1 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

1.1 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel : 03-55435226 Fax: 03-5543 5160

ASSIGNMENT 1 MEM 678 (INDIVIDUAL)

Class group EM2208D3

Selected Topic/ Number RADIOGRAPHY TESTING

Student ID 2016596157

Student Name AHMAD AMIRUDDIN BIN LOKHMAN

Part 9

LECTURER’’s NAME YUPITER HARANGAN PRASADA MANURUNG (PROF. Ir. Ts. Dr-Ing.)

Marking Scheme

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

Criteria Factor Scale Marks Obtained

Introduction (20%) 4

Content 1 (30%) 6

Content 2 (30%) 6

Conclusion (20%) 4

Total 20 [5] / 100%

 1. Introduction

Industrial radiography is a method of non-destructive testing where many types of

manufactured components can be examined to verify the internal structure and integrity of
the specimen. Industrial Radiography can be performed utilizing either X-rays or gamma
rays. Both are types of electromagnetic radiation. The difference between various forms of
electromagnetic energy is connected to the wavelength. X and gamma rays have the
shortest wavelength and this properties led to the ability to penetrate and travel through
various materials such as carbon steel and other metals.

Radiographic and ultrasonic weld review are the two most normal strategies for non-
dangerous testing (NDT) used to recognize discontinuities inside the inward structure of
welds. The conspicuous bit of leeway of both these techniques for testing is their capacity
to help set up the weld's inward respectability without pulverizing the welded segment.
This strategy for weld testing utilizes X-beams, delivered by the X-ray cylinder, or gamma
rays, created by a radioactive isotope. e

Radiographic testing can give a perpetual film record of weld quality that is generally
simple to decipher via competent personnel. This testing strategy is normally fit to
approaching the two sides of the welded joint (aside from twofold divider signal picture
strategies utilized on some funnel work). Despite the fact that this is a moderate and costly
strategy for nondestructive testing, it is a positive technique for identifying porosity,
considerations, splits, and voids in the inside of welds. It is basic that certified work force
lead radiographic understanding since bogus translation of radiographs can be costly and
meddle intensely with efficiency. There are clear security contemplations when directing
radiographic testing. X-beam and gamma radiation are undetectable to the unaided eye and
can have genuine wellbeing and security suggestions. Just appropriately prepared and
qualified work force should rehearse this sort of testing.
 2. Implementation of Radiography Testing (RT)

The utilization of Industrial Radiography for inspecting the nature of Weld joints is
extremely mainstream around the world. Many welding exercises like development and
laying the enormous pipelines for gas and water transportation and circulation too
development of capacity tanks was performed. The articles are working under high tension
and in this way, it is essential to create the weld dots with high caliber. Modern radiography
utilizes ionizing radiation to see questions in a manner that can't be seen something else.

The technique has become out of building and is a significant component of non-
dangerous testing (NDT) to examine materials for shrouded blemishes. The radiation
brought about by these offices is extremely perilous be that as it may, with the utilization
of new innovations and legitimate assurance, dangers of injury and demise related with
radiation can be enormously diminished. Applying various works led by different
specialists, this paper gives the general diagram on the utilization of radiation gadgets,
impacts of ionizing radiations, the outcomes of abusing the gadgets and the wellbeing
safeguards taken. It has been uncovered that the individuals around the weld joints
examination zone are presented to ionizing radiation. Absence of mindfulness is one of the
contributing variables.
 3. Application of Radiography Testing (RT)

X-ray radiography, gamma ray radiography, ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle

testing and color penetrant or fluid penetrant testing are ordinarily utilized non-damaging
tests in the marine business. This examination will research the application, sorts of flaws
demonstrated, focal points and constraints or burdens of the above said non-dangerous tests
and this investigation will concentrate more on Radiography Testing (RT).

This technique for weld testing utilizes X-rays, delivered by X-ray cylinder, or gamma
rays, created by a radioactive isotope. The essential rule of radiographic assessment of
welds is equivalent to that for clinical radiography. Infiltrating radiation is gone through a
strong article, for this situation a weld rather that piece of the human body, onto a
photographic film, bringing about a picture of the item's interior structure being stored on
the film. The measure of vitality consumed by the article relies upon its thickness.Vitality
not consumed by the article will cause presentation of the radiographic film. These zones
will be dull when the film is created. Territories of the film presented to less vitality stay
lighter. In this way, territories of the article where the thickness has been changed by
discontinuities, for example, porosity or inclusions, will show up as dull blueprints on the
film. Considerations of low thickness, for example, slag, will show up as dull regions on
the film while incorporations of high thickness, for example, tungsten, will show up as
light territories. All discontinuities are distinguished by review shape and variety in
thickness of the handled film.

For X-ray Radiography Testing, this method usually applies for air-craft structures,
structural steel works, ship building, pressure vessels and boilers. The types of the faults
that we will find is such as porosity, inclusions, lack of fusion and incomplete penetration.

The advantages of this method are, it provides permanent record on film and all the
techniques are standardized. The reference standards will be provided according to the
client. For an example, as for pipework, ASMe is the standard that must follow.
4. Discussion

Radiography Testing (RT) usually is suitable for testing welded joints that can be
accessed from both sides, apart from double-wall signal image techniques used on some
pipe. Although this is a slow and expensive NDT method, it is a dependable way to
detect porosity, inclusions, cracks, and voids in weld interiors. RT makes use of X-rays
or gamma rays. X-rays are produced by an X-ray tube, and gamma rays are produced
by a radioactive isotope.

However, the wellbeing dangers related with the radiation is one of the significant
weaknesses of radiography. The measure of hazard relies upon the measure of radiation
portion got, the time over which the portion is gotten, and the body part uncovered. The
way that x-beam and gamma beam radiation are not recognizable by the human
faculties convolutes matters further. Be that as it may, the dangers can be limited and
controlled when the radiation is taken care of and oversaw appropriately in agreement
to the radiation security rules. The dynamic laws everywhere throughout the world
require the people working in the field of radiography get preparing on the protected
taking care of and utilization of radioactive materials and radiation delivering gadgets.
 5. References

Carvalho, A. A., Rebello, J. M. A., Souza, M. P. V., Sagrilo, L. V. S. and Soares, S. D.

Reliability of Non-Destructive Test Techniques in the Inspection of Pipelines used in the
Oil Industry. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, elsevier. 2008. 85. pp.
745–751.

Lim, T. Y., Ratnam, M. M. and Khalid, M. A. Automatic Classification of Weld Defects

Using Simulated Data and an MLP Neural Network. Radiography.2007, 49 (3). pp. 154-
159.

Da Silvaa, R. R., Caloˆbab, L. P., Siqueiraa, M. Joa˜o, H.S. and Rebelloa, M.A. Pattern
recognition of weld defects detected by radiographic test.NDT & e International, elsevier.
2004, 37. pp. 461–470.

Wang, G. and Liao, T. W. Automatic Identification of Different Types of Welding Defects

in Radiographic Images.NDT&e International. elsevier. 2002, 35. pp 519–528.