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Physics

The document discusses rectilinear and free fall motion. It provides examples of calculating displacement, velocity, acceleration, time and distance using kinematic equations for objects undergoing linear motion with constant acceleration. Several word problems are worked through, including cases where a car accelerates along a straight road, a projectile is launched upward, and objects are dropped or thrown vertically. Graphs of position, velocity and acceleration over time are also presented to illustrate free fall motion.

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Angelica Sibayan Quiniones
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251 views

Physics

The document discusses rectilinear and free fall motion. It provides examples of calculating displacement, velocity, acceleration, time and distance using kinematic equations for objects undergoing linear motion with constant acceleration. Several word problems are worked through, including cases where a car accelerates along a straight road, a projectile is launched upward, and objects are dropped or thrown vertically. Graphs of position, velocity and acceleration over time are also presented to illustrate free fall motion.

Uploaded by

Angelica Sibayan Quiniones
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rectilinear Motion

1. A car is driven along a straight track with position given by


s(t) = 150t – 300 ft (t in seconds).
(a) Find v(t) and a(t).

Solution: We are given that s(t) = 150t – 300 ft, so v(t) = s'(t)
= 150 ft/s, and
a(t) = v'(t) = 0 ft/s2.
(b) Use calculus to find the displacement and total distance
traveled over the interval [1, 4].

Solution: The displacement on [1, 4] is simply the definite


integral of velocity on [1, 4]:
Displacement ft. 450 1 150 4 150 ) 150 (150 41 4 1    
    t dt
Since the velocity of the car is constant, the car is always moving
in the same direction. Therefore, the total distance traveled is the
same as the displacement in this case.

2. A projectile is fired upward from a 15.3 m cliff at a speed of


19.6 m/s and allowed to fall into a valley below. The acceleration
g due to Earth’s gravity is about 9.8 m/s2, or about 32 ft/s2,
downward.
(a) Given that a(t) = –9.8 m/s2, find v(t) and use it to find the
time at which the projectile reaches its maximum height. Find the
maximum height of the projectile using geometry.

Solution: If a(t) = –9.8, then v(t) = –9.8t + C for some constant


C. Note that v(0) = C in this problem, so that C is the initial
velocity. Therefore, v(t) = –9.8t + 19.6 m/s. The maximum
height occurs when the velocity is zero, so –9.8t + 19.6 = 0
implies that the maximum height occurs at t = 2 seconds.
Although we do not have a position function, we can find the
maximum height using
geometry. Since the maximum height in this problem is simply
the displacement over the first 2 seconds, and the displacement
is the net area bounded by the velocity curve, we see that the
maximum height is the area of the shaded triangle, which is (1/2)
(2)(19.6) = 19.6 meters.

(b) Use geometry to find the displacement and total distance


traveled over the interval [0, 3].

Solution: The displacement is the net area bounded by v(t), and


the total distance traveled is the total area. In this case, we can
use the two triangles in the figure to compute displacement on
[0, 3] as (1/2)(2)(19.6) – (1/2)(1)(9.8) = 14.7 meters, and the
total distance traveled on [0, 3] as (1/2)(2)(19.6) + (1/2)(1)(9.8)
= 24.5 meters.

3. A baseball is thrown downward from a 50-ft tower with an


initial speed of 18ft/s. Determine the speed at which it hits the
ground and the time of travel.

Solution:
Height= 50 ft.
Initial Velocity Vi= 18 ft. /s
Acceleration= g = 32.2 (acceleration due to gravity)
Using Newton’s equations of motion
2gh = Vf2 – Vi2
Vf = (2gh + Vi2)0.5
Vf = {2(32.2)(50) + (18)2}0.5
Vf = 59.5 ft. /s which is the speed at which, the baseball will hit
the ground
Vf = Vi + gt
t = (Vf - Vi)/g (here t is time)
t = (59.5 - 18)/32.2
t = 1.29 sec
4. Travelling with an initial speed of 70km/h, a car accelerates at
6000km/h2 along a straight road. How long will it take to reach a
speed of 120km/h? Also through what distance does the car
travel during this time?

Solution:
Vi= 70 km/h
ac= 6000 km/h2
vF= 120 km/h
t= ? s=?

All values are of same set of units, so there is no need of


converting them to SI system of units.
Using Newton’s Equations of motion,
Vf = Vi + at

t= Vf-Vi
a
t=120-70
6000
t= 0.0083 hrs

2as = Vf2-Vi2
S= Vf2 – Vi2
2a
S= 1202-702
12000
s = 0.792 km

5. As a rain accelerates uniformly it passes successive kilometer


marks while travelling at velocities of 2 m/s and 10 m/s.
Determine the train’s velocity when it passes the next kilometer
mark and the time it takes to travel the 2-km distance.
Motion A to B
Vi = 2m/s
Vf = 10m/s
S = 1km or 1000 m
Using Newton’s equation of Motion,
2as = Vf2–Vi2
A=Vf2 –Vi2
2s
a = 0.048 m/s2

Motion B to C
Vi = 10m/s
a = 0.048 m/s2
S = 1km or 1000 m
Using Newton’s equation of Motion,
2as = Vf2 –Vi2
Vf = √ 2as + Vi2
Vf = 14 m/s

Motion A to C
Vi = 2m/s
Vf = 14m/s
S = 2km or 2000 m
Vf = Vi + at
t = Vf-Vi
a
t = 250 sec
Free Fall

1. The boy drops the ball from a roof of the house which takes 3
seconds to hit the ground. Calculate the velocity before the ball
crashes to the ground. (g=10m/s²)

Velocity is;
V=g.t
V=10m/
s².3s=30m/s

We have learned how


to find the velocity of
the object at a given
time. Now we will
learn how to find the
distance taken during
the motion. I give some equations to calculate distance and
other quantities. Galileo found an equation for distance from
his experiments.
This equation is;
 
 
 
Using this equation we can find the height of the house in
given example above. Let’s found how height the ball has
been dropped? We use 10 m/s² for g.
 
I think the formula now a little bit clearer in your mind. We
will solve more problems related to this topic. Now, think that
if I throw the ball straight upward with an initial velocity.
When it stops and falls back to the ground? We answer these
questions now.

Picture shows the magnitudes


of velocity at the bottom and at
the top. As you can see the
ball is thrown upward with an
initial v velocity, at the top it’s
velocity becomes zero and it
changes it’s direction and starts
to fall down which is free fall.
Finally at the bottom before
the crash it reaches its maximum speed which shown as V’.
We have talked about the amount of increase in the velocity
in free fall. It increases 9,8m/s in each second due to the
gravitational acceleration. In this case, there is also g but the
ball’s direction is upward; so the sign of g is negative. Thus,
our velocity decreases in 9,8m/s in each second until the
velocity becomes zero. At the top, because of the zero
velocity, the ball changes its direction and starts to free fall.
Before solving problems I want to give the graphs of free fall
motion.
 
 
As you see in the graphs our velocity is linearly increases with
an acceleration “g”, second graphs tells us that acceleration is
constant at 9,8m/s², and finally third graphic is the
representation of change in our position. At the beginning we
have a positive displacement and as the time passes it
decreases and finally becomes zero. Now we can solve
problems using these graphs and explanations.
 
2. John throws the ball straight upward and after 1 second it
reaches its maximum height then it does free fall motion
which takes 2 seconds. Calculate the maximum height and
velocity of the ball before it crashes the ground. (g=10m/s²)

 
 
 
3. An object does free fall motion. It hits the ground after 4
seconds. Calculate the velocity of the object after 3 seconds
and before it hits the ground. What can be the height it is
thrown?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Two examples
given above try to show how to use free fall equations. We
can find the velocity, distance and time from the given data.
Now, I will give three more equations and finishes 1D
Kinematics subject. The equations are;

 
 
First equation is used for finding the velocity of the object
having initial velocity and acceleration. Second one is used for
calculating the distance of the object having initial velocity
and acceleration. Third and last equation is timeless velocity
equation. If distance, initial velocity and acceleration of the
object is known then you can find the final velocity of the
object. Now let’s solve some problems using these equations
to comprehend the subject in detail.
4. Calculate the velocity of the car which has initial velocity
24m/s and acceleration 3m/s² after 15 second.
We use the first equation to solve this question.

 
5. The car which is initially at rest has an acceleration 7m/s²
and travels 20 seconds. Find the distance it covers during
this period.

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