UNIVERSITY OF KARBALA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PETROLEUM ENG. DEP

Supervisor/Dr.Maaly salah asad

Students Group

1-Etimad Basheer

2-Zainab Hussein

3-Ali Mahmoud Ayal

4- Hussein Luqman

date

8/6/2020
Abstract

So-called ‘smart’ or ‘intelligent’ wells are equipped with downhole sensors to monitor
well and reservoir conditions, and valves to control the inflow of fluids from the
reservoir to the well. This combination of monitoring and control technology has the
potential to significantly improve oil and gas recovery. However, considerable
challenges remain in the formulation of control strategies to operate the valves during
production, particularly when there is uncertainty associated with the reservoir
description. The SWARM Group focuses on two key research areas:

1-The development of downhole reservoir imaging technology to monitor changes in

water saturation or other reservoir parameters of interest at some distance from an
instrumented well. Reservoir imaging facilitates proactive inflow control, in which
control actions are taken before adverse changes in flow reach the well. Our focus is
currently on monitoring using downhole measurements of spontaneous potential.

2-The development of control strategies for smart well operations which are based on
feedback between downhole measurements and valve settings, rather than the
predictions of well and reservoir models. The problem with model-based control
strategies is that models are always uncertain to some degree. Even history-matched
models can lack predictive value, especially at the temporal and spatial resolution
required to optimize inflow to a well.

Introduction

Smart Wells is an innovative technology applied to improve production efficiency. It

allows production from two pay intervals at the same time. This technology requires
the installation of downhole automatic equipment to continuously gather and transmit
information to the surface on production or fluid injection profiles. The Smart Well
technology allows measuring flows from each producing formation in real time and
regulating water injection rates in injection wells. A standard configuration of
downhole equipment will not have this option: additional work is required to
determine the flow from each interval or how much water is injected into each of the
formations. Expensive workovers are required to change the flow or injection profile.
Besides, the Smart Well technology creates additional economic and environmental
benefits, since it allows a reduction in the number of well pads and associated field
infrastructure, and also helps meet the requirements of environmental regulations.

Smart" or "intelligent" wells are advanced wells with sensors and valves installed
downhole to allow for easy monitoring and regulation. The valves are adjusted
remotely based on conditions detected by the sensors. [1] The first smart well was
WellDynamics' Surface Controlled Reservoir Analysis and Management System,
implemented in 1997 at Saga Petroleum's Snorre oil field in the North Sea. Since
then, hundreds of smart well systems have been put into operation around the world.

Theory

Benefits

Smart wells enhance reservoir management in several ways:-

The ability to alter reservoirs remotely, without intervention, is both economical and
expedient. Smart well technology was specifically pioneered for this purpose,
although its applications have been expanded since then. [3] While traditional
wirelines are cheap and effective when dealing with easily accessible wells, they are
unfit for subsea and extended reach completions, which have become increasingly
prevalent. Maintaining deepwater work platforms from which to perform the
interventions is costly. Furthermore, mechanically manipulating valves thousands of
feet below the surface of the ocean can be risky. [4] Smart well technology utilizes
hydraulic and electrical power, and provides a way to adjust valves without direct
intervention. [3,4]

While originally conceived for the above reasons, smart wells have become an
important tool for accelerating recovery. The valves can be adjusted to minimize the
production of water and other undesirable effluents and to maximize oil recovery. The
downhole sensors provide real time collection of flow rate, pressure, temperature, and
even seismic data, allowing analysis of each production zone. [2] This data can be
used in one of two ways: "reactive mode," with valves reset whenever problems are
detected, or, less commonly, "defensive mode," where the data is used in conjunction
with production models and simulations to optimize performance and lift costs. [1,5]

Smart well technology is particularly useful in its ability to regulate different branches
or segments of the well independently, an ability which is valuable for multilateral
wells (wells with multiple branches) and wells with complex or fragmented structure.
[3] It provides a solution to the problem of small, closely spaced reservoirs. Before
smart wells, such reservoirs usually had to be produced sequentially, which was
wasteful and sometimes economically unviable. However, with smart well
technology, such reservoirs can be commingled, with each branch controlled
separately using the variable valves. [4]

Reasons for intelligent well completion

The instances in which IWC’s are suitable for are thus- COMMINGLED
PRODUCTION • Some fields have two or more reservoirs that could be produced at
the same time (usually at different depths) but these reservoirs could have different
petro physical properties, fluid characteristics and/or different pressures. INJECTION
PROFILE ISSUES • Due to the subdivision by some Fluid units inside the same
reservoir with different petro physical properties, differential depletion occurs (some
flow units deplete faster than others) during the production process or differential
replacement occurs (some fluids units build up their pressure faster than others), when
injecting fluids for pressure support. DUMP FLOOD STRATEGIES • Enhanced Oil
Recovery (EOR) strategies are among the most complex , successful but expensive
methods for maximizing final recovery of reserves. Reducing costs in these projects is
highly desirable.

Applications

1. WATER AND GAS SHUT OFF

2. OPTIMAL SEQUENTIAL PRODUCTION

3. COMMINGLED PRODUCTION

4. INTELLIGENT WATER FLOODING

5. INTELLIGENT GAS LIFT

6. MONITORING

7. DOWNHOLE PRODUCTION TEST

8. SAND CONTROL

9. CHEMICAL INJECTION SYSTEM

Optimization

The main challenge of smart wells is optimizing their operation. Many competing
optimization algorithms, both deterministic and stochastic, have been put to this task.
Deterministic optimization algorithms are generally classified as either derivative-free
or gradient-based; the former is simpler but can be quite slow, while the latter is
potentially very quick to converge but sometimes requires too much calculation to be
practical. [2] However, deterministic algorithms, by definition, always converge to the
same optimum given the same initial conditions, which may or may not be the global
optimum. [5,6] The advantage of stochastic algorithms is that, sooner or later, the
global optimum will be reached, assuming the algorithm is not terminated
prematurely. Stochastic derivative-free methods are a popular choice for smart well
optimization, particularly genetic algorithms. [6]

APPLICATIONS

An intelligent well allows control of flow into or out of the reservoir without physical
intervention, with or without downhole sensors and monitoring. Since the first
SCRAMS® system was installed seven years ago, over 185 intelligent well systems
have been installed worldwide by a number of suppliers and service companies. The
principal application of intelligent well technology is the ability to actively manage
the reservoir recovery process. Intelligent wells can control the distribution of water
or gas injection in a well between layers, compartments or reservoirs. They can
restrict or exclude production of unwanted effluents from different zones in a
production well. The operator can manage where he injects water or extracts oil to
mobilize unswept reserves. This is particularly important for wells with complex
architecture, extended reach, long horizontal or multilateral wells, and for reservoirs
characterized by high degrees of anisotropy, heterogeneity or compartmentalization.
Many reserve accumulations have been discovered that are too small to be
economically developed on their own, and many of these small reserves are stacked or
in close proximity. Sequential exploitation does not produce the oil fast enough or in
great enough volumes to be economic under conventional development methods. The
solution is to commingle the uneconomic reserves. Intelligent well technology
addresses the reservoir management and regulatory concerns with commingling by
providing individual reservoir control, the ability to prevent cross flow, and the ability
to allocate flow to each reservoir. BUSINESS DRIVERS Increased hydrocarbon
reserve recovery and accelerated production have long been recognized as the key
value drivers for adoption of intelligent well technology. However, the majority of
intelligent well applications to date have been in offshore platform and subsea
installations, driven largely by the economics of avoiding future well intervention
costs. Intelligent well business drivers will differ for each application, and justifying
the additional expense of intelligent wells based on increased reserve recovery can be
difficult. In today’s financial environment, reduction in capital expenditure of a
development project is critical. In terms of intelligent wells, this means that the same
or better asset performance must be realized by fewer intelligent wells than the base
case development plan with conventional wells. Using extended reach horizontals,
multilaterals or commingled completions leveraged with intelligent well technology
can reduce the number of wells required to develop a structure. To overcome the
reservoir management disadvantages of these complex well architectures, intelligent
well technology provides monitoring and control of the movement of fluids
downhole. Finally, downhole sensing allows the operator to better understand the
reservoir and recovery process and to make faster and more informed operational
decisions. The dividends are improved utilization of asset infrastructure, reduced
effluent production, accelerated production, improved hydrocarbon recovery, and
better selection of infill well locations and numbers of wells to efficiently develop an
asset. INTELLIGENT COMPLETIONS The main functionalities of intelligent wells
are downhole flow control and sensing. There are three key components used in most
intelligent well completions: downhole flow control valves or interval control valves
(ICVs); downhole sensors; and isolation packers. Ancillary components and systems,
including power and communication lines, clamps, splice subs, surface and sub-
surface control systems, and data acquisition and control systems, support these
components. Several flow control capabilities, actuation methods and choke trim
designs are available. Downhole flow control valves may be binary (on-off), limited
discrete positioning, or infinitely variable. Actuation methods may be hydraulic
(balanced or mechanical/gas spring return), electric, or hybrid electro-hydraulic. The
selection of the right flow control option is critical, as it may have an impact on the
number of zones/intervals that can be realistically controlled in one well, and may
affect the overall reliability of the integrated system. There are many sensor
technology options. The most widespread downhole sensor technology in use is the
electronic pressure/temperature gauge. Combining pressure/temperature gauges with a
differential pressure flow measurement element, such as a venturi, allows suppliers to
offer downhole flow meters

DIGITAL HYDRAULICS

The Digital Hydraulics system is a closed loop, all hydraulic actuator control system.
It uses digital (binary) code impressed on the hydraulic lines to command a suite of
downhole flow control valves or ICVs. The patented Digital Hydraulics concept uses
the logical presence of pressure or absence of pressure to communicate between the
surface controller and the downhole tools. The precise pressure level or time for
which it is applied is unimportant. This system is simple to operate yet gives reliable
command and communication to a large number of tools while minimizing the
number of control lines. The key component of the Digital Hydraulics system is the
Digital Hydraulics ―decoder― unit, a device that detects and responds to the sequenced
application of control line pressure to enable communication with the ICV actuator
piston. All decoder units in the well are connected to all the hydraulic control lines so
that they will respond to only one sequence of applied pressures. Once activated, the
decoder unit allows U-tube communication between two of the downhole control
lines across the ICV piston. With this technology, three control lines can control up to
six downhole tools, and four control lines can control up to twelve downhole tools.
Seven Digital Hydraulics systems have been installed. The greatest number of zones
controlled in one well with the Digital Hydraulics system is five zones,

Simplify intelligent completion design—with flexibility

Whether you are planning a few simple multizone wells or a field of complex
multilaterals, you can rely on Schlumberger expertise for preconfigured intelligent
completion systems that deliver maximum performance for specific economic and
technical conditions.

Each system is fully integrated to maximize production control, reduce costs, simplify
well planning, and increase downhole control for a targeted well type. All systems
include temperature and pressure monitoring, communication and control lines, and
intuitive surface systems to help you manage your wells.

Smart well systems

The objective of the smart-well system is to maximize value, which could include –
increased production, improved reserves recovery, minimized capital and operating
expenditures. Systems are monitored and operated to optimize a given parameter by
varying, for example, the inflow profile from various zones or perhaps the gas lift
rate. Remote monitoring and control capabilities include: pressure and temperature
.sensors; multiphase flowmeters; flow-control devices
.These points articulate key objectives of the intelligent well system

1_.Improved recovery (optimize for zonal/manifold pressures, water cuts, and sweep

Improved zonal/areal recovery monitoring and allocation (locate remaining oil and
define infill development targets)

2_.Optimized production ,improved lift, acceleration, and reduced project life

3_.Minimized capital investment to exploit an asset

4_.Reduced intervention and operating costs

5_.Optimized water handling

Smart-well technology can deliver improved hydrocarbon production and reserves

recovery with fewer wells. Intelligent-well technology can improve the efficiency of
waterfloods and gasfloods in heterogeneous or multilayered reservoirs when applied
to injection wells, production wells, or both. The production and reservoir data
acquired with downhole sensors can improve the understanding of reservoir behavior
and assist in the appropriate selection of infill drilling locations and well designs.
Intelligent-well technology can enable a single well to do the job of several wells,
whether through controlled commingling of zones, monitoring and control of multiple
laterals, or even allowing the well to take on multiple simultaneous functions—
injection well, observation well, and production well.
Flow Control
To control flow from the formation, well operators may remotely open, close or adjust
the choke setting of downhole valves. The on-off option allows operators to shut off
production from a zone from which they may wish to delay production, has become
depleted or begins to produce unwanted gas or water. In addition, by closing all but
one zone and monitoring a pressure gauge at the sandface, operators can replicate
.)much of the information that is available from wireline production logs (Figure 1
Figure 1. Production log-type data without intervention. In a multizone IC, each zone
is isolated, monitored and controlled. The flowing bottomhole pressure (FBHP) may
be measured as flow from Zone 2 (red arrows) by closing the flow control valve
(FCV) across Zone 1 (top), while reservoir buildup pressures in the shut-in Zone 1 are
measured. By closing the FCV across Zone 2 and opening Zone 1 (bottom), reservoir
pressure may be determined in Zone 2 and FBHP from Zone 1. This technique may be
.applied to any number of zones

Additional downhole flow control valves allow operators to regulate flow rates at the
sandface. Changing choke settings by varying the size of the valve flow port,
production engineers can control the pressure and volume contribution from a
formation without shutting it off. This feature allows operators to commingle
production from differently pressured zones without creating crossflow, in which flow
.from a higher-pressured zone flows into a zone of lower pressure

By varying choke sizes at the sandface, engineers can also change the relative
contribution of each zone to overall well production. This ability allows operators to
optimize production over time as individual zones experience changes in rate,
pressure, gas/oil ratio or water/oil ratio. Changing flow rates from individual zones
allows operators to reduce drawdown pressures at specific points in the reservoir and
thus control water and gas coning. Coning is the unwanted preferential flow of water
or gas that results from pressure drawdown at a perforated interval. Engineers can also
optimize sweep efficiency by using adjustable flow valves to increase or decrease gas
.or water injection rates at targeted intervals

Operators may place flow control valves at multilateral well junctions, where the
main wellbore and high-angle and horizontal wellbores, or laterals, drilled from it are
joined. To optimize production from each lateral, engineers equip the lateral
production liner with inflow control devices (ICDs), which create increased
backpressure as flow velocity through them increases. By exerting backpressure at
intervals along the liner that is inversely proportional to fluid velocity, ICDs hinder
the flow of high-pressure fluids or fluids flowing through highly permeable strings
within an interval. This allows fluids from lower-pressured or less-permeable
intervals to flow into the lateral wellbore. In addition, ICDs are used in oil wells to
reduce water and gas flow rates in lateral wells when these phases are able to flow
.through the formation more easily than does the oil

Monitoring
Effective flow control is only possible when used in conjunction with permanent
downhole gauges that are able to accurately monitor production variables in real time.
In recent years, the ability to gather pressure and temperature measurements at the
formation and transmit them to the surface in real time, along with greatly increased
sensor longevity and reliability, has changed the role of ICs from intervention
.avoidance to reservoir management tool

Unlike earlier pressure-temperature gauges that remained downhole for a few hours or
days, modern downhole permanent pressure and temperature gauges are designed for
long-term deployment. Rated to work in pressures and temperatures as high as 172
MPa [25,000 psi] and 180ºC [356ºF], they derive their longevity and reliability from
the use of quartz and sapphire transducers, welded assemblies, corrosion-resistant
.alloys and durable electronic components

Because data obtained from permanent downhole gauges are acquired over an
extended period of time, engineers are able to use them as a means for gathering
insight into the reservoir. Monitoring systems have been designed that also measure
flow rate and fluid density. These measurements can be used in pressure transient
analysis to estimate the permeability, skin and drainage area over the life of the well.
Skin is an estimation of flow efficiency; positive skin values refer to reduced flow
compared to that from an undamaged formation. Engineers can use that data to
.identify production and reservoir anomalies such as water and gas breakthrough

Operators may use fiber-optic cables deployed along the length of the production
tubing to monitor downhole conditions. These distributed temperature sensors (DTSs)
provide data that may be analyzed to quantify inflow profiles along the entire length
of the well, allowing operators to immediately see, understand and react to changes in
flow patterns from individual zones (Figure 2)

Figure 2. Distributed temperature sensor (DTS) profile. Changes in temperature

profiles along the length of a well are caused by commingled flow from multiple
zones. By comparing flowing temperature profiles captured using permanent fiber-
optic DTSs over time and correlated to a gamma ray log, operators are able to detect
the origin and cause of changes to that profile. In this instance, deviation between the
original DTS profile above the monitored zone (green shading) and the later DTS
profile can be clearly traced to the zone defined by the gamma ray log (tan shading)
because the profile becomes constant below the producing zone (gray shading)

Well Design
Because intelligent wells include complex assemblies, engineers typically rely on
computer programs to help them select, coordinate and manage them. These software
programs allow designers to import wellbore and trajectory information into modeling
programs that are used to create and analyze various casing and tubing designs.
Available reservoir—data such as number and depths of zones, oil and gas gravities,
hydrocarbon composition, initial and final reservoir pressures and productivity
.indexes—are used as input for production modeling

Using production models, operators are able to calculate total flow rate and
production contribution from each zone. They can then add restraints to the design,
such as the number of control lines available or the number of zones to be produced,
and choose the well design and production scenario that optimizes hydrocarbon
recovery. By varying choke settings within the model, the operator can observe the
impact on individual zonal contribution and overall production and customize flow
.control valve settings before the wells are completed

To maximize the benefits of real-time downhole monitoring and control capabilities,

operators must process and act on a significant volume of data throughout the life of
the well. To accomplish this, downhole data are sent to operator offices through
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, where they are analyzed
using production optimization software. A steady-state, multiphase flow simulator
uses modeling algorithms for nodal analysis to compare the data with those expected
from optimal settings and take corrective actions such as changing choke settings and
.flow rates at one or more intervals

In some advanced systems, the operator inputs a target production rate or other
parameters such as water production levels, and the program adjusts the down-hole
chokes to achieve the desired result. The target parameter may be set for a zone, well
or entire field. Software programs designed for intelligent well control and monitoring
may be expanded fieldwide to notify operators of equipment performance deviations
.or to capture production trends in the field over time

Customize systems and components to meet specific requirements

When an order is received, an intelligent completion system is configured to meet

your specifications. Schlumberger engineers perform extensive testing and analysis of
each system at every development stage, from initial component testing to final
system-level qualification testing. This ensures reliable, robust operations of the entire
integrated system for the specified downhole conditions over the life of the well.
Single-trip intelligent completions

For wells without conventional ESPs and single or multilayered reservoirs

Multilateral intelligent completions

For wells with or without artificial lift and two or more wellbores

Extended-Reach intelligent completions

For wells with or without ESPs and with long steps-outs and challenging completion
running conditions

Multitrip intelligent completions

For wells without ESPs and with multilayered or multiple reservoirs

The degree of technology adoption depends on several key factors

which will determine what types of intelligent systems are implemented. These
factors include:

*- objectives
*-level of complexity;

*-feasibility of implementing the selected completion system considering the

engineering, technical and geological conditions of the well construction and
design;

*-cost of imported equipment and the high-quality components required for a

successful operation;

*-oil price;

*-sanctions policy;

*-import substitution policy;

*-limited capabilities of Russian suppliers to provide intelligent well completion

services.

Conclusion
As reserves disappear, innovation becomes the key to avoiding a decline in oil
production. Smart wells are an exciting new technology with a high rate of success.

References
[1] I. Aitokhuehi and L.J. Durlofsky , "Optimizing the Performance of Smart Wells in
Complex Reservoirs Using Continuously Updated Geological Models," J. Petroleum
Sci. Eng. 48, 254 (2005).

[2] Y. Shuai et al., "Using Multiscale Regularization to Obtain Realistic Optimal

Control Strategies," One Petro 142043-MS, Proc. SPE Reservoir Simulation
Symposium, 21 Feb 11.

[3] M. Konopczynski, "Intelligent Wells Can Improve Reservoir Performance,"

Drilling Contractor, March/April 2004, p. 37.

[4] S. Dyer et al., "Intelligent Completions - A Hands-Off Management Style,"

Oilfield Review, Winter 2007/2008, p. 4.

[5] B. Yeten et al., "Decision Analysis under Uncertainty for Smart Well
Deployment," J. Petroleum Sci. Eng. 43, 183 (2004).

[6] B. Yeten, L.J. Durlofsky and K. Aziz, "Optimization of Nonconventional Well

Type, Location, and Trajectory," Soc. Petrol. Eng. J. 8, 200 (2003).