Departement Handelsreg

Department of Mercantile Law

BER 210
Eksamen / Examination: 5 June / Junie 2017
Tyd / Time: 120 minute / minutes
Punte / Marks: 50
Interne eksaminatore / Internal examiners:
Mr C Chokuda, Mrs C Fritz and Ms S Gerber
Internal moderator / Interne moderator: Ms/Me Tronel Joubert
External examiner/Eksterne eksaminatore: Professor Muthundinne Sigwadi

BELANGRIKE INLIGTING
1. In geval van siekte of ander omstandighede wat ’n student daarvan weerhou om ’n module volgens
die eksamenrooster af te lê, moet die nodige reëlings getref word met die administratiewe personeel
by Studenteadministrasie en nie met die dosent nie.
2. Alle eksamenuitslae sal, so gou as wat dit beskikbaar is, deur die administrasie op die
kennisgewingborde langs die GW-gebou aangebring word. Eksamenuitslae sal ook beskikbaar wees
op die Intranet by SOL (Students on Line) asook telefonies by telefoonnommer 083 123 111.
3. NB: Geen uitslae sal deur dosente of administratiewe personeel verstrek word nie.
4. Hereksamens vind gedurende Junie-Julie 2017 plaas en studente moet die kennisgewingborde by die
ABSA OTM langs die ou Chemiegebou raadpleeg om vas te stel op welke datum, eksamensessie en
plek hereksamens afgelê word.
5. INSAE in eksamenvraestelle: 21 Junie 2017 om 09:30 tot 11:30 in Regte 1 – 31.*
6. Hereksamenuitslae sal so gou as wat dit beskikbaar is op die kennisgewingborde aangebring word.
7. Baie belangrik: die onus rus geheel en al op die student om betyds en voor sy/haar vertrek uit Pretoria
seker te maak of ’n hereksamen aan hom/haar toegestaan is.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION
1. In the event of illness or any other circumstances preventing a student from sitting for an examination,
the necessary arrangements must be made with the administrative staff at Student Administration, and
not with the lecturer.
2. The administrative staff will place all examination results on the notice boards next to the HS Building,
as soon as they become available. Examination results will also be available on the Intranet at Students
on Line (SOL) as well as telephonically at 083 123 111.
3. NB: No results will be given by lecturers or administrative staff.
4. Supplementary examinations take place during June -July 2017. Students must consult the notice
boards at the ABSA ATM next to the old Chemistry Building to determine the date, examination session
and venue for the supplementary examinations.
5. PERUSAL of examination scripts: 21 June 2017 at 09:30 to 11:30 in Law 1 – 31.*
6. Supplementary examination results will be placed on the notice boards as soon as they become availa-
ble.
7. Most important: the onus rests entirely on the student to determine whether a supplementary examina-
tion has been granted to him/her before he/she leaves Pretoria.

INSTRUKSIES / INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Beantwoord al die vrae. / Answer all the questions.

2. Skryf leesbaar. / Write legibly.
3. Verskaf redes / gesag vir stellings wat u maak. / Give reasons / authority for statements you
make.
4. Neem kennis dat taalgebruik en -struktuur in ag geneem sal word in die assessering van u ant-
woorde. / Please note that language use and structure will be taken into account in the as-
sessment of your answers.
5. Geen “tipp-ex” of ander korrigerende middels mag gebruik word nie. / No tipp-ex or other correc-
tion fluid may be used.
6. Hierdie vraestel bestaan uit 10 vrae. / This paper consists of 10 questions.
________________________________________

SECTION A: SHORT QUESTIONS [15]

QUESTION 1 [5]

INSTRUCTIONS:

Choose the most correct option for each of the following statements/phrases/questions (eg 1.1 B):

1.1. Anna is married to Joe in community of property. On 30 May 2017 Anna entered into a verbal con-
tract with Zolani, a certified mental healthcare user, whereby she sold their matrimonial home to
Zolani at a price of R1,5 million. Anna did not obtain Joe’s consent for this contract. In this case the
contract is_______.

A) Void.

B) Illegal.

C) Voidable.

D) Valid.

E) Valid but unenforceable.

1.2. Which one of the following results in a contract being void?

A) Fraudulent misrepresentation.

B) Innocent misrepresentation.

C) Negligent misrepresentation.

D) Undue Influence.

E) None of the above.

1.3. Ayanda is presently leasing a motor vehicle from Executive Car Rentals. If, while she is still in pos-
session of the car, Ayanda buys the car from Executive Car Rentals then delivery of the car to her would
take place in the form of_________.

A) Delivery with the long hand.

B) Delivery with the short hand.

C) Attornment.

D) Constitutum possessorium.

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E) Symbolic delivery.

1.4. Which one of the following is true in the case of an undisclosed principal?

A) A contract comes into existence between the principal and the third party.

B) A contract comes into existence between the agent and the third party.

C) In terms of the common law no contract comes into existence if the principal is not disclosed.

D) Options A and B above are true.

E) The resulting contract is void because of fraudulent misrepresentation.

1.5. Anna bought a car from Zola on 30 May 2017. Two days after taking delivery of the car a Mr Smith
demanded that Anna hand over the car to him because he was the rightful owner. If Mr Smith successfully
and legally takes away the car from Anna which of the following may she claim against Zola using the actio
ex empto?

A) Cancellation of the contract.

B) Damages.

C) Repayment of the total purchase price.

D) Specific performance.

E) All of the remedies stated in options A, B and C above.

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QUESTION 2 [5]

INSTRUCTIONS:

Match column B to column A (eg 1H, 2C):

NB: Choose the most correct option:

A B
1. An example of a credit facility. A) Acceleration clause.

2. A golden rule of agency. B) Movable property.

3. Lease goes before sale/ Huur gaat C) Actio empti.

voor koop.

4. Rectification of a contract. D) Only 3rd party and agent bound to

contract.

5. Agreed remedy. E) Mortgage agreement.

F) Immovable property.

G) Agent requires principal’s consent to

act on behalf of the latter.

H) Discount transaction.

I) Borrowing money by means of a

credit card.

J) Specific performance.

K) Parol evidence rule.

L) Pawn transaction.

M) Bi-partite agreement.

N) Retrospective validation of a con-

tract.

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QUESTION 3 [5]

INSTRUCTIONS:

State the manner, if any, in which the contract is terminated in each of the following circumstances:

3.1 Abongile borrowed R 500 000 from his girlfriend, Bathabile. The loan agreement provided that the
loan had to be repaid in full by 31 October 2017. On 1 June 2017 Abongile and Bathabile got married in
community of property. (1)

3.2 Lana leased Mr Smith’s apartment at a rental of R6 500 per month. The lease agreement stipulated
that Lana would lease the apartment until she got married. Lana got married to Ben on 31 May 2017. (1)

3.3 Mary leased Jane’s apartment at a rental of R6 500 per month. The lease agreement stipulated that
lease would continue until 31st December 2017. On 1 June 2017 the apartment was completely destroyed
when it fell into a sinkhole that developed right under its foundations. (1)

3.4 Zandile borrowed R10 000 from Ronel. The loan agreement provided that the loan had to be repaid
in full by 31 August 2017. Zandile just got fired from her job and she is on the verge of falling into depres-
sion. Because of this Ronel told Zandile that she did not have to repay the loan. Zandile accepted this gen-
erous offer. (1)

3.5 Anna sold her Toshiba laptop to Gert for R6 500. In terms of the sale agreement delivery of the lap-
top was to be made on 1 June 2017 and payment of the purchase price was to be made upon delivery. On 1
June 2017 Anna delivered the laptop to Gert and the latter paid R6 500 cash to Anna. (1)

SECTION B: LONG QUESTIONS [35]

GENERAL PRINCIPLES:

QUESTION 4 [4]

Briefly explain what duress is and, discuss its effect on the validity of a contract.

QUESTION 5 [5]

On 1 March 2017 Ronald entered a contract with Mr Ziba whereby he would supply 3 rhino horns to Mr
Ziba. They both knew that in order to get the horns Ronald would have to hunt and kill 3 rhinos in the Kru-
ger National Park without the required permit. The rhino horns were to be delivered on 20 May 2017. The
agreement provided that Mr Ziba was to pay Ronald the sum of R600 000 for the 3 horns. Mr Ziba paid
R600 000 to Ronald on 5 March 2017 but Ronald has not delivered the rhino horns up to this date. Mr Ziba
has come to you for advice.

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 (a) Giving reasons for your answer advise Mr Ziba on the validity or otherwise of the contract between
him and Ronald (1 mark).

(b) Advise Mr Ziba whether he can successfully enforce the contract against Ronald or whether he can
recover the R600 000 he has already paid (4 marks).

QUESTION 6 [5]

On 2 May 2017 Cecil bought a buffalo bull from Mr Pillay at a price of R20 million. Cecil paid the purchase
price two days after the conclusion of the contract. The contract did not stipulate the date and time for de-
livery of the bull. Mr Pillay has not delivered the bull to this date and Cecil has come to you for advice. Cecil
believes Mr Pillay is in breach of contract because he has delayed in delivering the bull. He wants to cancel
the contract for this reason. The contract does not contain a cancellation clause/lex commissoria.

Giving reasons for your answer, advise Cecil whether he can cancel the contract with Mr Pillay and what
steps, if any, he must follow in order to cancel the contract (5 marks).

AGENCY:

QUESTION 7 [5]

With the use of an example explain the concept of agency, how it arises (that is, sources of authority) and,
why it is important in everyday commercial activity.

PURCHASE AND SALE:

QUESTION 8 [8]

On 30 May 2017 Bravo sold Betty a vacuum cleaner. Bravo knew that the vacuum cleaner had an electrical
fault which caused it to overheat when used in conditions where the atmospheric temperature was greater
than 24° C. Bravo did not disclose the fault to Betty. Clause 6 of their agreement of sale stated that: ‘The
vacuum cleaner is sold voetstoots.’ Betty took delivery of the vacuum cleaner. She tried to use it on 2nd June
2017 when the atmospheric temperature was 25°C and that is when she discovered that the vacuum
cleaner had a defect and was prone to overheating.

(a) Identify the specific common law remedies available to a buyer should he/she purchase an object
that has a latent defect where the seller has not given any express or tacit contractual warranty
against latent defects. In your answer explain what the buyer is entitled to in terms of such reme-
dies (4 marks).

(b) Giving reasons for your answer explain whether Bravo could successfully rely on Clause 6 of the
agreement to defend himself against a claim which Betty may bring against him regarding the fault
in the vacuum cleaner (1).

(c) Assume that the Consumer Protection Act (CPA) was applicable to the facts of this case. What rem-
edies would be available to Betty in terms of the CPA in this instance (3 marks).

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LETTING AND HIRING:

QUESTION 9 [5]

Lewis leases his Waterkloof house to Tim for R20 000 per month for 12 months. One Friday the house’s
electrical wiring system developed a fault which caused a low supply of power to electrical appliances and,
at times complete loss of electrical power for prolonged periods. Tim immediately called Lewis and notified
him of the electrical problem. Lewis’ response was that this was a weekend so he didn’t want to be dis-
turbed. Tim found this response disconcerting. He has come to you for advice.

Based on the law governing leasing and, giving reasons for your answer, advise Tim whether he has any
claim against Lewis and what remedies are available to him (Tim) in this case.

CREDIT AGREEMENTS:

QUESTION 10 [3]

One of the purposes of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 [NCA] is “to promote responsible credit granting
and use and… to prohibit reckless credit granting.”
Explain three instances when a credit agreement would be considered ‘a reckless credit agreement’ under
the NCA.

TOTAL: [50]

End of paper

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AFDELING A: KORTVRAE [15]

VRAAG 1 [5]

INSTRUKSIES:

Kies die mees korrekte opsie vir elkeen van die volgende stellings/ frases/vrae (bv 1.1 B):

1.1 Anna is binne gemeenskap van goedere met Joe getroud. Anna het op 30 Mei 2017 ‘n mondelinge kon-
trak met Zolani, ‘n geklassifiseerde geestesgesondheidsorggebruiker, gesluit waarvolgens sy hul huwe-
likswoning aan Zolani teen R1,5 miljoen verkoop het. Anna het nie Joe se toestemming vir hierdie kon-
trak verkry nie. In hierdie geval is die kontrak __________.

A) Nietig.

B) Onwettig.

C) Vernietigbaar.

D) Geldig.

E) Geldig maar onafdwingbaar.

1.2. Watter een van die volgende het die nietigheid van ‘n kontrak tot gevolg?

A) Bedrieglike wanvoorstelling.

B) Onskuldige wanvoorstelling.

C) Nalatige wanvoorstelling.

D) Onbehoorlike beïnvloeding.

E) Geeneen van die bogenoemde nie.

1.3. Ayanda huur tans ‘n motorvoertuig by Executive Car Rentals. Indien Ayanda, terwyl sy steeds in be-
sit van die motor is, die motor by Executive Car Rentals koop, dan sal lewering van die motor by wyse van
_________ plaasvind.

A) Lewering met die lang hand.

B) Lewering met die kort hand.

C) Attornment.

D) Constitutum possessorium.

E) Simboliese lewering.

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1.4. Watter een van die volgende, ingevolge ‘n versweë prinsipaal, is waar?

A) ‘n Kontrak kom tot stand tussen die prinsipaal en die derde party.

B) ‘n Kontrak kom tot stand tussen die verteenwoordiger en die derde party.

C) Kragtens die gemenereg kom daar geen kontrak tot stand indien dit ‘n versweë prinsipaal is.

D) Opsie A en B hierbo is waar.

E) Die kontrak wat daaruit voort vloei is nietig vanwee bedrieglike wanvoorstelling.

1.5. Anna het ‘n motor by Zola gekoop op 30 Mei 2017. Twee dae na lewering van die motor, het ene
mnr Smith aangedring dat Anna die motor aan hom oorhandig aangesien hy die regmatige eienaar is. In-
dien mnr Smith suksesvol en wettiglik die motor by Anna neem, wat mag Anna vanaf Zola kragtens die actio
ex empto eis?

A) Terugtrede van die kontrak.

B) Skadevergoeding.

C) Terugbetaling van die koopprys.

D) Spesifieke nakoming.

E) Al die remedies gegee in opsies A,B en C hierbo.

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VRAAG 2 [5]

INSTRUKSIES:

Pas kolom B by kolom A (bv 1H, 2C):

Lw: Kies die mees korrekte opsie:

A B
1. ‘n Voorbeeld van ‘n kredietfasiliteit. A) ‘n Versnellingsklousule.

2. ‘n Goue reël van verteenwoordig- B) Roerende eiendom.

ingsreg.

3. Huur gaat voor koop. C) Actio empti.

4. Rektifikasie van ‘n kontrak. D) Slegs ‘n 3de party en verteenwoordi-

ger is gebonde aan die kontrak.

5. Ooreengekome remedie. E) Verbandsooreenkoms.

F) Onroerende eiendom.

G) Verteenwoordiger benodig prin-

sipaal se toestemming om namens
hom op te tree.

H) Afslagtransaksie.

I) Leen geld deur middle van ‘n kre-

dietkaart.

J) Spesifieke namkoming.

K) Parol evidence reël.

L) Pandtransaksie.

M) Tweeledige ooreenkoms.

N) Retrospektiewe geldigmaking van ‘n

kontrak.

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VRAAG 3 [5]

INSTRUKSIES:

Dui die wyse aan, indien enige, waarop die kontrak in elkeen van die volgende gevalle beëindig word:

3.1 Abongile het R 500 000 by sy vriendin, Bathabile, geleen. Die leningsooreenkoms het bepaal dat die
lening ten volle op 31 Oktober 2017 terugbetaal moes wees. Op 1 Junie 2017 het Abongile en Bathabile
binne gemeenskap van goedere getrou. (1)

3.2 Lana het Mnr Smith se woonstel teen R6 500 per maand gehuur. Die huurooreenkoms het aangedui
dat Lana die woonstel sal huur tot sy trou. Lana het op 31 Mei 2017 met Ben getrou. (1)

3.3 Mary het Jane se woonstel teen ‘n R6 500 per maand gehuur. Die huurooreenkoms het aangedui
dat die verhuring sal voortduur tot 31 Desember 2017. Op 1 Junie 2017 is die woonstel heeltemal vernietig
toe dit in ‘n sinkgat, wat onder die fondamente van die woonstel ontwikkel het, ingeval het.
(1)

3.4 Zandile het R10 00 by Ronel geleen. Die lenningsooreenkoms het bepaal dat die lenning ten volle
terugbetaal moet wees teen 31 August 2017. Zandile is sopas ontslaan uit haar werk en is op die randjie om
in depressie te verval. As gevolg hiervan, sê Ronel dat Zandile nie die lening hoef terug te betaal nie. Zandile
aanvaar hierdie vrygewige aanbod. (1)

3.5 Anna het haar Toshiba laptop aan Gert verkoop vir R6 500. Kragtens die koopkontrak sou lewering
op 1 Junie 2017 plaasvind en die betaling van die koopprys sou tydens lewering geskied. Anna het die laptop
op 1 Junie 2017 aan Gert gelewer en Gert het R6 500 in kontant aan Anna betaal. (1)

AFDELING B: LANGVRAE [35]

ALGEMENE BEGINSELS:

VRAAG 4 [4]

Verduidelik kortliks wat dwang is en bespreek die uitwerking wat dit op die geldigheid van ‘n kontrak het.

VRAAG 5 [5]

Ronald het op 1 Maart 2017 ‘n kontrak met mnr Ziba gesluit ingevolge waarvolgens hy 3 renosterhorings
aan mnr Ziba sou verskaf. Beide van hulle het geweet dat ten einde vir Ronald om hierdie horings te bekom,
hy 3 renosters in die Kruger Nasionale Park sal moet jag en doodmaak sonder die vereiste permit. Die renos-
terhorings moes op 20 Mei 2017 gelewer word. Die ooreenkoms het bepaal dat mnr Ziba vir Ronald
R600 000 sou betaal vir die 3 horings. Mnr Ziba het die R600 000 aan Ronald op 5 Maart 2017 betaal, maar
Ronald het tot op hede nog nie die horings gelewer nie. Mnr Ziba nader u vir advies.

(a) Adviseer mnr Ziba aangaande die geldigheid al dan nie van die kontrak wat tussen hom en Ronald
gesluit is. Verkaf redes vir u antwoord. (1 punt).

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 (b) Adviseer mnr Ziba of hy suksesvol die kontrak teen Ronald sal kan afdwing en die R600 000 wat hy
reeds betaal het, sal kan terugkry. (4 punte).

VRAAG 6 [5]

Cecil het op 2 Mei 2017 ‘n buffelbul by mnr Pillay gekoop vir R20 miljoen. Cecil het die koopprys betaal twee
dae nadat die kontrak gesluit was. Die kontrak het nie ‘n datum of tyd vir lewering van die bul aangedui nie.
Mnr Pillay het tot op hede nog nie die bul gelewer nie en Cecil het u om advies genader. Cecil meen dat mnr
Pillay kontrakbreuk gepleeg het aangesien hy die lewering van die bul vertraag het. Hy wil om hierdie rede
uit die kontrak terugtree. Die kontrak het nie ‘n kansellasieklousule /lex commissoria bevat nie.

Adviseer vir Cecil of hy die kontrak met mnr Pillay kan kanselleer en watter stappe, indien enige, hy moet
volg om die kontrak te kanselleer. Verskaf redes vir u antwoord. (5 punte).

VERTEENWOORDIGINGSREG:

VRAAG 7 [5]

Verduidelik die begrip verteenwoordiging, hoe dit ontstaan en hoekom dit belangrik is in allerdaagse kom-
mersiële aktiwiteite. Gebruik ‘n voorbeeld om dit te verduidelik.

KOOPREG:

VRAAG 8 [8]

Bravo verkoop ‘n stofsuier aan Betty op 30 Mei 2017. Bravo was bewus daarvan dat die stofsuier ‘n el-
ektriese fout het wat tot gevolg het dat dit oorverhit wanneer die atmosferiese temperatuur meer as 24° C
is. Bravo het nie hierdie fout aan Betty geopenbbaar nie. Bepaling 6 van hulle koopkontrak bepaal : ‘Die
stofsuier word voetstoots verkoop.’ Die stofsuier is aan Betty gelewer. Sy het op die 2de Junie 2017 die
stofsuier gebruik toe die atmosferiese temperatuur 25°C was en gevolglik het sy ontdek dat die stofsuier ‘n
gebrek het en geneig is tot oorverhitting.

(a) Identifiseer die spesifieke gemeenregtelike remedies wat beskikbaar is aan ‘n koper wanneer hy ‘n
objek, wat ‘n verborge gebrek bevat, koop en daar nie ‘n uitdruklike of stilswyende kontraktuele
waarborg teen verborge gebreke is nie. Verduidelik in u antwoord waarop die koper geregtig is in-
gevolge hierdie remedies (4 punte).

(b) Verduidelik of Bravo suksesvol op klousule 6 sal kan steun om homself teen ‘n eis wat Betty vanweë
die defektiewe stofsuier kan instel, te verweer. Verskaf redes vir u antwoord (1).

(c) Veronderstel dat die Wet op Verbruikersbeskerming (WVB) op hierdie feitestel van toepassing was.
Watter remedies sal in hierdie geval aan Betty beskikbaar wees kragtens die WVB (3 punte).

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HUURREG:

VRAAG 9 [5]

Lewis het sy huis in Waterkloof aan Tim teen R20 000 per maand vir 12 maande verhuur. Een Vrydag het
daar ‘n fout met die huis se elektriese bedrading ingesluip wat ‘n lae kragtoevoer na die elektriese toebe-
hore veroorsaak het en het veroorsaak dat daar vir lang tye kragtoevoer was. Tim het Lewis onmiddellik
geskakel en hom van die elektriese probleme ingelig. Lewis se verweer was dat dit naweek was en hy nie
gesteur wou word nie. Tim het hierdie reaksie kommerwekkend gevind en u vir advies genader.

Adviseer Tim of hy enige eis teen Lewis sal hê en watter remedies Tim tot sy beskikking in hierdie geval sal
hê. Gebruik die beginsels van die huurreg. Verskaf redes vir u antwoord.

KREDIETOOREENKOMSTE:

VRAAG 10 [3]

Een van die oogmerke van die Nasionale Kredietwet 34 van 2005 [NKW] is “om verantwoordelike kre-
dietverlening en –gebruik te bevorder en … roekelose kredietverlening te verbied” (Losweg vertaal vanuit
Engels).
Verduidelik drie gevalle waar ‘n kredietooreenkoms as “roekelose krediet” kragtens die NKW gesien sal
word.

TOTAAL: [50]

Einde van vraestel

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