Python

Programming
Unit -6
Topics to be covered:

Brief Tour of the Standard Library - Operating System Interface - String Pattern Matching,
Mathematics, Internet Access, Dates and Times, Data Compression, Multithreading, GUI
Programming, Turtle Graphics

Testing: Why testing is required ?, Basic concepts of testing, Unit testing in Python, Writing
Test cases, Running Tests.

Introduction to tkinter package

• Python provides various options for developing graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Most important
are listed below.

• tkinter: Tkinter is the Python interface to the Tk GUI toolkit shipped with Python.

• Tkinter is distributed along with Python software.

• It is a platform independent package.

• It has variety of GUI elements such as Label, Button, Menu, Frame..etc.

• These GUI elements are called “Widgets”

tkinter programming
• Tkinter is the standard GUI library for Python. Python when combined with Tkinter provides a
fast and easy way to create GUI applications. Tkinter provides a powerful object-oriented
interface to the Tk GUI toolkit.

• Creating a GUI application using Tkinter is an easy task.

– import the Tkinter module.

– Create the GUI application main window.

– Add one or more of the above-mentioned widgets to the GUI application.

– Enter the main event loop to take action against each event triggered by the user.

tkinter Widgets
• There are currently 15 types of widgets in tkinter.

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 • We present these widgets as well as a brief description in the following table − Python
Programming
Widget Description

Button The Button widget is used to display buttons in your application.

The Canvas widget is used to draw shapes, such as lines, ovals, polygons
Canvas
and rectangles, in your application.

The Checkbutton widget is used to display a number of options as

Checkbutton
checkboxes. The user can select multiple options at a time.

The Entry widget is used to display a single-line text field for accepting
Entry
values from a user.

Frame The Frame widget is used as a container widget to organize other widgets.

The Label widget is used to provide a single-line caption for other

Label
widgets. It can also contain images.

Listbox The Listbox widget is used to provide a list of options to a user.

Menubutton The Menubutton widget is used to display menus in your application.

The Menu widget is used to provide various commands to a user. These

Menu
commands are contained inside Menubutton.
The Message widget is used to display multiline text fields for accepting
Message
values from a user.

The Radiobutton widget is used to display a number of options as radio

Radiobutton
buttons. The user can select only one option at a time.

Scale The Scale widget is used to provide a slider widget.

The Scrollbar widget is used to add scrolling capability to various

Scrollbar
widgets, such as list boxes.

Text The Text widget is used to display text in multiple lines.

Toplevel The Toplevel widget is used to provide a separate window container.

The Spinbox widget is a variant of the standard Tkinter Entry widget,

Spinbox
which can be used to select from a fixed number of values.

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 A PanedWindow is a container widget that may contain any number
Pythonof
PanedWindow
panes, arranged horizontally or vertically. Programming
A labelframe is a simple container widget. Its primary purpose is to act as
LabelFrame
a spacer or container for complex window layouts.

tkMessageBox This module is used to display message boxes in your applications.

How to arrange these widgets in window

• All Tkinter widgets have access to specific geometry management methods, which have the
purpose of organizing widgets throughout the parent widget area. Tkinter exposes the following
geometry manager classes: pack, grid, and place.

• The pack() Method - This geometry manager organizes widgets in blocks before placing them in
the parent widget.

Syntax
– widget.pack( pack_options )
– Options are {expand, fill, side}
– expand –used to expand the widget space, not used by parent
– fill
• -NONE –default
• X – fills Horizontally ,
• Y – fills Veritcally
– side
• TOP-default
• BOTTOM-
• LEFT
• RIGHT
• The grid() Method - This geometry manager organizes widgets in a table-like structure in the
parent widget.
– Syntax
– widget.grid( grid_options )
– row: The row to put widget in; default the first row that is still empty.
– column : The column to put widget in; default 0 (leftmost column)
– The place() Method -This geometry manager organizes widgets by placing them in a
specific position in the parent widget.
• This geometry manager organizes widgets by placing them in a specific position in the parent
widget.
• Syntax - widget.place( place_options )

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 • height, width : Height and width in pixels.
Python
• Example – l.place(height=100,width=200) # where l is widget Programming

Label widget
• This is used to create static element which does not do anything except displaying the content
• Syntax:
– L=Label(parent,text=“Hello”,)
Example Program:
from tkinter import*
root=Tk()
root.title("KSR window") #giving the title to the window
l1=Label(root,text="Hello ")
l1.config(bg='green',fg='red',font=('calbri',30,'italic'))
l1.pack(side=LEFT) #setting the widget on left side of the root window
root.mainloop()

Output:

Canvas widget
This used to draw shapes like lines, ovals, rectangles, and arcs.
Example program:

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
#drwing the shapes
Python
from tkinter import* Programming
root=Tk()
c=Canvas(root)
c.create_line(2,3,42,13) #drawing the line
c.create_oval(20,20,50,50) #drawing the oval or circle
c.create_arc(150,150,60,60) #drawing arc
c.create_rectangle(100,100,50,50) #rectangle c.pack()

Output:

Button widget

• The Button widget is used to display buttons in your application.

• Syntax:
B=Button(parent, text=‘ name’,command=fun_name)
Example program to print calculator

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
Entry widget
Python
• The Entry widget is used to display a single-line text field for accepting values from a user.
Programming
• Syntax:
a=Button(root,text='+',command=printadd)

Program to Create Simple Calculator

Calc.py Output
from tkinter import*
root=Tk()
root.title('Calculator')
def printadd():
x=float(t1.get())
y=float(t2.get())
s1=x+y
s=str(s1)
res=Label(root,text="Result is:"+s)
res.grid(row=4,column=0)
def printsub():
x=float(t1.get())
y=float(t2.get())
s1=x-y
s=str(s1)
res=Label(root,text="Result is:"+s)
res.grid(row=4,column=0)
#creating widgets
l=Label(root,text="Simple Calculator")
l.config(font=('calbri',30,'italic'),bg='cyan',fg='red')
l1=Label(root,text="First no:")
l2=Label(root,text="Second no:")
t1=Entry(root,width=8)
t2=Entry(root,width=8)
a=Button(root,text='+',command=printadd)
s=Button(root,text='-',command=printsub)
#attaching he widgets to the window
l.grid(row=0,column=2)
l1.grid(row=1,column=0)
t1.grid(row=1,column=1)
l2.grid(row=2,column=0)
t2.grid(row=2,column=1)
a.grid(row=3,column=4)
s.grid(row=3,column=5)

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 Python
Programming

Checkbutton, Radiobutton widgets

Checkbutton
• The Checkbutton widget is used to display a number of options as checkboxes. The user can
select multiple options at a time.
• Syntax:
• Cb= Checkbutton(parent,text=‘ ’)
Radiobutton
• The Radiobutton widget is used to display a number of options as radio buttons. The user can
select only one option at a time.
• Syntax:
Example program

ButtonTest.py Output

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 from tkinter import*
root=Tk() Python
root.title("KSR window") #giving the Programming
title to the window
cb1=Checkbutton(root,text='Python')
cb2=Checkbutton(root,text='Graphics')
m=Radiobutton(root,text='Male',value
=0)
f=Radiobutton(root,text='Female',valu
e=1)
cb1.pack()
cb2.pack()
m.pack()
f.pack()
root.mainloop()

Menu widget
The Menu widget is used to provide various commands to a user. These commands are
contained inside Menubutton.
Syntax:
menu_bar=Menu(root)

Menu example
from tkinter
import*
root=Tk()
root.title("KSR Window")
menu_bar=Menu(root)
file_menu=Menu(menu_bar,tearoff
=0)
file_menu.add_command(label='Ne
w File',command=root.destroy)
file_menu.add_command(label='Op
en ',command=root.destroy)
file_menu.add_command(label='Save',command=root.des
troy) file_menu.add_command(label='Save
As',command=root.destroy)
file_menu.add_command(label='Exit',command=root.destr
oy) menu_bar.add_cascade(label='File',menu=file_menu)
root.config(menu=menu_bar)

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 Python
Programming
Turtle - Introduction
• Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids.
• Virtual turtles can be programmed to move around the screen.
• The turtle draws lines as it moves.
• The user can write turtle programs that draw beautiful shapes and learn to program at the same
time.

Example to draw ‘square’

Sq.py Output
from turtle import *
forward(100)
left(90)
forward(100)
left(90)
forward(100)
left(90)
forward(100)

The turtle draws a line behind it as it moves. This program draws a square. The steps given to the
program are:
• Move forward 100 steps. (In the beginning, the turtle is facing to the right.)
• Turn 90 degrees to the left.
• Move forward 100 steps.

• Turn 90 degrees to the left.

• Move forward 100 steps.
• Turn 90 degrees to the left.
• Move forward 100 steps. The turtle has ended up where it started.

Moving turtle
• By calling these functions, the turtle can be made to move around the screen. Imagine the turtle
holding a pen down on the ground and drawing a line as it moves around.
• The turtle's position is two numbers: the X coordinate and Y coordinate.
• forward(distance)
The forward() function moves the turtle distance number of steps in the current direction. If the
pen is down (see pendown() and penup()) a line will be drawn as the turtle moves forward.
If distance is a negative number, the turtle will move backwards.
• backward(distance)
The backward() function moves the turtle distance number of steps in opposite direction the

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 current direction. If the pen is down (see pendown() and penup()) a line will be drawn as the
Python
turtle moves backward. If distance is a negative number, the turtle will move forward.
Programming
• right(angle)
The right() function will change the current direction clockwise by angle degrees. If you imagine
being above the turtle looking down, the turtle turning right looks like it is turning clockwise.
The turtle will not move; it will only change the direction it is facing.
• left(angle)
The left() function will change the current direction counter-clockwise or anti-clockwise
by angle degrees. If you imagine being above the turtle looking down, the turtle turning left
looks like it is turning counter-clockwise or anti-clockwise. The turtle will not move; it will only
change the direction it is facing.
• goto(x, y)
The goto() function will immediately move the turtle to the given x and y coordinates. If the pen
is down (see pendown() and penup()) a line will be drawn from the previous coordinates to the
new coordinates.
This example moves the to several x and y coordinates while drawing a line behind it:
from turtle import *
goto(50, 50)
goto(-50, 50)
goto(100, -50)
goto(-50, -50)
• setx(x)
The goto() function will immediately move the turtle to the given x coordinate. The
turtle's y coordinate will stay the same. If the pen is down (see pendown() and penup()) a
line will be drawn from the previous coordinates to the new coordinates.
• sety(y)

The goto() function will immediately move the turtle to the given *y *coordinate. The
turtle's x coordinate will stay the same. If the pen is down (see pendown() and penup()) a
line will be drawn from the previous coordinates to the new coordinates.
• setheading(heading)
The setheading() function will change the current direction to the heading angle. If you
imagine being above the turtle looking down, the turtle turning left looks like it is turning
counter-clockwise or anti-clockwise. The turtle will not move; it will only change the
heading it is facing.

To draw ‘triangle’

import turtle
turtle.forward(100)
turtle.right(90)

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
turtle.forward(100)
Python
turtle.home()
Programming

Drawing
• pendown()
The pendown() function will cause the turtle to draw as it moves around. The line it draws can
be set with the pencolor() and pensize() functions.
• penup()
The penup() function will cause the turtle to draw as it moves around. The line it draws can be
set with the pencolor() and pensize() functions.
• pensize(size)
The pensize() function sets the width of the line that the turtle draws as it moves.
• clear()
The clear() function will erase all the line drawings on the screen. This function does not move
the turtle.
• reset()
The reset()) function will erase all the line drawings on the screen and return the turtle to the (0,
0) coordinate and facing 0 degrees. This function does the same thing as calling the clear() and
home() function.
Example Program:
import turtle
turtle.forward(100)
turtle.right(90)
turtle.forward(100)
turtle.home()
turtle.reset() #clears and sets the turtle to (0,0) position
#turtle.clear()

Mathematics
Provides functions for specialized mathematical operations. The “math” module provides
The following functions are provided by this module:
✓ Number-theoretic and representation functions
✓ Power and logarithmic function
✓ Trigonometric function
✓ Angular conversion
✓ Hyperbolic functions
✓ Special functions
✓ Constants

math.ceil(x)
– Return the ceiling of x, the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 Example:
Python
>>> math.ceil(12.3)
Programming
13
math.floor(x)
– Return the floor of x, the largest integer less than or equal to x.
>>> math.floor(12.3)
12

math.factorial(x)
– Return x factorial.
>>> math.factorial(5)
120
math.gcd(a, b)
– Return the greatest common divisor of the integers a and b.
>>> math.gcd(12,26)
2
math.exp(x)
– Return e**x
>>> math.exp(5)
148.4131591025766
math.log(x, base)
– With one argument, return the natural logarithm of x (to base e).
– With two arguments, return the logarithm of x to the given base.
>>> math.log(10,10)
1.0
>>> math.log(10,3)
2.095903274289385

math.pow(x, y)
– Return x raised to the power y.
>>> math.pow(2,3)
8.0
math.sqrt(x)
– Return the square root of x.
>>> math.sqrt(16)
4.0
math.cos(x)
– Return the cosine of x radians.
math.sin(x)
– Return the sine of x radians.
math.tan(x)
– Return the tangent of x radians.

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 math.degrees(x)
– Convert angle x from radians to degrees. Python
Programming
math.radians(x)
– Convert angle x from degrees to radians
math.cos(x) math.sin(x)
– Return the cosine of x radians.

– Return the sine of x radians.

math.tan(x)
– Return the tangent of x radians.
math.degrees(x)
– Convert angle x from radians to degrees.
math.radians(x)
– Convert angle x from degrees to radians

math.pi math.e math.inf

– The mathematical constant p = 3.141592..., to
available precision.

– The mathematical constant e = 2.718281..., to

available precision.

– A floating-point positive infinity. (For negative

infinity, use -math.inf)

Assertion
• Assertion is a conditional statement.
• This is used to test an assumption in the program.
• It verifies a conditional statement must be always TRUE.
• Syntax:

assert True==fun(x)
– Here assert is keyword, fun() is user defined function, x is argument
– fun(x) returns a Boolean value which is either True or False.
– If the returned value is True continues, otherwise Raises an AssertionError

Data Compression
• The zlib module provides a lower-level interface to many of the functions in the zlib
compression library from the GNU project.
zlib.compress(data, level=-1)
– Compresses the bytes in data, returning a bytes object containing compressed data.

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 – level is an integer from 0 to 9 or -1 controlling the level of compression
– 1 is fastest and produces the least compression, 9 is slowe Python
Programming
zlib.decompress(data, wbits=MAX_WBITS, bufsize=DEF_BUF_SIZE)
- Decompresses the bytes in data, returning a bytes object containing the uncompressed
data.

Example:
a=b'i want to meet you on sunday'
>>> a
b'i want to meet you on sunday'
>>> c=zlib.compress(a,level=2)
>>> c
b'x^\xcbT(O\xcc+Q(\xc9W\xc8MM-Q\xa8\xcc/U\xc8\xcfS(.\xcdKI\xac\x04\x00\x90\xbf\n@'
p=zlib.decompress(c)
>>> p
b'i want to meet you on sunday'
zlib.adler32(data, value)
– Computes an Adler-32 checksum of data. (An Adler-32 checksum is almost as reliable as
a CRC32 but can be computed much more quickly.) The result is an unsigned 32-bit
integer.
– If value is present, it is used as the starting value of the checksum; otherwise, a default
value of 1 is used.
– Passing in value allows computing a running checksum over the concatenation of several
inputs.
– cr=zlib.adler32(a,12)
– >>> cr
– 2448624203
zlib.crc32(data, value)
– Computes a CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) checksum of data.
– The result is an unsigned 32-bit integer.

– If value is present, it is used as the starting value of the checksum; otherwise, a default
value of 0 is used.
– Passing in value allows computing a running checksum over the concatenation of several
inputs.
– cr=zlib.crc32(a,12)
– >>> cr
– 1321257511

Multithreading

• The program in execution is called “process”

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 • Executing the number of processes simultaneously or concurrently is called “multi processing”
• The light-weight process is called “Thread” Python
Programming
• Executing the number of threads is called “multi threading”
• A process can be divided into several threads, each will do a specific task.
• Multiple threads within a process share same address space, and hence share information and
communicate more easily.
• The threads can communicate with each other which is called “Inter thread communication”
• These are cheaper than processes.
• The Thread has three things:
• It has beginning
• It has an execution sequence
• It has conclusion
• A thread can be pre-empted ( interrupted)
• It can be temporarily put on hold, while other threads are running. This is called “Yielding”.
• To start new thread we call the following method in Python 2.7*
• thread.start_new_thread(function, arguments)
Creating the New thread

import time
import thread
def print_time(threadname,delay): #function
definition count=0
while
count<5:
time.sleep(delay)
count+=1
print "The thread name is:",threadname,"Delay
is:",delay,"\n" #creating the thread
try:
thread.start_new_thread(print_time,("Thread-1",2))
thread.start_new_thread(print_time,("Thread-2",4))

except:
print "There is some error in threading"

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 Python
>>> The thread name is: Thread-1 Delay is: 2
Programming
The thread name is: Thread-2 Delay is: 4
The thread name is: Thread-1 Delay is: 2
The thread name is: Thread-1 Delay is: 2
The thread name is: Thread-2 Delay is: 4
The thread name is: Thread-1 Delay is: 2
The thread name is: Thread-1 Delay is: 2
The thread name is: Thread-2 Delay is: 4
The thread name is: Thread-2 Delay is: 4
The thread name is: Thread-2 Delay is: 4

The threading module

• The newer threading module included with Python 2.4 provides much more powerful, high-level
support for threads than the thread module discussed in the previous section.
• The threading module exposes all the methods of the thread module and provides some
additional methods:
– threading.activeCount(): Returns the number of thread objects that are active.
– threading.currentThread(): Returns the number of thread objects in the caller's thread
control.
– threading.enumerate(): Returns a list of all thread objects that are currently active.
Thread class methods
• In addition to the methods, the threading module has the Thread class that implements
threading. The methods provided by the Thread class are as follows:
– run(): The run() method is the entry point for a thread.
– start(): The start() method starts a thread by calling the run method.
– join([time]): The join() waits for threads to terminate.
– isAlive(): The isAlive() method checks whether a thread is still executing.
– getName(): The getName() method returns the name of a thread.
– setName(): The setName() method sets the name of a thread.
Creating Thread Using Threading Module
• To implement a new thread using the threading module, you have to do the following −
– Define a new subclass of the Thread class.
– Override the init (self [,args]) method to add additional arguments.
– Then, override the run(self [,args]) method to implement what the thread should do
when started.

import time

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 import
Python
threading
Programming
#defining
class
class
MyThread(threading.Thread):
def init (self,threadID,n,c):
threading.Thread. init (self)
self.tID=threadID
self.name=
n
self.counte
r=c
def run(self): #entry point to the
thread for a in range(1,11):
print("name",self.name,"ID is:",self.tID," :5 *
",a,"=",5*a,"\n") time.sleep(self.counter) #used to delay
#creating the threads
t1=MyThread(1,"Guido
Thread",2)
Tot2=MyThread(2,"Steev
know the informationJobs",4)
of the current threads
#starting the threads
t1.sta Threadtest1.py Output
rt()print("The name of the First Thread The active threads are : 5
t2.sta The list of threads is:
is",t1.getName(),"\n")
rt() [<_MainThread(MainThread, started
print("The Name of the Second Thread
2544)>, <Thread(SockThread, started
is",t2.getName(),"\n")
daemon 3552)>, <MyThread(Guido
print("The Name of the Second Thread
Thread, started 2560)>, <MyThread(Steev
is",t3.getName(),"\n") Jobs, started 2088)>, <MyThread(KSR
print("The active threads are Thread, started 1488)>]
:",threading.activeCount())
print("The list of threads is:",threading.enumerate())

Synchronizing Threads

• The threading module provided with Python includes a simple-to-implement locking mechanism
that allows you to synchronize threads.
• A new lock is created by calling the Lock() method, which returns the new lock.
• The acquire(blocking) method of the new lock object is used to force threads to run
synchronously. The optional blocking parameter enables you to control whether the thread
waits to acquire the lock.

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
 • If blocking is set to 0, the thread returns immediately with a 0 value if the lock cannot
Pythonbe
acquired and with a 1 if the lock was acquired. If blocking is set to 1, the threadProgramming
blocks and wait
for the lock to be released.
• The release() method of the new lock object is used to release the lock when it is no longer
required.

Testing
• Unit Test

– This test is invented by Eric Gamma in 1977

– This test is used to test the individual units or functions of the program.

– The function may be defined to do some specific task.

– This functions is tested for all possible value, for knowing where it is performing its
intended task correctly or not

Goals of Unit Test

There are three goals of unit test

– To make it easy to write tests

– To make it easy to run tests

– To make it easy to tell if the tests are passed

How many tests should we have

• Test at least one “typical” case.

• The objective of the testing is not to prove that your program is working.

• It is to try to find out where it does not test “Extreme” case you can think.

• For example you want to write test case for “sort()” function over a list.

• Then some issues you can consider are:

– What if the list contains equal number?

– Do the first element and last element moved to the correct position?

– Can you sort a 1-element list without getting an error?

– How about an empty list?

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM
unittest module Python
Programming
• In Python we have a module called “unittest” to support unit test.

• to use these tests we create a class that Inherits the properties from “TestCase” class of this
module.

• Define a method in this class and use the different methods of the TestCase class.

Commonly used methods of TestCase class

assertEqual(a,b)
assertNotEqual(a,b)
assertTrue(x)
assertFalse(x)
assertIs(a,b)
assertIsNone(a,b)
assertIn(a,b)
assertNotIn(a,b)

WWW.KVRSOFTWARES.BLOGSPOT.COM