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Ground Water Improvement Techniques

This document discusses various groundwater improvement techniques. It begins by defining groundwater and aquifers. Artificial groundwater recharge is introduced as a process to improve groundwater levels faster than natural conditions. Key techniques are then outlined in three categories: direct surface methods like percolation tanks and flooding; direct subsurface methods like recharge wells and dug wells; and indirect methods like induced recharge and aquifer modification. The document concludes by listing some advantages of artificial groundwater recharge like enhancing yields and improving water quality.

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Leon Fourone
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114 views28 pages

Ground Water Improvement Techniques

This document discusses various groundwater improvement techniques. It begins by defining groundwater and aquifers. Artificial groundwater recharge is introduced as a process to improve groundwater levels faster than natural conditions. Key techniques are then outlined in three categories: direct surface methods like percolation tanks and flooding; direct subsurface methods like recharge wells and dug wells; and indirect methods like induced recharge and aquifer modification. The document concludes by listing some advantages of artificial groundwater recharge like enhancing yields and improving water quality.

Uploaded by

Leon Fourone
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GROUND WATER

IMPROVEMENT
TECHNIQUES
contents

 Introduction
 What is it?
 Why its necessary?
 Selection of suitable site
 Advantages
 Techniques
INTRODUCTION

GROUND WATER
• The water which is stored in the pores of the soil strata by
infiltration is known as groundwater.
• Therefore the groundwater may defined as all the water
present below the earth surface.
AQUIFER
• It is an underground geological formation which contains
sufficient amount of water and required amount of water
can be extracted economically using water wells
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE?

It is the process by which the


ground water is improved at a
rate much higher than those
under natural condition of
percolation.
IMPORTANCE OF
ARTIFITIAL RECHARGE
To maximize storage(long-term &
seasonal)
Water quality improvement through
dilution
Preventing saline-water intrusion & land
subsidence
Reducing reduction volumes from river
flow
Controlling effects of climate change
IDENTIFICATION OF AREAS FOR
RECHARGE
 Where ground water levels are declining due to
over-exploitation.
 Where substantial part of the aquifer has already
been de-saturated. i.e. regeneration of water in
wells and hand pumps is slow after some water
has been drawn.
 Where availability of water from wells and hand
pumps is inadequate during the lean months.
 Where ground water quality is poor and there is
TECHNIQUES

Direct Methods Indirect Methods


Surface method= to enhance
groundwater infiltration by
providing more residence time with Induced Recharge Method
the help of structural and non-
structural measures

Subsurface method Aquifer Modification Method


 SURFACE METHOD
STREAM DITCH &
PERCOLATION
FLOODING AUGMENTATION FURROW CONTOUR BUND
TANK
SYSTEM

 SUBSURFACE METHODS

RECHARGE PITS &


DUG WELL
WELLS SHAFTS
PERCOLATION TANK
 Series of earthen dams are
constructed on suitable sites for
storing of adequate quantity of
surface water.
 Tank area should be selected in
such a way that significant
amount of water infiltrates
through the bed of the tank and
reaches the groundwater table.
 Effective in alluvial area, hard
rock area.
 Useful in providing continuous
recharge after the monsoon.
flooding
 Flat
region where water can
be spread as a thin layer.
 Water is distributed over the
region using a distribution
system.
 Thismethod can achieve
higher rate of infiltration in a
region having thin vegetation
cover or sand soil cover.
Stream augmentation
 Seepage from natural stream or
river is artificially increased by
putting some series of check dams
across the river or stream.
 The placing of check dams spread
the water in a larger area which
eventually increases groundwater
recharge.
 The sites for the check dams
should be selected in such a way ARIZONA
that sufficient thickness of
permeable bed or weathered bed is
DITCH & FURROW SYSTEM
 Uneven terrain.
 A system of closely
spaced flat bottom ditch
or furrow is used to
carry the water from the
source.
 This system provides
more opportunity to
percolate the water into
the ground.
 The spacing of the ditch
depends on the
permeability of the soil.
For less permeable soil,
CHINA RISE PADDIES

CONTOUR BUND
 Contour bund is a
small embankment
constructed along the
contour in hilly region
to retain the surface
runoff for longer time.
 This scheme is adopted
for low rainfall area
where internal
subsurface drainage is
good
RECHARGE WELL
 Recharge wells are used to
recharge water directly to the
aquifer.
 Recharge wells are similar to
pumping wells.
 This method is suitable to
recharge single wells or multiple
wells.
 This method is costlier than the
other method as wells are
required to be bored. However,
sometimes abandoned tube wells
can be used for recharging water
DUG WELL
 In alluvial as well as hard
rock areas there are thousand
of dug wells have either gone
dry due to considerable
decline of water levels
 These dug wells can be used
for recharging groundwater.
The water from various
sources can be collected
through a distribution system
and can be discharged at the
dug wells.
 Water for recharge should be
guided through a pipe to the
bottom of well to avoid
PITS & SHAFTS
 Recharge pits of variable dimensions
 Most of the time, especially in case of agricultural field, a layer
of less permeable soil exist.
 So the surface flooding methods of recharge do not show
satisfactory performance so recharge pit can be excavated which
are sufficiently deep to penetrate the less permeable strata.
 Recharge shaft is similar to the recharge pits, but the cross
sectional size of the recharge shaft is much lesser than the
recharge pits.
 Like the recharge pits, recharge shafts are also used to recharge
water to unconfined aquifer whose water table is deep below the
land surface and a poorly impermeable strata exist at the surface
RECHARGE PIT

RECHARGE SHAFT
Indirect methods
AQUIFER
INDUCED
MODIFICATION
RECHARGE
METHODS
INDUCED RECHARGE
 Water is pumped from the aquifer
hydraulically connected to the surface
water sources like stream, river or lake.
 Due to pumping, a reverse gradient is
formed and water from the surface water
source enters into the aquifer and thus
the aquifer is recharged.
 This method is good, especially when
quality of the surface water is poor. The
filtration of surface water through soil
strata removes the impurities of the
water. Thus the quality of the water
AQUIFER MODIFICATION METHOD

 This is used to change aquifer characteristics so


it can store more water and transmit more water
. After application of it more recharge take place
under natural as well as artificial condition
1. Bore blasting method
2. Hydro-fracturing method
3. Jacket well technique
4. Fracture seal cementation and Pressure
injection grouting
5. Stream blasting method
1.Bore blasting method
 This method is used to increase the fracture
porosity of an aquifer.
 Shallow bore wells are drilled in the area
where fracture porosity of the aquifer is
planned to increase.
 These bore holes are blasted with the help of
explosive which creates fracture porosity in
the aquifer
2.hydro-fracturing method
 Hydro-fracturing is used to improve the yield
of a bore well.
 In this technique, water is injected at a very
high pressure to widening the existing fracture
of the rock.
 The high pressure injection of water also
helps in removing of clogging, creates
interconnection between the fractures, and
extends the existing length of the old fracture.
 The high pressure injection also creates new
fracture in the rock strata. As a result of
these, the water storing and transmitting
3. Fracture seal cementation and pressure injection
grouting

 This technique is used to control the outflow


from an aquifer.
 Cement slurry is injected into the aquifer
using mechanical means or manually near to
the aquifer outlet like spring, etc.
 The injection of cement slurry helps in
reducing the fracture porosity of the aquifer
near the outlet which will eventually reduce
the outflow from the aquifer.
4.Jacket well techniques

 Jacketwell technique is used to


increase the yield of a dug well.
 In this method, the effective diameter of
the well is increased by drilling small
diameter bores around the well in a
circular pattern.
5.STREAM BLASTING

• Blasting and widening cracks


near the streams and joining
them to the lineament or
aquifer so that the water
retention capacity of rises
along the banks of the
stream
ADVANTAGES
1. Toenhance the ground water yield in
depleted the aquifer due to urbanization.
2. Conservationand storage of excess
surface water for future requirements
3. Toimprove the quality of existing
ground water through dilution.
4. To remove bacteriological & other
impurities from sewage and waste water
by natural filtration, so that water is
suitable for re-use
Rooftop rainwater harvesting

 Storing rainwater that falls on rooftops


by channelizing it through pipes into
tanks and using it for household or
agricultural purpose or storing it into
soak pits to recharge groundwater
source.
THANK YOU..

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