Partnership
• Limited specific resources and responses dedicated Project which contributes heavily to the security of
to child protection, youth activities and marginalized refugee camps and host communities.
groups and persons with specific needs, SGBV
and other protection issues like FGM, early/forced Areas in need of attention:
marriages. • To ensure that development efforts are nationally
• The Tripartite Agreement and the SPP MOU have owned, sustainable and achieve the goals of Agenda
formally expired and have so far not been renewed. 2030 and Agenda 2063, a capacity development
approach will inform all aspects of this KCRP based on
Major planned responses: sound capacity assessments and innovative measures
• Support to systems and services in line with the to address institutional bottlenecks.
national and county legal framework for the protection • With no youth empowerment centre in the county,
of refugees and host communities, addressing the full partners to explore if they can support with establishing
range of protection risks including mainstreaming solar powered youth empowerment centres in all sub
gender and disability across programming. This counties.
includes: • Support the County in creating an internship strategy
- Border monitoring and training to government for youth (based on the national strategy) transiting
and partners from colleges and universities and engagement
- Provision of legal aid of multiple stakeholders to assist in internship
- Civil documentation and support in clearing of opportunities
the backlog • With the low human resource in the County there
- Advocacy for the deployment of a permanent is need for increased attention and support from
Civil Registrar through engagement at the humanitarian and development partners including for
County and National government levels safe havens and safe houses.
- Increased focus on prevention and mitigation
measures on child protection and SGBV

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

36 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 4 QUALITY
EDUCATION

EDUCATION

Major achievements:
• At the end of the 2018 school year, 60,142 learners Key Priorities 2019-2020
were enrolled in formal and non-formal education
programmes across the levels, representing 50 per • Increase access to formal and non-formal
cent of the total school-age population in Dadaab. education at all levels, with a focus on
• Refugee learners in Dadaab are enrolled in 22 improved gender equity and enrolment of
pre-schools, 22 primary schools, six Special
out of school children.
Needs Education units, nine secondary schools,
14 alternative education centres, 4 technical and
• Improve transition rates at the secondary
vocational education and training (TVET) centres, and and post-secondary levels leading to
one satellite university campus. employment/ self-reliance.
• More than 12,500 learners have successfully • Enhance quality of education, with a
completed KCPE while over 7,500 learners have focus on curriculum, the number and
completed Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education qualifications of teachers, and availability
(KCSE). of learning and teaching materials.
• 2,563 refugees have joined universities in Kenya and • Progressively advance the integration of
abroad supported with scholarships.
camp-based learning institutions in the
• 14 Alternative Education Centres have been
established to reach those who cannot attend formal
national education system.
school. • Prepare refugee communities for durable
• Incentives such as School Meal Programmes and solutions through education programmes
provision of food as incentive for attendance at that respond to the distinct learning needs.
vocational training centre.
Budget 2019: $9,046,027*
Main Challenges: Budget 2020: $5,528,025
• Low educational attainment, with 74 percent of the
population in Garissa County being illiterate. • Promote that school facilities in closed Ifo 2 and
• 43 per cent of refugee households in Dadaab Kambioos camps will be used for further educational/
reported barriers to accessing education. vocational training purposed, benefiting both refugees
• Constraints of physical infrastructure and human and host community members.
resources limit transition to secondary school.
• 65 per cent of refugee teachers do not have recognised Areas in need of attention:
teaching qualifications. • Area-based sector planning with a focus on
• In Dadaab, 128 learners share a classroom at the education services that benefit both refugee and host
primary level, and 90 learners at the secondary communities
level, more than double the recommended national • Comprehensive education data including stateless
standard (1: 45 learners). learners.
• While there is near gender parity at the pre-school • Early Childhood Development including the
level, the enrolment and attendance of girls begins development and expansion of models integrating
to fall from the upper primary level. By the secondary formal pre-primary education with qur’anic education.
level, boys outnumber girls by 6:1. • Professional development, certification and
recognition of refugee and host teachers to ensure
Major planned responses: deployment of qualified teachers that are adequate in
• In line with the GCR and Djibouti Declaration, number in refugee and host learning institutions.
children, youth and adults will have access to relevant • Post-secondary education and training, with a focus
formal and non-formal education and training that on employment and livelihoods.
support their self-reliance and prepare them for
durable solutions. Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
• Strengthen collaboration and partnership between • Education data in refugee and host communities
UN agencies, Government and other stakeholders • Private sector partnership/ engagement in education
and align financing from Government and partners • Humanitarian-development nexus; how to balance
to strengthen national and county education systems the immediate needs in education with more long-
and plans. term institutional capacity development

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 37

 3 GOOD HEALTH
AND WELL-BEING

HEALTH AND NUTRITION

Major achievements:
• Multifunctional outbreak control team responded Key Priorities 2019-2020
to and successfully contained two waves of Cholera
outbreak with more than 1400 cases. • Strengthen institutional and technical
• Improvement of GAM rate from 9.7 per cent in 2017 capacities for the provision of effective
to per cent in 2018. healthcare service delivery.
• Cross-border training programme on health
• Enhance community and health partner
conducted to empower refugees and local youth (69
refugees and 20 Kenyan students of Hagadera).
engagement in preventive health
• Referral services strengthened with collaboration interventions to reduce morbidity.
of national institutions/hospitals (County Health • Improve access to quality health
Department, Kenyatta National Hospital, African care services through investment in
Medical and Research Foundation). infrastructure.
• Dadaab Sub County operating theatre (OT), • Promote sustainable health financing
supported by UNHCR and partners through provision through inclusion in the national health
of supplies and staffing, serving both refugees and insurance fund.
host community (especially emergency caesarean
• Implement Social and Behaviour Change
maternal cases).
• Nutrition services were integrated with health services,
Communication strategies to address
improving communities’ access and sustainability. socio-cultural and behavioural factors that
• Emergency responses for malnutrition are effective, contribute to poor health and nutrition.
reducing the risk of death and associate morbidities.
Budget 2019: $9,305,175*
Main Challenges: Budget 2020: $4,840,384
• The number of trained health personnel is low with
the doctor population ratio being currently 1:41,538
while the nurse population ratio is 1:2,453. is to mainstream and consolidate health facilities for
• Significant shortage of health workers, skill handover to the government.
imbalances, distribution, and challenges in retention. • Plans are underway to ensure the registration of
• While the number of hospitals is adequate, the refugee health facilities by the government and ensure
majority lacks basic equipment. There is a need to drug supply by the Kenya Medical Supply Authority
upgrade and operationalize all service delivery areas, (KEMSA).
such as surgical theatres and specialized clinics. • In 2018 a feasibility study on the cost of introducing
• Shortage of staff houses and offices for the the National Health Care Insurance Scheme was
management teams. undertaken and preparations will start to introduce
• The prevalence of acute malnutrition is consistently this new model on a pilot basis for refugees in
borders the emergency threshold of 15 per cent. Dadaab.
• The county currently receives less than one per • WFP and UNHCR will continue supporting the
cent funds for health products and technologies, treatment of acute malnutrition among the host
leaving health facility operations unsustainable and population, as well as in Dadaab, as part of routine
insufficiently funded. services provided in health facilities. Alongside this,
• Lack of awareness and knowledge on health WFP will continue to support a malnutrition prevention
education for disease prevention, health promotion programmes in Dadaab.
and maintaining routine immunization coverage,
including primary/ secondary/tertiary health care. Areas in need of attention:
• The prevalence of stunting in the county is 38.6 per • Enhancing use of operational research in health
cent (KDHS, 2008-2009) which is low. information system (HIS) and innovations (e.g.,
• The global acute malnutrition (GAM) prevalence is at e-health, geographic information systems, cloud
13.7 per cent while severe acute malnutrition (SAM) computing, and use of mobile technology).
prevalence was at 2.1 per cent. This is classified as • Piloting and advocating for mass enrolment of
serious based on WHO thresholds. population from both host and refugees in the NHIF
scheme.
Major planned responses:
• Maintain robust preventive and community based Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
health care services with emphasis on comprehensive • Developing a comprehensive electronic health
immunization programmes, disease surveillance, records (EHR) and networking for all county referral,
health education and emergency preparedness. sub-counties and ESP facilities.
Aside from the accreditation of facilities with the • Improving such health information infrastructure as
National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIF), the vision airtime, computers, and physical infrastructure.

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

38 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

2 ZERO
HUNGER 13 CLIMATE
ACTION 15 LIFE
ON LAND

FOOD SECURITY, AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK

AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Major achievements:
• Rehabilitation of closed camps (Kambioos and Key Priorities 2019-2020
Ifo2) in preparation for handover of facilities to
• Sustainable management of natural resources
the Government of Kenya and local authorities.
Rehabilitated 124 hectares of degraded land through
and rehabilitation of degraded lands.
the establishment of green belts and orchards (34 • Waste management and recycling of solid
hectares) in Ifo2. wastes.
• Established irrigation system (34.4 hectares) in Ifo2 • Development of water infrastructure for
aiming at production of fruits, fodder and vegetable irrigation possible in several river basins/flood
crops to enhance food security and resilience of the plains and utilization of borehole water in
ecosystem. closed camps.
• Introduced climate smart agriculture in self-initiated • Promote agricultural production and
farms (fruit trees and high value cash crops).
diversification – fruits and high value cash
Main Challenges:
crops through agroforestry approach/climate
• Low crop production, unexploited irrigation potential smart agriculture.
and untapped potential of crop value chains. • Support to host communities in range
• Increased negative impacts of climate on agriculture rehabilitation and production of fodder crops
and livestock resulting in aid dependency. to support livestock production.
Unfortunately, many poor households have been • Promotion of small scale livestock production
forced to engage in livelihood activities that have a (poultry, goats and apiculture).
negative impact on the environment, in particular, • Support communities on livestock and crop
cutting of trees for fuel wood or for charcoal
based cottage industry level enterprise
manufacture.
• Poor access to water for agriculture.
development.
• Provision of food assistance through general
Major planned responses: rations to refugees delivered in the form of CBT
• Partners will continue providing food assistance or in-kind (WFP).
through the general food distribution (GFD) and • Promote vegetable production using
other targeted programmes such as nutrition hydroponics technology (WFP).
(supplementary feeding), school meals and support
to vocational training institutions through food Budget 2019: $47,038,538*
assistance for training, ensuring mainstreaming of Budget 2020: $40,732,773
age, gender and disability in its targeting.
• Providing food assistance through the general • As rehabilitation of refugee hosting areas is undertaken
distribution (GD) through in-kind and cash. on a large scale, a shift in modus operandi will need
• WFP is planning to increase cash-based transfers to to be adopted with more emphasis on diversified
meet up to 60 per cent of food cereal component of rehabilitation through establishment of green-belts
the food basket by 2020 and continue further to 70 and orchards.
per cent by 2023. • There is need to minimize over-reliance on borehole
• Rehabilitation of degraded lands by linking water for agricultural purposes and focus more on
environmental restoration with livelihoods - focusing flood water harvesting.
on fruit trees, woodlots and fodder crops through • Farmers will require support so as to practice climate-
agroforestry approach. smart farming which encourages innovative and
• Heighten environmental consciousness and commercial agriculture.
accountability benchmarks and standards by • Promotion of income generation activities based
embracing community based natural resource on eco-friendly interventions such as: generation of
management approaches so as to enable the local cooking energy from garbage using the Community
community take increased responsibilities for their Cooker stove.
landscapes.
• Support to communities who have initiated recycling Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
of solid wastes. • Research needed on agriculture and pastoralism as
viable economic activities.
Areas in need of attention: • Provide capacity building for local government and
• Strengthen collaboration mechanisms with research hosting community to better manage and benefit from
institutions, capacity building of technical staff on rehabilitated assets and services in the closed camps
modern technologies and enhanced use of ICT. in view of contributing to long-term and sustainable
• Need for human, technical and financial support to development.
community based agriculture, irrigation and forest/ • Provision of intensive training to farmers on climate-
natural resource institutions and support to county smart agriculture.
forest conservation committees to supervise forest • Access the potential of flood based irrigation for
issues. Ewaso Nyiro and other neighbouring flood plains.

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 39

 1 NOPOVERTY 8 DECENT WORK AND
ECONOMIC GROWTH

SELF-RELIANCE AND SOCIO-

ECONOMIC INCLUSION

Major achievements:
• Training and support to refugee youth to access Key Priorities 2019-2020
digital work opportunities has started; some youth
have started getting paid for work online. • Enhance human capacity and skills
• All centres which provide skills training and IT development.
trainings are accredited to the National Industrial • Promote enterprise development and
Training Authority (NITA) and the Computer Society
employment creation.
of Kenya (CSK), respectively. Graduates from these
centres acquire certificates from NITA or CSK which
• Increase access to financial service.
are recognised in Kenya, Somalia and other countries • Advocate for and engage with government
when seeking employment. at the County level to address business
• Market assessment in Dadaab (UNHCR-ILO, 2019) impediments such as business permits
conducted with the objective of identifying potential acquisition and taxation of refugee
value chains businesses.
• Cross border thematic discussions between Somalia
and Dadaab and skills development programmes in Budget 2019: $2,613,214*
Dadaab tailor-made to respond to skills demand in Budget 2020: $2,670,025
Somalia.
• Developing the regional economy as well as
Main Challenges: connections to other key markets to provide additional
• The national encampment policy and ensuing economic opportunities to integrate refugees within
limitations on mobility is a significant source of the host community.
frustration for refugee entrepreneurs or business • Together with the Garissa County, develop a long-
owners, and limitations on land access can impede term, development oriented and area-based strategy
attempts to further develop agricultural efforts. for the economic inclusion of refugees in Dadaab.
• Limited sustainable livelihood opportunities that • Advocate for the legal, regulatory and administrative
include weak business development and obstacles barriers to refugee economic inclusion to be
within the business environment, such as the lack of addressed.
information and appropriate partners with whom to
create business partnerships. Areas in need of attention:
• Strong market links need to be developed in order to • Assess status and needs for private – public partnership
provide refugees and host community members an in the county by supporting research, policy advocacy
opportunity to shift from the model of aid dependency. and planning for private – public investment.
• Skill set does not match the needs of the market thus • Studies and surveys to understand market dynamics
making it difficult for graduates to secure long-term and relationships between actors.
work following graduation.
• There remains a lack of focus on creating an enabling Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
environment for business development, due to Kenya’s • Market system analysis which includes value chains
encampment policy. assessment per sector and the opportunities of
• This has led to primarily informal business including refugees in the different value chains for self
opportunities for refugees and limited formal trade and wage employment.
and business with the host community. • Carrying out reforms in existing institutions and
conducting consumer rights and protection
Major planned responses: sensitization campaigns/forums in collaboration with
• Garissa County aims to create durable solutions County Officials.
for economic integration of refugees through the • Research on the prominent sectoral value chains
provision of commercially viable technical and undertaken to identify and document areas of
vocational skills, provision of entrepreneurship and potential investment.
business development services (including online • Socio-economic studies of the Dadaab population to
freelancing training) and Village Savings and Loans better inform the development of solution strategies
(VSLA) approach to facilitate access to formal and for the refugee situation.
informal financial services.

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

40 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES
AND COMMUNITIES 9 ANDINDUSTRY INNOVATION
INFRASTRUCTURE

SHELTER, SPATIAL PLANNING AND

INFRASTRUCTURE

Major achievements:
• Cash-based programming in shelter sector allows Key Priorities 2019-2020
beneficiaries the choice, flexibility and dignity whilst
stimulating economic recovery. A cost analysis shows • Fostering good relations and peaceful
that cash programming in the shelter sector reduced coexistence through inclusive and
costs by $24 per shelter. participatory Spatial Regeneration Plans for
• Shelter construction materials have for the past few
Kambioos and IFO Settlements.
years been sourced from Nairobi. The government
ban on timber logging in public and community
• Capacity Development for County Technical
forest however required UNHCR to change from Staff (Institutional Capacity Development).
cypress timber to rafters/sticks. This has significantly • Provide protection through the provision
contributed to a clean and improved environment. of transitional shelters and emergency
• Kambioos and Ifo 2 camps were closed in April 2017 shelters.
and May 2018 respectively. All the assets left behind • Undertake activities to mark camp
in the two camps will be handed over to the National addresses.
Government which in turn hands them over to the • Increase access through improvement of
county. Plans are ongoing on official handover of
roads and construction of construction of
these assets and its potential use.
• UNHCR and UNHABITAT, in collaboration with the
public facilities.
County government, are working on developing a • Provide core relief items (CRIs).
spatial planning framework.
Budget 2019: $945,205*
Main Challenges: Budget 2020: $818,237
• Pressure from decades of rural-urban migration
worsened by recurring mismanagement and neglect collaborate to focus on community-based planning,
and/or weak spatial planning frameworks and institutional capacity building and regeneration and
development to support the stabilization of livelihoods. rejuvenation programmes in Dadaab.
• Weak integration of development and upgrading • Development of a spatial planning frameworks to
projects within Dadaab that are in incorporated into support the stabilization of livelihoods, restoration of
County Integrated Development Plans and subsequent damaged and stressed infrastructure and ecosystems
urban development strategies. will continue to be undertaken.
• The County Government of Garissa does not have
sufficient capacity in handling land management Areas in need of attention:
planning, settlement infrastructure development, • Support the county in conducting large-scale planning
urbanization and related issues. and survey activities so as to provide large numbers of
• Lack of sufficient existing data, and County plans and land titles to the residents of Garissa.
maps are not digitized or easily accessible for regular • Support in the automation of the sector’s system from
updating and reference. development of the application, building designs, land
• Lack of existing community-based participatory registration through a land Information Monitoring
planning and regeneration of areas in selected System (IMS) that will help improve service delivery.
refugee and host community settlements in close • Support in establishing systems that allow the
collaboration with the County Governments. digitization of maps and sharing of spatial information
• Decline of forest cover due to population increase, across interested departments.
fragmentation, over dependency of charcoal and • Alignment of host community needs, including
illegal logging. considerations for resultant socio-economic
• The scramble for the additional walling materials opportunities and the impact of hosting refugees on
from the forests and bushes near the camps have not natural resources.
only endangered the environment but also women
and girls who are exposed to sexual and gender Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
based violence. • Scale up technical and vocational training institutions,
especially in the areas of masonry, carpentry and
Major planned responses: metal work will afford the youth requisite skills to
• Coordination with private sector and development make a living.
partners in shelter assistance and associated risks • Capacity development of independent management
that include protection services and environmental by County Government representatives for the spatial
restoration. This can come in the form of Interlocking planning component.
Stabilized Soil Bricks (ISSB) or clay bricks for the walls. • Raising awareness on land tenure and security issues
• Financial support for the improvement/construction for host community, and refugees, including capacity
of public infrastructures like roads, sports facilities, development of County Government representation
markets and schools. in supporting initiatives.
• In 2019-2020, UNHCR and UN-Habitat will also

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 41

 6 CLEAN WATER
AND SANITATION

WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE

Major achievements:
• Solarisation of 20 out of the 22 operational boreholes. Key Priorities 2019-2020
Since UNHCR embarked on solarisation of borehole
water supply schemes in 2014, a significant reduction • Promote the establishment of a sustainable
of fuel use was realized over the years. For the average county driven water provision system.
10,000 m3 of water per day for Dadaab refugees,
• Expand availability of water for domestic,
1,710 litres is used now unlike in 2013 where 3,210
litres was used for the same 10,000m.3
institutional, livestock, agricultural and
• Attaining and sustaining a per capita water available industrial purposes.
of 29 litres is a significant step towards achieving • Enhancing equitable sustainable water
target 6.1 of the SDGs. supply.
• Latrine coverage of 76.8 per cent, which can be • Promote effective and efficient use of
enhanced by constructing 13,500 household latrines limited water resources, and maintain
in the next three years. supply of potable water.
• Various other interventions have been undertaken to • Improve access of communities to sanitary
mitigate against water shortages. These include water
facilities and solid waste management
tinkering and the activation of the rapid response
team charged with the responsibility of repairing
services.
boreholes during drought. • Promote hygiene awareness and practices.

Main Challenges: Budget 2019: $4,327,111*

• Low number of hygiene promoters currently number Budget 2020: $2,846,060
150 with a ratio of 1:1,467 against sphere standard
of 1:500. waste management services and promoting hygiene
• Limited storage facilities as the new solar photovoltaic awareness and practices.
(PV); diesel hybrids require higher storage capacity. • Achieve sustainable water service delivery, a water
Storage capacity at present is 4,550m3 which needs institution that conforms to one of the following five
to be at least 5,500m3 thus 8 per cent of the daily water delivery systems in Kenya; (i) Lease Operator
water demand in the camps. Model, (ii) Professional Manager Model, (iii) Private
• Limited landfills for solid waste from the refugee Operator Model, (iv) Delegated Management Model,
camps, insufficient waste management regime and or (v) Operation and Maintenance Service Contract.
the County governments’ and host community’s
reluctance to provide land for construction of landfills. Areas in need of attention:
• Inadequate equipment and tools to maintain borehole • Financial and human resource to monitor water levels
generators with most experiencing breakdowns. and quality in the greater Merti Aquifer.
• Declining water levels which is expected to further • Regulate waste water and effluents from farms and
decline because of population increase and climate other sources extending services to cover waste water
change. treatment management.
• Water quality expected to decline due to increased • Engage Garissa County to allocate land for 2 landfills
farming activities, flash floods, turbidity and excessive around Dagahaley and Ifo refugee camps.
use of water in the upstream. • Liaise with National government – Water Ministry,
over refugee – friendly water and sanitation service
Major planned responses: delivery models in line with GCR.
• UNHCR and partners to work with Garissa County
government linking local structures, promoting of the Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
establishment of a sustainable county driven water • Mapping of resources across the Sub-County.
provision system available for refugees and the host • There are currently only two staff for the management
community, expanding the availability of water for of 22 solar – diesel hybrid borehole water supply
domestic, institutional, livestock, agricultural and schemes in Dadaab operation. With a ratio of 02:22,
industrial purposes, promote effective and efficient there is an essential need to train staff on solar water
use of limited water resources, and maintaining pumping system to ensure quality and increased
supply of potable water along with improving coverage.
access of communities to sanitary facilities, solid

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

42 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 7 AFFORDABLE AND
CLEAN ENERGY 15 LIFE
ON LAND 12 RESPONSIBLE
CONSUMPTION
AND PRODUCTION
13 CLIMATE
ACTION

SUSTAINABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY

Major achievements:
• Fabrication and distribution of energy saving stoves Key Priorities 2019-2020
that has cut fuelwood consumption by 45 per cent.
UNHCR has also introduced alternative energy such • Improving energy efficiency through fuel
as ethanol and LPG and renewable energy (solar efficient stoves.
lamps, street lights and mini-grids). Provision of clean • Utilization of Prosopis as a source of
energy – a big opportunity for private sector and other
energy.
actors to come in.
• Prosopis juliflora – charcoal transformation project
• Scaling-up alternative energy solutions
for bridging the energy needs, getting rid of these such as ethanol and LPG for cooking.
invasive species as well as employment opportunity • Renewable energy for household and
for production and trade. This project is in line community lighting (solar lamps &
with the Garissa County Government, Ministry of streetlights).
Environment. • PV Solutions for powering institutions and
• Development of a roadmap on energy and livelihoods.
environment for the Dadaab operation for 2019- • Building a vibrant energy market and
2020.
incentivizing greater private-sector
Main Challenges:
engagement.
• Climate change and environmental challenges that
have profound adverse impacts on all sectors like
Budget 2019: $2,462,176*
livestock, agriculture, water, energy, health, wildlife Budget 2020: $1,478,227
and infrastructure.
• Increased frequency and intensity of drought and a significantly lower scale and gradually terminated
floods making families vulnerable and dependent on and a cluster of households will be supported with
aid. ethanol fuel.
• In the context of Dadaab, energy interventions are • Fabrication of Maendeleo firewood saving stove at
guided by provisions of the Safe Access to Fuel and the Stove Production Unit (SPU).
Energy (SAFE) Strategy (2015-2018) which promotes • Interventions in alternative energy solutions for
a gradual phase out of firewood use and adoption of cooking and lighting require building a vibrant
clean and sustainable alternative sources of energy. energy market and incentivizing greater private-
However, due to funding constraints, provisions of the sector engagement.
strategy have only been partially implemented.
• Environmental challenges arising from management Areas in need of attention:
of invasive alien species such as the Prosopis juliflora • In building a green economy, Garissa is looking into
(Mathenge). integrating biogas technology in its service industries
to subsidize energy requirements. This could be
Major planned responses: supported by tapping of solar and wind energy as
• The Dadaab operation will exploit emerging and well as manure for production of biogas. In addition,
innovative opportunities to address the energy deficit the invasive Prosopis juliflora (Mathenge) could
at a comprehensive level by promoting use of safe provide an opportunity to commercially promote
renewable energy technologies that minimize waste, efficient production of charcoal using improved kilns.
reduce environmental and indoors pollution and is This has the potential of keeping the charcoal prices
accessible to the poor households for both refugees affordable.
and host community. • The LAPSSET corridor has been identified but no
• PV solutions will be provided for powering schools, planning has been done across the corridor within
pumping water as well as acting as fuel saver for the county which could be supported by different
existing diesel generator sets in health centers and actors including the private sector in their spheres of
UNHCR field offices. Provision of solar lamps and expertise.
streetlights would greatly improve security.
• Partnerships will be enhanced with Garissa County Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
Government, UN Environment (UNEP) and other • Commercialization of alternative energy solutions to
actors in a bid to manage the risks posed by Prosopis meeting refugee energy needs. This entails a study
juliflora (Mathenge) through production of energy on the potential for private-sector engagement in
briquettes/charcoal and managing environmental the supply of alternative fuel for refugees and host
programme. communities. This, among others, requires unlocking
• Firewood intervention will be sustained although at the business potential for energy service delivery.

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 43

 URBAN PROGRAMME

T
he Urban refugee programme caters for 75,742 asylum-seekers and refugees (as of December
2018) residing mainly in Nairobi and other urban locations including Mombasa, Nakuru, Meru-
Maua and Isiolo. A high proportion of the refugees in urban areas are from DRC (40 per cent)
and Somalia (30 per cent) while a smaller proportion come from Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan,
Burundi and Rwanda. 51.4 per cent of the urban refugee population represents female and 38.7
per cent children and adolescents age 0-17. UNHCR projects that the urban refugee population will
increase from 75,742 in 2018, to 78,632 in 2020 if urban centres are recognised as legal residence
for persons of concern and the dispersed population is individually registered and assisted to return.

The protection environment in urban areas is complex and unpredictable as refugees continue to be
associated with insecurity and the encampment policy remains in force despite a Court of Appeal
decision to the contrary. Consequently, UNHCR continues to prioritize the preservation of urban
asylum space, promote access to asylum and respect for the principle of non-refoulement. Systematic
monitoring of border areas and detention facilities as well as capacity building of law enforcement,
immigration officers and other relevant stakeholders thus remain integral. Hand-in-hand with this is
the continued provision of legal aid and representation as well as supporting the ongoing Refugee Bill
and Refugee Policy processes.

For most refugees, life in Nairobi is a struggle. Areas in Nairobi East that mostly host refugees, such
as Kayole, Kasarani, Umoja and Githurai, are characterized by high degrees of informal economic
activity as well as poverty. Although refugees appear to be better off than they would be in camps,
they are worse off than the local host population across almost at all levels. Limited resources for
urban refugees impact self-reliance and livelihoods, child protection response (support foster care
arrangements, improve response mechanisms for children at-risk and increase BID and BIA output
for urban UASCs), education and services for persons with specific needs (this includes LGBTI, older
persons, persons with disabilities including the albinos, women at risk and single heads of households,
children, youth, minorities and marginalized groups, survivors of torture, trauma, gender-based
violence, sexual exploitation and abuse or harmful practices).

Community-based protection therefore, remains essential to the urban operations and requires
continuous enhancement to ensure refugees have access to existing services and facilities within their
host communities. Community engagement is enhanced in all aspects of protection responses. This
includes SGBV prevention and response, including exploring community safe housing and livelihood
safety nets, identification or use of foster care arrangements for separated children and unaccompanied
minors as well as foster training, vocational assistance including provision and access to primary
education and health care (through NHIF). A very small percentage of persons assessed as extremely
vulnerable or having specific protection needs (PSNs) continue to be targeted for assistance. Further,
self-reliance potential remains under-tapped; hence there is a need for continued scalable livelihood
support for refugee entrepreneurs in partnership with private financial institutions.

44 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 PROTECTION

Major achievements:
• RSD, registration and documentation functions have Key Priorities 2019-2020
been handed over to the Government of Kenya, where
UNHCR and authorities jointly conduct registration. • National refugee policy developed and the
The Refugee Appeals Board has started addressing its adoption of a new refugee law supported.
first cases as of September 2018. • Level of individual documentation increased.
• ProGres v4 (part of PRIMES) now collects refugee
• Quality of registration and profiling improved
data while offline when working from remote
locations, capture biometrics through BIMS and more
or maintained.
importantly, the system facilitates recording of both • Access to and quality of status determination
cash and in-kind assistance including for food and procedures improved.
non-food items assistance. • Access to the territory improved and risk of
• Through the introduction of a 24/7 toll-free Helpline refoulement reduced.
and Kiosk to Access Services and Information (KASI) • Access to legal assistance and legal remedies
platform refugees have access to key information in improved.
their UNHCR files and can make an appointment for • Risk of SGBV is reduced and quality of
various services.
response improved.
• A Complementary Pathways Strategy has been
finalised as part of the solution strategy for Kenya.
• Services for Persons with Specific Needs
The Labour Mobility pilot (2017) with the Government Strengthened.
of Canada and Talent beyond Boundaries (TBB) • Child protection is strengthened and youth
commenced in 2018 providing necessary support. targeting.
• A new Core Group for Enhanced Resettlement • Potential for durable solutions is realised (e.g.
and Complementary Pathways along the Central resettlement and complementary pathways;
Mediterranean Route has been established since voluntary return; and socio-economic inclusion
August 2017, which includes Djibouti, Ethiopia and and local integration for particular groups).
Kenya, targeting the most vulnerable refugees along
• The stateless population in Kenya is reduced
the route.
• UNHCR Risk Management Unit: UNHCR is heading
and their rights are promoted and protected.
the anti-fraud inter agency steering committee
maintaining regular coordination with project and
Budget 2019: $11,081,319*
operational partners in Kenya. Briefings and reports Budget 2020: $16,968,983
are shared with the international government partner
community every quarter. • Delays in production of refugee ID cards and errors
• At Nairobi level, a partnership with UNICEF has been resulting in backlog.
initiated to strengthen the child protection workforce, • Legislation, under which stateless persons can apply
specifically local Sub-Country Children’s Officers for citizenship, is set to expire in August 2019.
(SCCOs) - to be rolled-out in 2019. A high turnover of trained government officers
• Access to services for SGBV survivors has been on statelessness is also hindering progress and
improved through coordination and participation in necessitating more resources for capacity-building.
the UN Gender WG with links to national actors. • Lack of easy access to relevant and adequate
• A foster care network, including for emergency information from embassies on private/community
placements has been expanded. sponsorships and family reunification and high costs
• The Youth and the Child Protection Working Groups associated with the processes of acquiring visa and
are coordinating youth and protection activities. transport.
• More than 9500 stateless children and those at risk • Prospects for resettlement is low due to limited
of statelessness have been supported to acquire resettlement quotas.
birth certificates. Major breakthroughs also include • Legal challenges and a complex lengthy process
the creation of a National Task Force, the 2014 exacerbated by administrative procedures for local
draft Bill on the registration of people and the draft integration.
national action plan to eradicate statelessness. The • Documentation remains a big challenge for urban
Government has nominated a statelessness focal PoCs. Accessing financial services, work permits and
person, the Deputy Director of the Department of licences is difficult and police harassment is rampant
Immigration, which is expected to enhance decision- for PoCs who only have asylum-seeker documents.
making and predictability.
Major planned responses:
Main Challenges: • To shift from implementation to support and quality
• Inadequate IT infrastructure and equipment of RAS assurance, monitoring systems and in-house training
in regards to the handover/takeover of the refugee capacities as the Government gradually establishes
database system and in support to interoperability a quality, fair and sustainable refugee management
between RAS system and NRB systems. system.

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 45

• Maintain a focus on preserving asylum space and for the prevention and eradication of statelessness are
ensuring unhindered access to asylum procedures and also expected to be revised and efforts will continue to
protection responses. The greater role and increased be made in this regard.
responsibilities of the refugee community is key in the • Capacity development for key government entities and
delivery of protection. other relevant protection actors will be undertaken and
• With decreasing resources, creative ways of reaching UNHCR will continue to advocate for the inclusion of
out to the most vulnerable and providing timely refugees in strategies, plans, policies and programmes
protection interventions will be sought – notably in and their economic inclusion as a viable and
the field of prevention of, mitigation and responses sustainable solution.
to sexual and gender-based violence, identification
of children at-risk, youth and support to persons with Areas in need of attention:
specific needs (PSN) by UNHCR and partners. • Data collection on stateless persons.
• Access to traditional protection services will continue • Development of RAS in-house quality assurance and
and be expanded through various applications and monitoring mechanisms in RSD process.
platforms to enable PoCs to have more direct access • For children “ageing out” of child protection (CP)
to information or services needed, and receive timely assistance, there is little additional support to assist
feedback. Efforts will be made to strengthen existing with this transition in the form of livelihood or social
standard operating procedures, coordinate meetings assistance, hence there is need of more attention and
to discuss return or potential return activities and other donor support for this group.
durable solutions, with inclusive participation of the
Government of Kenya, country of origin Governments Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
in case of returns, implementing partners and other • Capacity building for registrars of births and deaths,
stakeholders. particularly in remote areas.
• The legal framework and administrative procedures

46 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 4 QUALITY
EDUCATION

EDUCATION

Major achievements:
• Refugees and asylum seekers residing in urban Key Priorities 2019-2020
areas across Kenya are already fully mainstreamed
in the national education system, and benefit from • Support inclusion of refugees and asylum-
full Government support. They attend public schools seekers in the national education system.
alongside their Kenyan counterparts, and in many • Expand access to alternative education.
cases, their refugee status is not known to those
• Increase access to public secondary
around them.
• Refugees in all locations follow the Kenyan curriculum
education.
and sit for Kenyan national examinations. • Increase access to post-secondary
• Language courses have been introduced for refugees education.
struggling with English. More refugees have their • Support the recognition of refugee
certificates from their countries of origin translated by qualifications and prior learning.
the Government of Kenya and accredited. • Improve education data, research,
• In 2013, UNHCR was supporting 85 learners per year innovation and information management.
through secondary school. By 2018 the number had
increased to 232. This number has been matched by Budget 2019: $1,492,121*
the efforts of operating partners working with refugees
in urban areas of Kenya.
Budget 2020: $2,026,297
• An extra-curricular camp has been attended by up
to 250 secondary school refugee children every year Major planned responses:
and refugee students have been supported with • Progressively advance the inclusion of refugees and
mentorship, life skills and peace building education asylum seekers in the national education system by
opportunities. strengthening collaboration and partnership between
• In urban areas, Free Day Secondary Education UN agencies, Government and other stakeholders
(FDSE) was extended to all learners enrolled in public and by aligning financing from Government and
secondary schools including refugees who continued partners to strengthen national systems and plans
to benefit from a capitation grant of $220 per year. with a focus on the delivery of quality education.
• Addressing quality education in a comprehensive
Main Challenges: manner, ensuring that healthy and well-nourished
• Lack of transition to secondary level from primary learners access knowledge and remain on a lifelong
school inhibits large numbers of refugee youth to learning path to support self-reliance and nurture
access post-primary qualifications, and therefore talent in line with national and regional commitments.
without means of gainful employment. It also results
in reduced engagement at primary level and a lower Areas in need of attention:
primary completion rate. • Explore partnerships with private learning institutions
• Limited engagement and funding to ensure access to at the secondary and post-secondary level, for
quality, relevant, safe, and inclusive education in the scholarship and research opportunities
hosting institutions, as well as the level of community • Explore partnerships to form a hybrid system of public
engagement, lack of psychosocial support, lack and private education opportunities supporting choice
formal education, bridging programmes, peace and sustainability.
education, and extra-curricular education. • Establish education data and information system in
• Education data collection on refugees. Unless a the urban areas
refugee learner is being supported by UNHCR or
a partner, it may not be known if or where they are Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
enrolled. Moreover, many refugees in the urban • Need for data collection on refugees in urban settings
areas have integrated into their communities and may focusing on access, completion and advancement in
not reveal their status if asked. the education system.

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 47

 3 GOOD HEALTH
AND WELL-BEING

HEALTH

Major achievements:
• 8,771 urban refugee households are enrolled in the Key Priorities 2019-2020
NHIF scheme and continue to access healthcare and
improved health options. • Health financing aligned to national
• Evaluation of the Urban National Health Insurance priority within Universal Health Coverage
Project. (UHC) of Big 4 Agenda of the Government
of Kenya.
Main Challenges:
• The burden of health financing which has been very
• Support access to healthcare for Persons
heavy for refugees most of whom live in low income with Specific Needs.
neighbourhoods and face water and sanitation
challenges, poor access to healthcare facilities, and Budget 2019: $1,679,779*
lack of resources to facilitate financing for healthcare Budget 2020: $2,125,564
needs.
• High cost of health services, especially for specialized • Provided the current Government policy on provision
and tertiary health care services. of free ARVs to all HIV-positive clients who qualify
prevails, it is envisioned that the PoCs will continue
Major planned responses: accessing ARVs from Government facilities under
• UNHCR, through the National Council of Churches of same condition as nationals.
Kenya (NCCK) will continue to support four Nairobi • Medical staff will work with community services and
County health facilities with high concentration of community leaders to ensure survivors of rape seek
urban refugees namely: Kayole, Kasarani, Eastleigh, assistance within stipulated timeframes.
Riruta and one health centre in Kitengela, Kajiado
County in order to enhance refugees and asylum Areas in need of attention:
seekers access to services and optimize NHIF • Advocacy for increased World Bank and private sector
utilization. involvement in service provision in urban refugee
• Provision of drugs to buffer supplies, support with areas for health services. With NHIF, refugees can
laboratory reagents as well as additional staff and seek services in public or private facilities.
interpreters, will continue to be provided to the five • Linking NHIF to livelihoods
health facilities so as to increase their absorption • Enhancing utilization of NHIF, including for conditions
capacity. that requires pre-authorization.
• Eastleigh health centre, having the highest • Advocacy for refugees with income to enrol with NHIF
concentration of PoCs will remain central to assistance while creating exit strategy for some of those being
in order to address any emerging need among the supported by UNHCR.
refugees and asylum seekers. • Consider development of a multi-year health
• Preventative reproductive health and HIV services will integration strategy with a focus on health insurance.
also be provided to 100 per cent of the PoCs having
access to comprehensive reproductive health and HIV Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
services, 100 per cent access to male and female • Assessments of livelihood and health financing
sexual interaction measures (condoms). linkages.

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

48 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 1 NOPOVERTY 8 DECENT WORK AND
ECONOMIC GROWTH

SELF-RELIANCE AND SOCIO-

ECONOMIC INCLUSION

Major achievements:
• Artisan refugees have access to local markets and the Key Priorities 2019-2020
total sales in 2018 were $ 30,000.
• Baseline and endline assessments have been • Self-reliance and livelihoods improved.
conducted of the urban livelihoods project • Enterprise development (including access to
implemented by the DRC. The assessment shows financial services/support for VSLAs) .
a positive impact on the expansion of businesses,
• MADE51 is expanded (artisan project/
increase in savings, sustainability of the businesses
and the creation of new jobs.
access to market).
• Socio-economic surveys and market
Main Challenges: assessments are conducted.
• The economic environment (high unemployment/
poverty rates at the national level and hence difficulties Budget 2019: $786,750*
for refugees as well to seek employment). Budget 2020: $267,273
• High competition in the informal sector.
• Lack of documentation (i.e. work permits) which providing jobs, internships, apprenticeships, trainings
hinders access to the formal sector, as well as the and sponsorships including others.
overall protection space which affects the sustainability • Support will be increased for self-employment through
of refugee businesses and the limited resources for advocacy for financial inclusion (access to micro-
urban refugees vis -a -vis their needs. loans, bank account, mobile money, non –financial
services and support for VSLAs) and facilitate access
Major planned responses: to market for small entrepreneurs and advocate for
• UNHCR’s urban livelihoods strategy is aimed at their inclusion in the existing value chains.
providing skills development, enterprise development,
safety nets and consumption support for refugees, Areas in need of attention:
as well as advocacy support for better access to • Institutional mapping of livelihoods services.
legal permits, admission to vocational institutions, • Develop a livelihoods database.
and access to financial services and livelihoods • Explore SEEP Network’s Minimum Economic Recovery
opportunities in the private sector. Standards (MERS), which offer guidance on what
• Advocacy with the government on removing legal and good programming looks like and what to consider
administrative barriers and facilitating the provision when planning activities.
of class M work permit and business licenses will be
promoted. Areas in need of Knowledge Development:
• Establish an information system which will facilitate • Market system analysis including value chains
access to information for refugees and integrate it in assessment per sector and the opportunities of
the existing public system i.e. Huduma and Biashara including refugees in the different value chains for self
centers. and wage employment.
• Institutional mapping of different service providers i.e. • Socio-economic profiling of the refugee population
training institutions, business incubators, academies that will guide the design of the livelihoods programme
as well as research institutions will conduct market and the establishment of a fair targeting system.
and other relevant assessments. • Explore available national services which can target
• Mapping of private entities will need to be done which refugees (e.g. institutions, academies, employment
will include refugees in their business model, i.e. agencies, Huduma centers, microfinance institutions).

*Comprehensive requirements for the year identified in an inter-agency needs assessment.

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 49

 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

KCRP Task Force

The KCRP Task Force is a voluntary working group of agencies that work in the Kenya refugee
operation and acts as an advisory body for the operation. Meeting quarterly, it identifies and reviews:
key strategic issues including operational priorities and modalities, needs for resource allocation and
prioritization and also resource mobilization based on tracked funding flows to the operation1. The
more comprehensive, inclusive and development oriented approach taken in this KCRP will need to be
reflected in the set-up of the Task Force in terms of members. New representatives and partners need
to be identified to supplement the current group of members.

Effective implementation will require that all stakeholders operate in a manner that promotes coherence,
ensuring that core programming principles and approaches are fully considered and applied under
the unifying principle of leaving no one behind. Harnessing the varying capabilities and benefiting
from comparative advantages that each stakeholder brings to the table is the hallmark of the KCRP.

KCRP Monitoring Framework

Joint programming is the collective effort through which partners will work together to prepare,
implement, monitor and evaluate activities aimed at effectively and efficiently achieving the KCRP
priorities. A multi-year monitoring framework for the collection, analysis and tracking progress on
priorities will be developed for accountability purposes.

The KCRP Task Force will design the monitoring and evaluation plan using a risk-based management
perspective which will ensure that proper controls are put in place and reliable analysis is used to ensure
continuous improvement. Data collection will record results and progress made against objectives on
a yearly basis. An annual review of the KCRP will be conducted to assess the performance of the plan
and appraise the plan for the remaining year. Monitoring findings and reports will be shared and
discussed with all stakeholders through the KCRP Task-force meetings and, where necessary, relevant
mitigation measures will be taken.

Risk Mitigation and Analysis

Based on the initial risk analysis submitted (in the M&E plan), risk registers will be established and
quarterly updated by reviewing the external environment that may affect the KCRP implementation.

1
Importantly, the KCRP Task Force is not a superordinate coordinating and monitoring body for the KISEDP. As earlier described, the KISEDP
has its own structure which will feed into the KCRP monitoring framework covering the Kenyan programme as a whole. The KCRP Task Force
will capitalize on the outcome of the KISEDP coordination and monitoring to enrich discussions on issues of concern to Dadaab and the urban
programme to some degree.

50 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

 ANNEX

Kakuma/Kalobeyei Partnership profile

Sector Agency Partners

Protection UN UNHCR

National and County RAS, Ministry of Labour and Social Protection, State Department for
Government Social Protection, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Education, Sports and
Social Protection, Ministry of Trade, Ministry of Justice, Civil Registration
Services, including registrars

Private Sector

NGOs NRC, LOKADO, DRC, LWF, RCK, , SAPCONE

CBOs

Other GIZ, Refugees

Education UN UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP

National and County Ministry of Education, Board of Management of Schools

Government

Private Sector

NGOs WIK, LWF

CBOs Catholic Diocese of Lodwar, Aphia Plus Imarisha

Other GIZ, Masinde Muliro University, Refugees

Health and Nutrition UN UNICEF, UNHCR, WHO, WFP

National and County Ministry of Health, Kakuma Mission Hospital, National Health Insurance
Government Fund

Private Sector

NGOs IRC, KRCS, AIC, LWF, Impact of Energy, EGPAF

CBOs

Other GIZ, World Bank, Refugees

Food Security, Agriculture, UN FAO, WFP , UNHCR

Livestock and Natural
Resource Management National and County Ministry of Agriculture, Pastoral Economy and Fisheries,,Ministry of
Government Tourism Culture and Natural Resources, Ministry of Water, Mineral
Resources and Environment, Kenya Forest Service

Private Sector InstaProducts Ltd, Commercial banks, Financial service providers

NGOs NRC, DCA, LWF, DRC

CBOs Producer groups, Community forest associations, Livestock marketing

associations

Other GIZ, KALRO, ICRISAT, KEFRI, Refugees

Self-reliance and Socio- UN UNHCR, WFP, FAO

economic inclusion
National and County RAS, Ministry of Economic Planning, Youth, Cooperatives, Ministry of
Government Labour and Social Protection, State Department for Social Protection

Private Sector World Bank, IFC, Equity Bank

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 51

 Sector Agency Partners

NGOs AAHI, DRC, NRC, DCA, FH, Xavier Project, LWF, Swiss Contact, WVI,
LOKADO, Kenya Red Cross, SNV, NCCK, Don Bosco

CBOs URISE

Other GIZ, Refugees and host community

Shelter, Spatial Planning UN UNHABITAT, UNHCR

and Infrastructure
National and County County Government of Turkana, Turkana Sub-West County, RAS, Ministry
Government of Lands, Energy, Housing and Urban Area Management, Ministry of
Infrastructure, Transport and Public Works

Private Sector Equity Bank (financial service provider for CBI)

NGOs NCCK, PWJ, NRC, LOKADO

Other World Bank , Local and national contractors/suppliers – refugees and

host community members

Water, Sanitation and UN WFP, FAO, UNHCR,UNESCO

Hygiene
Government and County Government of Kenya through Refugee Affairs Secretariat (RAS), County
Government of Turkana, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Ministry of
Public Health

Private Sector Contractors to be determined as and when the procurement process is

complete

NGOs NRC, PWJ, AAHI, WVI, KRCS, Team&Team, LWF, LOKADO, Sanivation

CBOs

Other GIZ, Refugees and host community

Sustainable and Clean UN UNHCR, FAO

Energy
National and County Ministry of Lands, Energy, Housing and Urban Area Management,
Government Ministry of Trade, Ministry of Finance and Planning

Private Sector

NGOs SNV, LOKADO

Other GIZ, Refugees and host community

DADAAB SECTORAL PARTNERSHIP PROFILE

Sector Agency Partners

Protection UN UNHCR, UNICEF

Government and County County Governments of Garissa and Wajir, County Children’s Officer,
Judicial Officers of Garissa and Wajir;, Ministry of Labour and Social
Protection, State Department for Social Protection

Private Sector NA

INGOs Save the Children, Terre des hommes, NRC, LWF, RET, DRC, WIK, IRC.

NGOs Refugee Consortium of Kenya

Other Refugees

52 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

Sector Agency Partners

Education UN UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP

Government and County Ministry of Education, Ministry of Interior

Private Sector Vodafone Foundation

NGOs WIK, LWF, AVSI, NRC, Save the Children

CBOs

Other Universities, Refugees, Host community

Health and Nutrition UN WHO, UNICEF, WFP

Government and County Garissa County Ministry of Health

Private Sector

NGOs International Rescue Committee(IRC), Kenya Redcross Society(KRCS),

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF Swiss)

CBOs

Other Kenyatta National Hospital, African Medical and Research Foundation

AMREF, Refugees and host community

Food Security, Agriculture, UN WFP, FAO, UN Environment, UNDP, UN Habitat, UNESCO, UNHCR
Livestock and Natural
Resource Management Government and County Government Line Ministries in Charge of Environment and Natural
Resources, Agriculture, Water, Forests, Lands, Mineral Resources and
Environment, RAS and DCC

Private Sector

NGOs KRCS, RRDO, FaIDA, DRC, LWF, NRC, ICRC, CARE International, PIDAD

CBOs Water User Associations, Environmental Working Groups

Other EU, DFID, WB

Water, Sanitation and UN UNICEF, WFP, IOM

Hygiene (WASH)
Government and County County Governments of Garissa and Wajir, Line ministries of Water and
Health

Private Sector Davis & Shirtliff, Solargen Technologies, Epicenter Africa, Amiran, Hydro
Water Wells Ltd, DSS, Export-Hydro Pump & Services (Africa) Ltd

NGOs CARE, NRC, Faida, RRDO, PIDAD

CBOs Hagadera, Dagahaley & Ifo Market Water Committees

Other Host community water user associations in the villages surrounding the
three refugee camps, refugees and host community

Self-reliance and Socio- UN UNHCR, WFP

economic inclusion
Government and County Education, Agriculture, Trade, Environment, NITA, KALRO, T-VETA,
County Administration, , Ministry of Labour and Social Protection, State
Department for Social Protection

Private Sector Private firms, Consultant Trainers, Solar Energy, Local Banks

NGOs LWF, NRC, DRC

CBOs RRDO, FAIDA

Other Refugees and host community

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 53

 Sector Agency Partners

Shelter, Spatial Planning UN UNHCR, UNHABITAT

and Infrastructure
Government and County Government of Kenya through Refugee Affairs Secretariat (RAS), County
Government of Garissa, Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing
and Urban Development

Private Sector Contractors

NGOs CARE, PWJ, DRC, NRC

CBOs Shelter construction cooperatives

Other World Bank and Host community and refugees engaged as casual
labour

Sustainable and Clean UN UN Environment, WFP, FAO, UNHCR, UNESCO, UNHABITAT, UNDP
Energy
Government and County Line Ministries and Departments in Charge of Energy, Agriculture,
Environment, Forests, Lands, RAS and DCC

Private Sector Strathmore University Renewable Energy Centre, Energy 4 Impact, Hashi
Energy Kenya (Ltd), PROSOL Ltd.

NGOs KRCS, RRDO, FaIDA, PIDAD, DRC

CBOs Ishaqbini Hirola Community, Environment Working Group

Other World Bank, EU, ICRAF

URBAN PARTNERSHIP PROFILE

Sector Agency Partners

Protection UN UNHCR, IOM, OHCHR, UNFPA, UNICEF, UNFPA

National and County RAS, Ministry of Interior, Parliament and Attorney General’s office, RAB
Government and Judiciary (High Court), Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Kenya
National Commission on Human Rights , Members of the National
Assembly, State Department of Gender, Sub County Gender Department,
National Council for Persons living with Disabilities, Ministry of Labour
and Social Protection, State Department for Social Protection

Private Sector

NGOs For refugees: Kituo cha Sheria, RCK, HIAS, RefuShe, NCCK,
Technobrain, Windle Trust, WUSC, Refuge point, GALCK, KHRC, CVT,
JRS, MSF. For stateless persons: Haki Centre Organisation Mombasa,
Haki na Sheria –Garissa, Plan International Kenya, NAMATI, EACSOF
Kenya, University of Nairobi, The Asian Foundation, Kenya Human
Rights Commission, Nubian Rights Forum, Open Society Initiative for
Eastern Africa,

CBOs

Other Members of the Task Force for the Review of Policy and Refugee
Bill, Resettlement and Complementary Pathway countries, Host
communities of Kericho, Kajiado, Kwale, Kilifi & Meru, National Police
Service, Stateless persons and their host communities, Refugees,
Community Committees (refugee and host community), local community
administration i.e. Chiefs

Education UN UNHCR

National and County Ministry of Education (MoE)

Government

54 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020

Sector Agency Partners

Private Sector

NGOs Xavier Project, WIK

Other Equity Wings to Fly, KCB, Barclays, Cooperative bank and Mpesa
Foundation Academy

Health UN UNHCR, UNFPA, WFP

National and County Ministry of Health, County Health Department, NHIF

Government

Private Sector

NGOs NCCK, IRC, MSF, HIAS, CVT

CBOs

Other German Medical Center, Uhai Neema Hospital, CDC, refugees

Self-reliance and Socio- UN UNDP, UNHCR, WFP

economic inclusion
National and County RAS and sub-counties; Ministry of Labour and Social Protection, State
Government Department for Social Protection

Private Sector Toyota, Oracle, CISCO, Equity

NGOs AVSI, DRC, JRS, IRC, Refuge Point, RefuSHE

CBOs LGBTI and other CBOs

Other Refugees

KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020 55

56 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME | 2019-2020
 KENYA COMPREHENSIVE REFUGEE PROGRAMME
2019-2020
Programming for Inclusive Solutions and Sustainable Development

1 NOPOVERTY 2 ZERO
HUNGER 3 GOOD HEALTH
AND WELL-BEING 4 QUALITY
EDUCATION 5 GENDER
EQUALITY 6 CLEAN WATER
AND SANITATION 7 AFFORDABLE AND
CLEAN ENERGY 8 DECENT WORK AND
ECONOMIC GROWTH 9 INDUSTRY INNOVATION
AND INFRASTRUCTURE

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Lynwood Court, Westlands, Nairobi
P. O. Box 43801 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya 10 REDUCED
INEQUALITIES 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES
AND COMMUNITIES 12 RESPONSIBLE
CONSUMPTION
AND PRODUCTION
13 CLIMATE
ACTION 14 LIFE
BELOW WATER 15 LIFE
ON LAND 16 PEACE, JUSTICE
AND STRONG
INSTITUTIONS
17 PARTNERSHIPS
FOR THE GOALS

©UNHCR Kenya, 2019