English Translation Copyright© 1996 Ken Neat

First published 1996 by Cadogan Books plc, London House, Parkgate Road,
London SW I I 4NQ.

Distributed in North America by Simon and Schuster, Paramount

Publishing, 200 Old Tappan Road, Old Tappan, New Jersey 07675, USA.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 1 85744 125 7

Cover design by Brian Robins

Typeset by Ken Neat, Durham

Printed in Great Britain by BPC Wheatons Ltd. Exeter

 Contents
Introduction 7

1 A Little about Strategy and Tactics 8

2 Elementary Contacts 12
3 Attack and Defence 15
4 Tying and Pinning 18
5 Combined Attack 22
6 Second Wave of the Attack 26
7 Double Attack 28
One piece simultaneously attacks two enemy pieces 28
Two pieces simultaneously attack one enemy piece 30
Two pieces simultaneously attack two enemy pieces 32
8 Reciprocal Double Attack 36
9 Double Blow 38
10 Defence against a Double Blow 42
11 How a Double Blow Arises 46
12 Attack on the King 53
13 Mating Attack Mechanisms 57
14 Combinations and Sacrifices 62
15 Classification of Combinations 70
16 Winning Combinations 73
Combinations against the king 73
Combinations to win material 76
Combinations to promote a pawn 77
17 Drawing Combinations 79
Perpetual check 79
Stalemate 80
Blockade 81
Perpetual pursuit 82
Fortress 83
Drawing balance of forces 85
18 Chess Aesthetics 87
6 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

19 Strategy of Attack 95
Attack on the uncastled king 95
Attack on the kingside 98
Attack after cast Iing on opposite sides 103
Attack on the queenside 107

Index of Players and Analysts 1I 1

 Introduction
The middlegame is the most difficult and complicated phase of chess, but
also undoubtedly the most fascinating and interesting. Many major works
have been devoted to it, and in various books one can find hundreds of
examples from the m iddlegame, but it seems to me that such a mass of
material is most likely to frighten the average chess enthusiast, wishing to
improve his play in this stage of the game in order to achieve certain suc-
cesses, and, more important, to obtain the maximum pleasure from playing.
It was for this reason that the author had the idea of writing a small book
devoted to the middlegame, and including in it only that which is most
important, most essential, so that subsequently the reader would be able
independently and competently to solve many problems arising during the
struggle on the chess board.
Since the middlegame is the most complicated phase of chess, as with
any complicated phenomenon various approaches can be made to it. Since
the main aim of the game is to give mate to the enemy king, which demands
a certain coordination of the forces, I consider that particular attention
should be devoted to the problems of concerted piece action.
In this book I have tried to reveal to the reader the deep significance of
these important concepts, and have aimed to show how the coordination of
the pieces arises during play. My main conclusion, which will make it much
easier to understand the basic struggle on the chess board, is that, despite
the countless multitude of different situations arising in the middlegame,
there are only two effective attacking procedures, leading to succe.ss - the
combined attack and the double blow. A mastery of these techniques, and
an ability to prepare them gradually, is extremely important.
And one more thing. Since in the middlegame the main target of attack is
his majesty the king, in this book great attention has been paid to the attack
on the king. Typical mating mechanisms, offensive techniques, and ways of
conducting an attack are aiJ considered.
The task of this small book is to help the reader to find his way through
the boundless ocean of chess, in which, according to the Indian saying: 'a
gnat may drink and an elephant may bathe.'

Yuri Averbakh
November 1995
1 A Little about Strategy
and Tactics
During the course of a game a a game, forty moves or more may
player repeatedly has to find be required, but to lose it is suffi-
answers to two questions - what to cient to make one bad one! You
do, and how to do it. The answer to yourself will no doubt have several
the first question is given by chess times encountered this paradox. As
strategy, and to the second by grandmaster Richard Teichmann
tactics. · once aptly put it: 'chess is 90 per
It is well known that, in warfare, cent tactics!' Every player, from
strategy is assigned the leading role, beginner to World Champion, has
and tactics a subordinate one. experienced this at first hand
But on the chess board everything himself.
is different. Although here too In order to gain an impression of
tactics are largely subordinate to the connection between strategy and
strategy, their role is extremely tactics on the chess board, we wi 11
important. After all, on the chess examine a short, but highly instruc-
board, except when a pawn is tive game, played by two Moscow
promoted, there are no reserves, and masters of roughly the same
this means there can be no addition strength. This game, incidentally,
to the existing forces, which them- also demonstrates certain ideas and
selves are very limited. Therefore it procedures typical of the middle-
is not surprising that even one game.
tactical mistake, oversight or
blunder may lead to defeat. And on Bonch-Osmolovsky-Baranov
the contrary, a successful tactical Moscow 1953
operation may immediately decide
the outcome of a game. During play, l e4 e5
especially in complicated, unclear 2 l2J f3 l2Jf6
positions, you have to be extremely Instead of defending his e5 pawn,
attentive. Otherwise unpleasant sur- Black in tum attacks the opponent's
prises will await you at every step. pawn. This opening, developed by
Remember that, however success- Russian masters in the 19th century,
ful your strategical plan, a tactical is called the PetroffDefence.
mistake can completely ruin it. Not It should be known that if 3 l2Jxe5
without reason is it said that, to win Black should first play 3 ... d6, and
 A Little about Strategy and Tactics 9

only then take the e4 pawn. The White calmly replies I 3 0-0!, and if
point is that on the immediate I3 ... lf.Jd3 14 'ii'c4 lf.Jxc 1 15 l:.xc 1,
3 ... l2Jxe4 White has the strong reply when the bishop cannot move on
4 'W'e2, when the knight cannot account of 16lf.Jd5.
move on account of 5 ltJc6+, Therefore with his next move
winning the queen. Black switches his queen to the
3 d4 queenside, to where, to all appear-
White, with the advantage of the ances, the opponent's king is
opening move, is the first to begin intending to take shelter.
play in the centre, simultaneously
opening lines for the development
of his pieces.
3 exd4
4 e5 l2Je4
5 'iixd4 d5
6 exd6 l2Jxd6
7 .i.d3 'ii'e7+
Experience has shown that
7... l2Jc6 8 'Wf4 g6 is more accurate
here. With the move in the game
Black plans to answer 8 ~e3 with
8 ... l2Jf5, exchanging knight for
bishop. But as we will see later, this
operation leads to a loss of time,
and to Black delaying the develop- 10 . . . 'ii'b4
ment of his pieces. 11 'ii'e5+
8 i.e3 l2Jf5 Of course, there is no point in
It was not yet too late for Black to White exchanging queens. His lead
reject his initial plan. By playing in development is best exploited in
8 ... i.f5 9 l2Jc3 ltJc6 I 0 'i'a4 i..xd3 an attack.
he would have gained an acceptable 11 i..e6
position, whereas now he encoun- 12 0-0-0 l2Jc6
ters significant problems. In the hope of mounting an attack
9 i.xf5 i..xf5 along the c-file, Black tries to buy
10 l2Jc3! his opponent off with a pawn.
It transpires that taking the pawn 13 'ii'xc7 ltc8
is extremely dangerous: on I 0 ... 14 'i'f4 'i'a5
i.xc2 there fo Ilows I I l:c 1 lf.Jc6 15 'i'g5!
(11 ... i..f5 12 ltJd5) 12 'ii'f4. It is true By offering the exchange (now
that here Black has 12 ... ltJb4!, but that he is a pawn up), White
10 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

switches his queen to an active 19 lt:Jxe6+

position with gain of tempo. Against such a check, ca11ed a
15 . . . 'ii'a6 double check, there is only one
16 :bel defence - the king has to flee, but
A picturesque position. White's where to? If 19 ... ~c8 20 .Ud8 mate,
pieces are fully mobilised and are while 19 ... ~e8 is met by 20 l2Jxg7+
ready for positive action, while .§Lxg7 21 ~g5+ <itf8 22 l:td8 mate.
Black has not yet resolved the That only leaves e7, but there too
question of safeguarding his king. the king does not find safety.
Therefore he decides on a desperate 19 . . . -i;;e7
counterattack. 20 it.g5+!
16 lt:Jb4 It is important not to let the king
17 lt:Jd4 l:lxc3 escape to f6.
20 f6
21 lt:Jd8+

Naively assuming that this

exchange sacrifice will lead to a
draw. For example: 18 bxc3 tt:Jxa2+ Here Black admitted defeat: there
19 ~d2 lt:Jxc3 20 ~xc3 ~b4+! 21 is no defence against mate in two
~xb4 'Wc4+ 22 ~a3 'Wia2+ with moves.
perpetual check. But White had seen In this game we see a clash of
beforehand that after the capture on two ideas, of two strategical pJans.
c3 the opponent's back rank would Relying on his lead in development,
be weakened, which allows him to White concentrated his pieces in the
strike a decisive tactical blow. centre, preparing an attack on the
18 'ir'd8+!! enemy king that had not managed to
Truly a bolt from the blue! castle. Black, after sacrificing a
18 ... ~xd8 pawn, was hoping for a counter-
 A Little about Strategy and Tactics 11

attack on the queenside, where the has deprived it of the f6 square, and
white king had castled. But every- the rook at el lands the fatal blow.
thing was decided by tactics - by The bishop at f8 and pawn at f6 not
sacrificing his queen, White was only fail to help, but actually hinder
able to refute Black's plan and to their king, by depriving it of the
conclude the game briiJiantly. vital squares f8 and f6. And the
Note that in the final mating king's rook, 1ike the remaining
attack all the white pieces took part black pieces and pawns, performs
(with the exception, of course, of the cheerless role of spectator to the
the king). And the actions of his execution of its own monarch.
pieces were excellently coordinated This game demonstrates the
- in the final position the rook at d 1 importance of assigning roles on the
takes away the black king's squares chess board. And in the following
on the d-file and defends the knight chapter we wi11 begin by trying to
at d8. The knight, in tum, deprives understand how the pieces and
the king of the f7 square, the bishop pawns coordinate one with another.
2 Elementary Contacts
The aim in a game of chess is to However, already in the initial
checkmate the opponent's king. But disposition in each camp one can
none of the pieces is able to achieve discern a number of contacts and
this on its own. As we know, to do links between the pieces and pawns,
this even the a11-powerful queen and that means, their coordination.
needs help. The pawns cover the pieces
For success in operations carried standing behind them from the
out on the chess board, the har- attacks of the enemy pieces, and the
monious, coordinated action of the pieces, in tum, defend (support)
pieces is required. It is extremely these pawns, each at least once,
important to understand how this while simultaneously defending one
arises. We wil1 try to disclose what another. However, the initial
lies behind these exceptionally placing of the pieces also has a very
important concepts. significant defect - apart from the
Let us consider the initial knights, none of the pieces is able to
arrangement of the pieces. move, to say nothing of attacking
the opponent's pieces: they are
prevented from doing so by their
own pieces and pawns, which
restrict one another's freedom of
action.
Thus in the initial position we
discern three types of contacts
between the pieces (and also be-
tween the pieces and pawns) of each
side - three forms of elementary
coordination.
1. Support - a piece (or pawn)
supports (defends) another piece (or
pawn).
The two sides are both Jined up in 2. Covering - a piece (or pawn)
two ranks facing each other. covers another piece (or pawn)
Between them is a large neutral against attack.
zone. All is calm and quiet- no one 3. Restriction - a piece (or pawn)
is threatening anyone else, and restricts either the movement, or the
indeed no one is able to do so. scope of another piece (or pawn).
 Elementary Contacts 13

Whereas the first two contacts We come to the important con-

may be considered useful, although clusion that between the pieces of
not always necessary (after a] l, in the opposing sides there exist three
the initial position there are as yet types of contacts, three types of
no threats at all), the third contact interaction. Firstly, restriction (as
demonstrates an adverse, lack of mentioned earlier), secondly, the
coordination in the actions of the threat of an attack, and thirdly, the
pieces, when they not only do not attack itself. IncidentaJJy, it~-~- -~s~f~J
help, but essentially hinder one to mention that an attack - by one
another. ''ple'ce --on· -another - - does not arise
Now let us see how the situation suadenTY, -l>uf--g'fiouaUy: -first there
on the board changes after some m ustl)e'ailireaf ---- - -
initial opening moves. Let us play 1 - By replying - 2 ...liJc6, Black
e4. White immediately takes control defends the e5 pawn, controls the d4
of the squares d5 and f5 in the square, and creates the threat of an
opponent's territory, and at the attack on c2.
same time certain restrictions are If we wish to, we can (relying on
straight away removed - his queen, elementary contacts), describe any
bishop and even his king gain the situation that arises on the chess
opportunity to move forward. But board. Subsequently we will try to
the e4 pawn has immediately do this. But here our task is to show
broken away from its camp and, how, in the course of play, between
lacking support by the pieces, is the pieces of the two sides certain
undefended. And here we note the contacts and links arise. Figur-
arising of a fourth contact - the atively speaking, as the forces of the
threat of an attack on it by a black two sides take up their fighting
knight from f6. positions, between the warring
After the reply l...e5 Black takes camps there as though extend
control of the d4 and f4 squares in invisible lines of force. Imper-
the opponent's territory. In addition, ceptible to the naked eye, like very
the white pawn is blocked. It is fine wires, they enmesh the field of
halted, restricted in its movements. battle.
But the e5 pawn that has broken These Jines of force - we call
away from base is now itself threat- them elementary contacts and links,
ened by an attack. And, by 2 liJfJ, arise both between the pieces, and
White carries out this threat, attac- between pieces and certain squares.
king the black pawn and creating To repeat, these elementary links
the fifth contact- attack. Note that are support, covering, restriction,
from f3 the knight also creates the the threat of an attack, and the
threat of attacking the f7 pawn. attack itself.
14 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

Strictly speaking, in the endgame However, the promotion of a

another contact arises - the sixth pawn is not typical of the
and a very distinctive one - the link middlegame, and here we will touch
between a passed pawn and its on this theme only briefly.
promotion square. Like a magnet, In conclusion it should be
the pawn is drawn towards this mentioned that all other, more
square, and the closer it is to it, the complicated types of tactical inter-
stronger the threat of it being action are formed out of these six
promoted to a queen. This threat is elementary contacts that we have
no less strong that an attack on this discovered.
square.
3 Attack and Defence
In the course of a game the warring knight creates a threat of the second
sides endeavour to inflict material order. Depending on the number of
losses on each other, and with this moves that are needed to
aim they make attacks with their accomplish an attack, these threats
pieces and pawns on the pieces and can be of various orders (stronger or
pawns of the opponent. weaker).
Let us look again at the initial We thus come to the conclusion
position. that, before making an attack, a
piece moves as though by steps,
gradually intensifying the threat.
Attacks and threats (moreover, as
we have established, threats can be
of various orders) constitute
elementary means of attack. And
there is another extremely impurtant
conclusion. Whereas attacks and
threats of the first order are easily
discernible, threats of the second,
third and subsequent orders are
often concealed from the
experienced eye and are not easy to
spot.
It is not difficult to establish that Thus, an attack has been made on
from gl the white knight can neither a piece. But how effective is it? It is
attack, nor threaten to attack any of effective only if the opponent
the enemy pieces. But from f3 it is disregards this threat or does not
threatening an attack, and from g5 notice it. But if he sees the threat, he
or e5 it is already attacking the f7 will try to avoid material loss, and
pawn. Beginning an attack on the f7 theoretically he will have five
pawn from gl, the knight moves as possible ways of defending. Let us
though by steps. Strictly speaking, examine them in tum with the aid of
even from g I the knight is a schematic position (see diagram
threatening to attack the f7 pawn, next page).
only for this it requires not one Let us suppose that White has just
move, as from f3, but two. There- played 1 l:Ifd 1, attacking the
fore it can be said that from g 1 the unprotected bishop at d6.
16 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

3. Covering. If the attacking

piece is of long-range action, then
another piece can be moved into the
line of attack, drawing the fire on
itself. This method also a11ows an
exchange, therefore the covering
piece should normally be equal to or
weaker than the attacking piece. In
addition, it should be supported
either by the attacked piece itself, or
by some other piece. Here the attack
on the bishop can be covered by
l...lbd5.
4. Answering attack (counter-
1. Withdrawal. The attacked attack). In this case the attack is
piece moves out of the firing line. simply disregarded, the attacked
This method of defence can be piece is left undefended, and in
either passive or active in nature. If reply an attack is made on a
the piece simply moves, leaving the stronger or at least equal piece of
attacked square, this wiiJ be a the opponent. In our position this
passive defence- here, for example, might be done by l... b6.
t. ...ars. 5. Capture. If the attacking piece
But if, in moving, it in turn is on a square that in turn is attacked
attacks an opponent's piece, such a by one of the opponent's pieces, it
defence will be active. Here such an may be captured. Here Black has
opportunity is provided by the move the possibility of l. .. ..i.xdl.
l .•. ~f4. These are the main methods of
2. Support. The attacked piece attack and defence. In the event of
remains in place, but, in order to the attacked piece withdrawing
defend it, another piece is brought (l ... ~f8), or the attacking piece
up to its defence. This method being captured ( 1. .. ~xd I), the
allows an exchange, therefore situated is relieved. But in the other
support is normally possible only three cases the situation becomes
when the attacking piece is of equal more aggravated and complicated:
or superior strength and importance into the conflict are drawn not just
to the attacked piece: otherwise the two, but a minimum of three (in the
exchange will lead to material loss case of support or covering) or even
for the defending side. In our four pieces (in the event of a
example the attacked bishop can be counterattack).
supported, for instance, by l. ..:tad8. As we have seen, the defensive
 Attack and Defence 17

possibilities are very diverse. But by a knight it is impossible to

their employment is often defend by covering, while if the
determined by the type of attacking king is attacked, in this case neither
and defending pieces. Thus, for support nor counterattack are
example, if a piece is attacked by a possible. In short, the choice of
pawn, it normally has to save itself defensive methods depends on the
by running away, against an attack concrete situation.
4 Tying and Pinning
Let us suppose that some piece has In this amusing position Black
attacked an equivalent or weaker cannot win, even if it his tum to
piece of the opponent, and that move. If he plays l. .. l2Jd6, then
another piece has come to its aid, by after 2 ~g7, in order not to lose a
defending it. It would seem that the piece, the knight has to go back to
balance has been restored. Ah, no! f7, while if l... ~c2, then 2 ~g7
Compared with the initial situation, i£.b3 3 ~h7! and the knights, which
it has significantly changed: be- are tied to each other, are crippled.
tween these three pieces a certain As we see, here the king on its
tension has arisen - invisible own successfully opposes three
attacking and defensive lines of enemy minor pieces. And this
force are now in place. occurs thanks to tying.
In this case it may prove that the If a piece is attacked by a long-
third, supporting piece significantly range piece, it can be defended by
loses in strength: its mobility and covering - a second piece as though
ability to attack wi11 be restricted. takes the fire upon itself, covering
It turns out that by tying it is the line of action of the attacking
possible to neutralise a significant piece. In doing so it itself turns out
material advantage. Let us consider, to be pinned: if it moves, this wil1
for example, the conclusion to a lead to the loss of the attacked
study by V.Chekhover ( 1949). piece.
In other words, after covering, the
attack on the attacked piece
disappears, but the threat of an
attack still remains. And the pinned
piece loses both in mobility and in
activity.
Such a situation, in which, as in
tying, a minimum of three pieces
take part, is called a pin. By means
of a pin a big material advantage
can also be neutralised.
(see diagram next page)
Here Black is a rook up, but he
cannot win.
 Tying and Pinning 19

bishop, but here too his attempts to

win come to nothing.
These two examples demonstrate
that a pin is especially important, if
the pinned piece is covering the
king: in this case it completely loses
its strength! This feature of a pin is
sometimes forgotten even by
masters. Here is a typical example.

His knight is pinned, and (since

under normal circumstances king
and rook cannot win against king
and bishop) his king and rook are
forced to defend it - they are tied to
it. White achieves a draw by
moving his bishop between g3 and
h2.
The fo1lowing position is perhaps ~akogonov~hekhover
even more amazing. Tbilisi 1937
White had aimed for this position
from a long way off. He was not
afraid of l. ..l:tf8, since he assumed
that by 2 .:td8 he in tum would pin
the enemy rook. But the ex-
perienced master had not taken
account of the fact that his pinned
queen had lost his strength and that
2 ... iih4+! was possible, after which
he was immediately obliged to
capitulate.
The defects of pinned pieces,
covering their king, are also
Black has an enormous material strikingly demonstrated by the
advantage - two rooks against a fo1lowing ancient study.
20 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

The queen at f5 is under attack by

four black pieces - king, queen,
rook and pawn, but not one of them
can take it. The king, because the
queen is supported by its own king,
and the remaining three pieces
because they are pinned, the black
king being behind them. It thus
transpires that the four-fold defence
of the f5 square is in fact illusory.
If it is the queen or some other
piece, apart from the king, of
course, that is behind the pinned
C.Gilbert, 1877 piece, then in certain circumstances
White to play and mate in two such a pin can be disregarded.
A classic example of such an
By playing 1 'iifl! White does 'illusory' pin is provided by the
not appear to threaten anything: aiJ ancient miniature game LegaiJ de
the approaches to the enemy king Kermeur-St Brie, played in Paris
are securely defended. But the in 1750.
problem is that it is Black to play, 1 e4 e5 2 i.c4 d6 3 lt:Jf3 .i.g4 4
and a move by any of his pieces dis- lt:Jc3 g6
rupts the defence. Thus on a knight
move there follows 2 'ii'f6 mate, on
a rook move 2 'iif4 mate, and
finally, if l ...~xe6+ 2 'Wit'S mate.
This final position merits a diagram.

The knight at t3 is pinned, but it

unexpectedly releases itself:
Sli:JxeS! .ltxdl
Black's greed is his undoing. Of
course, he should have replied
 Tying and Pinning 21

5... dxe5, losing only a pawn. But to release itself, by creating some
now he is mated in two moves. strong threat, such as the threat of
6 ..txti+ rt;e7 7 ttJd5 mate. mate, the threat to win a stronger
This spectacular finish became piece, and so on.
known as 'Legall' s mate'.
And here is another example of
unpinning that has become a classic.
(see diagram next column)
Not seeing how he could save his
pinned bishop, Black resigned. But
he could have not only saved the
game, but even won with the spec-
tacular move 1....1gt! Attacking the
queen with his rook, Black simul-
taneously threatens mate at h2. And
here it is White who would have
had to resign!
It can be said that a pin is von Popiel-Marco
'illusory', ifthe pinned piece is able Monte Carlo 1902
5 Combined Attack
As we have already stated, a simple
attack on an enemy piece rarely
proves effective. For this to happen
it has to be incapable of being def-
ended or covered by its own pieces,
and of moving out of the attack.
Quite a different matter is a
combined attack, normally carried
out by several pieces or pawns,
when one of them attacks the
opponent's piece, and the others
prevent it from moving or being
defended. In such situations it often
happens that the withdrawal squares Nimzowitsch-Alekhine
of the piece are cut off by its own Bled 1931
pieces or pawns.
Here aU White's hopes rest on his
attack on the rook at a8, but Black
found a refutation of his plan: 1...
ltJd5+ 2 .i.d2 1i'b6 3 1Wxa8+ ~d7,
and the white queen is trapped.
After 4 0-0-0 lDc7 5 .i.a5 lDxa8 6
iLxb6 lbxb6 Black won.

Averbakh-Boudi-Bueno
Polanica Zdroj 1975
In this position White played
f4! 'ii'xe4 2 ttel, and it transpired
that the black queen was trapped.
After 2... e6 3lDxf6 Black resigned.
 Combined Attack 23

In this position, the conclusion to 6 ttJxeS, and the black knight had no
a study by L.Kubbel ( 1940), Black retreat.
does not look to be in any particular
danger.
But there fo11ows 1 'i'a8! ~b2 2
~d5, and White manages to deprive
the queen of all eight free squares.
Note the negative role played here
by the black pawns, which signif-
icantly restrict the freedom of their
own queen.

Matulovic-Cvetkovic
Varna 1965

In one of the variations of the

Ruy Lopez after 1 e4 e5 2 liJf3 lbc6
3 .i.b5 a6 4 .i.a4 d6 5 d4 b5 6 ~b3
tiJxd4 7 tiJxd4 exd4 the following
position is reached.
Andersson-E. Torre
Bie/1977
White played 1 l:tb3, reckoning
on regaining his pawn, but after 1..•
b4! 2 :xb4 b5 3 h5 Jid6 4 l.tb3 b4
his rook was trapped. By continuing
5...l:le8 followed by taking his king
to c4, Black won.
In the following position White's
first move 1 'it'c1 looks incompre-
hensible, and Black decided to win
the opponent's central pawns by
l. ..ttJxd4+ 2 ~d3 'iixe5. But White
had calculated accurately: 3 Wc8+ Here 8 'i'xd4 would be a mistake
~g7 4 'i'h8+! ~xh8 5 tDxfi+ 1;g7 on account of 8 ... c5 9 1i'd5 .i.e6 10
24 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

'Wc6+ .i£.d7 11 1i'd5 c4, when the

white bishop is trapped.
In the examples considered the
targets of the combined attack were
the queen, rook, knight and bishop.
But a king can also be subjected to a
combined attack. We will give
several typical instances of an attack
on the king, where the decisive
blow is landed by various pieces.
Of course, the strongest piece in
an attack on the king is the queen.

Soultanbiev-Colle
Liege 1926

Tarjan-Karpov
Skopje 1976
White has created the threat of
mate in two moves, but it is Black N.N.-Pillsbury
to play, and he wins by l...l::te3+! 2 Blindfold Exhibition 1899
fxe3 'iig3 mate.
By pinning the rook at f3 (see In this position Black gives mate
next diagram), Black assumed that with a lone bishop, only first he has
he had defended against all the to restrict the enemy king: l...'ii'fl +
threats. But after 1 %tg2! it trans- 2 .li.g1, and now 2 ...'ii'f3+! 3 il.xf3
pired that the rook could not be i.xf3 mate.
taken on account of 2 'iixf8 mate, As we see, in the final mating
and meanwhile 2 'i*'xh7+ ~xh7 3 position the task of restricting the
l::th3 mate was threatened. king is fulfilled by pieces of the
 Combined Attack 25

same colour. Picturesquely speak-

ing, they as though go over to the
opponent's side, by hindering their
own king.
A similar situation arises when
mate is given by a lone knight. A
classic example is the so-called
•smothered mate', which has been
known since the late 15th century,
at the dawn of modem chess.

Georgadze-Kuindzhi
Tbilisi 1973
In this unusual position both
kings are in danger, and in fact
White is threatening mate in one
move. But it is Black to play, and in
three moves he is the first to give
mate: l ...iif2+! 2 ikxf2 l:.h5+! 3
~xh5 g5 mate.
I hope that you will have
1 'fie6+ ~b8 2 lbti+ ~g8 3 understood that in the event of a
ltJh6+ ~h8 4 'iig8+! l:Ixg8 5 CiJti combined attack on enemy pieces,
mate. including the king, it is extremely
Mate by a pawn occurs most important not only to coordinate the
often in the endgame, but here we actions of your own pieces, but also
give one of the rare examples of a to be able to exploit the restricting
spectacular mate of this type in the role played by the opponent's
middlegame. pieces.
6 Second Wave
of the Attack
Let us suppose that the first attack pieces attack one. In such situations
has been parried: an adequate the attacked piece most often has to
defence against it has been found. safe itself by running away.
The attacked piece has been sup- Thus in the above schematic
ported or covered against attack by position White may attack the black
another piece, or, finally, a counter- bishop at d7 with 1 l:t.dl. If Black
attack has been employed. defends it by 1...l:t.d8, then White
However, the battle is not yet can attack the bishop a second time
over. If the attacker has reserves - with 2 ltJeS, forcing it to move.
pieces occupying active positions - 2. An attack on the supporting
then a second wave of the attack is piece. This attack is even more
quite possible- a new attack. dangerous than the previous one.
If the attacked piece has been After all, it is not so simple for the
supported, then here there are supporting piece simply to leave its
theoretically two possible attacking post, without abandoning its 'ward'
options: to its fate. Here too there is a double
attack: two pieces attack two enemy
pieces. Moreover, if the defending
piece is not in tum supported by
some other piece or pawn, this
entire defensive construction may
collapse like a house of cards in the
face of the second attack.
In our schematic position after 1
.:ld1 l:td8 this could be carried out
by 2 .ib6.
If the defence is carried out by
covering, then again there are
theoretically two attacking options.
1. A second attack on the
1. A second attack on the covered piece, only this time from a
defended piece. Since it is carried different, undefended side.
out by a new piece, this will already In the following schematic
be a double attack, in which two position Black might answer 1 ..tb3,
 The Second Wave of the Attack 27

attacking his rook, with the f3, so that two white pieces are now
covering move l...lt.Jd5. Then 2 threatened. Since 3 lt.Jf6+ ~g7 does
~4 would be a new attack on the not help White, he is bound to lose
covered piece. material.

2. A new attack on the covering Maciewski-Averbakh

piece. This will be an attack of two Po/anica Zdroj 1976
pieces on one, which here could be
made after 1 .t b3 lbd5 by 2 l:.ad 1. Thus, in the second wave of the
If the defence is carried out by a attack the defending pieces drawn
counterattack, a second attack on into the skirmish may themselves
the attacked piece is now pointless. become its target, and in many cases
The most effective form of attack a double attack situation arises on
here wi 11 be one where, in moving the board.
out of the line of fire, the attacked Every chess enthusiast is familiar
piece itself strikes a blow at some with the 'fork' - a dangerous
enemy piece. In this case two of the attacking procedure, when two
opponent's pieces will now be pieces simultaneously come under
under attack. attack by a piece or pawn. As you
A practical example is provided have probably already realised, the
by the following position. 'fork' is merely a particular instance
Black attacks the white knight of a double attack. But a double
with l. ..c6. If White ignores this attack is much more dangerous and
and makes the counter-attacking effective than a simple one, and in
move 2 l:.f3?, then Black repljes tactical operations on the chess
2 .••lbe5~ not only defending his f7 board it plays an extremely
pawn, but also attacking the rook at important role.
7 Double Attack
The fact that the double attack is a
highly effective attacking method,
was c1ear to our ancestors back at
the dawn of modem chess. Thus, for
example, in one of the first chess
books - that of the Portuguese
author Damiano (Rome 1512), in a
chapter devoted to subtleties of
play, out of a couple of dozen
examples no less than half comprise
various forms of double attack.
And this is what was written, for
example, in the ancient book of the
first Russian master Alexander Uhlmann-Averbakh
Petroff (St Petersburg 1824): Dresden 1956
'It is needful to endeavour to
make such moves that wouJd have a By 1...4Jf3 Black forces his
double aim', and 'One must also opponent to give up rook for knight,
endeavour to carry out double and then by a double attack he also
attacks'. wins the second rook.
Let us consider the most com- If, for example, White replies 2
monly occurring instance of a l:tc8+ ~g7 3 :xo, there follows
double attack. 3 ... 'ilixt3+ 4 ~h2 'ii'g3+ 5 ~hi
'iih3+ 6 <iir>gl 'ikxg4+ and 7 ... 'fkxc8.
One piece simultaneously attacks White in fact played 2 'ti'd8+
two enemy pieces ~g7 3 :xf3 'ti'xf3+ 4 ~h2 'ii'f4+ 5
~g2 'i'xg4+, and here he resigned.
This is our familiar 'fork'. Usually On 5... 'Wxg4+ there could have
it is assumed that a 'fork' is made followed 6 ~f2 'iff4+ 7 <it>e2 'ii'xc 1
either by a knight, or by a pawn, but 8 ~xdS 'ii'c2+ 9 <;t>e3 'tic6 I 0 'ii'eS+
in fact such an attack can be made 'i'f6 etc.
by any piece, including his majesty As regards the character of the
the king. attack, in no way different from the
But let us begin with the queen; 'fork' is the double attack on some
the double attack comes into its enemy pieces by a bishop or rook.
arsenal, of course. The only difference is that the
 Double Attack 29

bishop attacks along diagonals, and Here Black is threatening the

the rook along ranks and files. discovered check l. .. :c2+, and 1
'ii'cS can be met by l ... .:.xg2+ 2
~xg2 'ii'd2+ and J .. .'ii'xc 1. But
White, exploiting in tum the
possibility of a double attack,
quickly decides the game in his
favour.
1 'i'xc4 'iid2 2 'ifc2+! '1i'xc2 3
llxc2 1Ixc2 4 ..ie4+ and 5 i.xc2.

Krogius-Gauffin
Helsinki 1937

By 1 iLe7 White temporarily sac-

rifices a piece, in order after 1. ..
.txe7 2 J:xe5 to carry out a double
attack on queen and bishop and to
win a pawn.
Averbakb-Taimanov
Zurich 1953

In this curious position White is

threatening to capture on h5
followed by the 'fork' 2l2Jxg7+.
The knight cannot retreat to f6 on
account of 2 ~f4, winning the
queen, and 1...g6 allows 2 .td4. It
follows that here Black has no way
of defending against the double
attack.
He played l. .. i£.c8, and after 2
'ii'xh5+ 'iixb5 3 l2Jxg7+ ~d7 4
Smyslov-Zita l2Jxh5 he was two pawns down, and,
Prague 1946 of course, went on to lose.
30 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

his advantage. The promotion of

one of the pawns is threatened, and
l. .. l:tcd6+ is met by 2 <ittc5, with the
threat of 3 c8='ii+, while if
1. .. 1:ied6+ 2 ~e5, with the threat of
3 e8='W'+. Black has nothing better
than to give perpetual check.

Two pieces simultaneously attack

one enemy piece

The most effective example of such

an attack is the double check, when
Ahues-Kurpun both pieces simultaneously attack
Germany 1935 the king, and there is nothing else
for it do to but move. The following
By the exchange sacrifice 1 famous old study vividly demon-
:xd6! White succeeds in carrying strates the power of the double
out a pawn fork. After 1. ...Uxd6 or check.
l ... 'ii'xd6 there follows 2 e5, since
2 ... 'iixe5 allows the decisive 3 .Jtf4.

A.White, 1919

After F.Sackmann, 1910 Forced to run from the attacks of

the white pieces, the black king
Here Black has an enormous ends up in the corner of the board,
material advantage, but after 1 <ittd5, where it is mated.
with a double attack on the rooks, it 1 1t.f2+ ~e3 2 l:r.f3+ ~e4 3 l:r.e3+
transpires that he is unable to realise <it>d4 4 lte4+ ~d5 5 lld4+ ~c5 6
 Double Attack 31

JLI5+ <it'c6 7 .:tc5+ ~b6 8 l:.c6+ occurred many times even in master
Sb7 9 l:.b6+ Wa7 10 l:.b7+ ~a8 11 games.
L7+ ~b8 12 l:a8 mate. 1 e4 e5 2 liJf3 d6 3 d4 tiJd7 4
A mating attack, involving the i..c4 il.e7?
usc of the double check, was carried
out by White in the following
example.

It is hard to believe that this

natural move is a fatal mistake.
Fridstein-Aronin Fearing the advance of the knight to
Moscow 1949 g5, Black defends this square with
his bishop, but disregards the d5
Things don't seem to be so bad square which is no less important.
for Black: he is threatening both The correct reply was 4 ... c6.
l .. .'ti'xe3, and l ... l2Jxg4. But now 5 dxe5 dxe5? 6 'lidS!
came the unexpected double check
I .i.h5+! \t>h7.
It transpires that the rook is
immune: if l ...<j;xf5 2 .i.g6 mate.
2 Jtg6+ <itg8 (2 ... ~g7 3 i.d4) 3
J:xf6! 'ii'xe3 4 .i.fi+! ~f8 (4 ... ~h7
would have been answered by 5
.i.g8+ and 6 ltxh6 mate) 5 .lte6+
~e7 6 I:.fi+, and White gives mate
in two moves: 6 ... ~e8 7 .:tg8+ i.f8
8 l:.gxf8 mate.
Attacks in the opening on f2 or f7
often involve a double attack. Here
is an instructive example, which has
32 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

Only six moves have occurred, The game continued 3 l;Iel liae8 4
and the attack on f7 is already l2Jc3 %Ixe4! 5 lt:Jxe4 .:es, and Black
irresistible. After 6 ... lt:Jh6 7 .i.xh6 won.
Black is left a piece down.
Of course, instead of 5 ... dxe5 it
would have been much better to Two pieces simultaneously attack
play 5 ... ~xe5, but even in this case two enemy pieces
6 ltJxe5 dxe5 7 'ti'h5 is possible,
with a double attack by the queen
on e5 and f7. Black has only one
move - 7 ... g6, and after 8 'ti'xe5
White wins a pawn.
An attack by two pieces is
especially dangerous, if the attacked
piece is pinned. We know that a
pinned piece loses significantly in
mobility and strength, especially if
it is covering the king, a fact that
should never be forgotten.

Isakov-Nikitin
Correspondence 1947

Black's position looks critical: he

is threatened with the capture on d7
foiJowed by mate with the rook at
b8. But by exploiting a discovered
check, he not only neutralises the
threat, but also tips the scales in his
favour.
l. ..'iid3+!!
Tischler-Yurev For an instant Black gives up his
Leningrad 1927 queen, but in so doing he lures the
opponent's king into a discovered
In reply to l. .. dxc4 White check. On 2 Wxd3 there folJows
decided to treat himself to a knight 2 ... ..1£,xc6+ with a simultaneous
and played 2 ~xe4, after which attack on king and queen. and then
Black attacked the white bishop 3 ... i..xa4. If instead the white king
with the spectacular move 2 .. .'ii'f5! moves to e 1, Black replies
 Double Attack 33

2 ...1i'xb 1, and there is no longer a 5 lixb7+ ~g8 6 :Ig7+ ~h8 7 l:.g5+,

threat of mate. and White gained a winning
material advantage.

Furman-Smyslov
Moscow 1949 K. Torre--Em.Lasker
Moscow 1925
Here White found the deadly
move 1 'Wb2! By placing his queen The following study demonstrates
in ambush, he creates the threat of 2 a somewhat different construction
lbxg6+ hxg6 3 l:th3 mate, or of the 'windmill', which might well
2 .. ."1Wxg6 3 :g3+ and mate next. be called a 'meat-grinder'.
How can this be parried? If, for
example, l ... h6, then 2 nc7!, and if
2 ... 'W'xb2 3 ltJxg6 mate.
After the comparatively best
l ...lbc4 2 lbxg6+ 'ti'xg6 3 ~xc4+
'ilfg7 4 'ii'xg7+ ct>xg7 5 l:tc7+ White
gained a won ending.
Discovered check is the driving
mechanism of the complicated
tactical operation known as the
'windmill', a classic example of
which is provided by the following
game (see diagram next column).
By 1 .Ji.f6!! White gave up his W.Mees, 1973
queen, but after l. ..'iVxh5 2 ll.xg7+
the 'windmill' went into operation: White has only three pieces,
2 ... ~h8 3 l:lxfi+ <it>g8 4 l:.g7+ ~h8 whereas Black has four times more,
34 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

but the 'meat-grinder' begins to It transpires that White intends,

operate: exploiting the threat of a discovered
1 .ltxe2+ ~el 2 .ltbS+ ltJe5 3 check, to win the queen for nothing.
1:txe5+ ..te2 4 l:lxe2+ <&t>n 5 lte4+ Black has nothing better than to
liJd3+ 6 .ltxd3+ lte2 7 .ltxe2+ ~el again place his queen en prise to the
s il.g4+ 'itn 9 ~d2 bishop - l ... ifh3!, but then 2 :tfS+
After disposing of a fair number ~b4 3 l:.f4+ is possible, when a
of the enemy pieces with a series of discovered check again leads to the
discovered checks, White begins win of the enemy queen. An am-
playing for mate. Although the using position, wouldn't you agree?
conclusion to the study does not Note that here the black knight
relate to our theme, we nevertheless played a negative role, in helping
give it: White to trap the queen. Had it not
9...llxg4 10 ~xg4 hl='ii' 11 .:r.c4 been there, Black would have had
with inevitable mate. the saving reply 1... 'ifh7!
We conclude our demonstration As we have already mentioned, a
of the strength of the discovered double attack can also arise if, in
check with the spectacular finish to reply to an attack, in moving out of
the following study. the line of fire the attacked piece in
turn attacks some opposing piece.
The following game shows that
even the strongest players in the
world can sometimes overlook the
possibility of such an attack.

J.Hoch, 1973
Black has queen for rook, and it
appears that White is simp1y obliged
to take the opponent's queen, and be
satisfied with a draw. But he rejects
the capture and makes the para- Tbomas-Euwe
doxical move 1 ~d7!! Nottingham 1936
 Double Attack 35

By playing here 1. .. .i.c5+ 2 ~hI answering double blow with 3

tt:Je6, Black would have achieved a .i.xfi+, which after 3 •••1i'xti 4
perfectly acceptable position. 'ii'xc2 left him two pawns up.
But he replied l. ..tt:Je6, assuming
that the bishop at d6 could not be
taken on account of 2 l:Ixd6 l%xd6 3
'it'xd6 %:.d8. However, in his pre-
liminary calculations he overlooked
the fact that White can reply 4
lf:Jd7!, and after 4 ... jfxd6 5 .:xd6
the move 5... lf:Jf8 is refuted by 6
lbf6+. 5 ... ~h8 also does not help, if
only because of 6lbe5.
The most interesting thing is that
White believed Black, that the piece
could not be taken, and replied 2 g3.
(see diagram next column) Maroczy-Bogoljubow
Dresden 1936
White played 1 dxc6, not fearing
possible double attacks, since he Had Black first played l. .. nxd 1+
had accurately calculated the 2 llxdJ and only then 2 ... ..txc2,
possible continuations. The game White's strongest reply would have
continued l. .. .txc2. been 3 'iia2!, and if 3 .. J~f8
Black has attacked al1 three of the (3 ... :xa2 4 l:.d8 mate) 4 .txt7+
opponent's heavy pieces, but after 2 Wxt7 (4 ... :xt7 5 :d8 mate) 5
:xd8+ .f:xd8 White struck an li'xc2.
8 Reciprocal
Double Attack
Already in the preceding example
we saw that the situation on the
board becomes sharper, when there
is a reciprocal double attack. Here is
another example of the same type.

3 .i.c6+!
A paradoxical move! It turns out
that none of the three pieces can
take the bishop.
3 .. J~xc6 is met by 4 .:.xn,
Simagin-Zagoryansky 3... ~xc6 by 4 l:xc8+ and then 5
lvanovo 1944 l:Ixf7 and, finaiJy, if 3 ... l2Jxc6 White
has the decisive 4 l:.xt7+. Black is
Black's position looks difficult: obliged to move his king.
White is threatening a decisive 3.•• ~e6 4 fth6+ l:.£6 5 ~d7+!
invasion with his second rook. The decisive move, based on the
However, he had planned an same double attack. White wins the
interesting defence, based on exchange.
counterattack. The reciprocal double attack de-
1...:n 2 :hs+ ~d7! mands attentiveness, tactical vision
A reciprocal double attack has and precise ca1culation, otherwise it
arisen. All four rooks are en prise. can lead instantly to Joss of
Captures lead only to exchanges, material.
but White finds a clever way out of Here are two instructive examples
the situation. from master practice.
 Reciprocal Double Attack 37

Alatortsev-Konstantinopolsky Chekhover-Kan
Tbilisi 1937 Leningrad 1933
In this sharp position White is a After l. ..'ii'xa2 and the reply 2
pawn up, but his kingside is :at he played 2 .• J~xd6.
weakened and l .. .'ii'f3 is threatened. Note that 2 ... 'ii'c2 would have
All the threats could have been been bad on account of 3 lt.e4,
parried by 1 :c2!, in order to when the queen no longer has any-
answer l ... 'Wf3 with 2 i.g2. But where to go.
White wanted immediately to solve However, he had not taken into
all his problems, by exchanging the account White's subtle reply 3 'ii'eS!
dangerous bishop, and here is what Note that, in moving out of the
this led to: firing line, the queen has not only
1 .ltc4 .i..xc4 2 'ikxc4 l:tdl+! maintained the double attack, but
Exploiting the fact the white rook has itself also attacked the black
is tied to the queen, Black creates a bishop. Here Black had been relying
reciprocal double attack, which he on the new attack 3 ... f6, but only
turns to his advantage. After 3 ~g2 now did he notice the counter
'it'xc4 4 J:ixc4 llxa 1 he is a rook up. possibility of a double attack by 4
In the following position Black 'ii'd5+! llxd5 5 i.xd5+ and 6 .Uxa2
was tempted by the a2 pawn, rely- with a decisive advantage.
ing on the possibility of a counter He had to reply 3 ...'iid2, and after
double attack. 4 ~xb5 White went on to win.
9 Double Blow
'Excuse me', may ask the metic- This is a typical instance of a
ulous reader, who has attentively double blow, consisting of an attack
acquainted himself with the pre- on an enemy piece and a threat of
ceding pages of this book. 'Is not mate. After all, the threat of giving
the double attack, which you have mate is even more dangerous than
described in such detail, the same as an attack.
the double blow?' A similar, although slightly
Yes, it is, but the double blow is a different situation is depicted in the
broader concept than the double following example.
attack. We define a double blow as
being a combination of any two
attacks and threats.
We wiJI now consider various
instances of such blows.

By 1 'ii'f5 the white queen,

supported by the bishop, attacks h7,
threatening mate. Simultaneously it
keeps under fire, i.e. attacks, the
Chigorin-Janowski bishop at f6, although for the
Paris 1900 moment it is defended. But this is
the problem! In order to defend
against the mate, Black is obliged to
After 1 f5! .i.xf5 White struck a advance his pawn to g6, thereby
double blow with 2 'ii'c5. He is depriving the bishop of its defence.
threatening mate at f8, and simul- Thus here too we have a double
taneously the bishop is attacked. blow, consisting of an attack on a
Black resigned. piece and a threat of mate.
 Double Blow 39

Balashov-Biyiasis Klyatskin-Yudovich
Manila 1976 Moscow 1937

White played 1 ti'g4, creating a An interesting case is represented

threat with two pieces, queen and in the following diagram:
knight, to give mate at g7. At the
same time he is threatening to give
check with the knight at h6, with a
double attack on the opponent's king
and queen. It is not difficult to guess
that we have here a double blow,
consisting of two threats - a threat
of mate and a threat of a double
attack.
(see diagram next column)
With l. .. il.e7 Black attacked the
white rook. White could neither
move his rook, not take the queen. Keres-Siiwa
He had to reply 2 :ldhl, after which Gothenburg 1955
Black implemented his second
threat- a double attack: 2 ...1ixf4+ 3
l:txf4 ..tgS 4 4Je2 l:.df8, when White By playing 1 'ti'b3 White attacked
resigned. Here the double threat the dS pawn, simultaneously crea-
consisted of an attack and the threat ting the latent threat after 2 lDxfS
of a double attack. .:xfS of regaining the piece by 3
40 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

l:txe4, exploiting the pin. Thus here It is time to sum up. The
we have a double blow in the form expanded concept of the double
of an attack and the threat of a blow, a combination both of attacks,
second order attack. and of the most varied threats,
It is clear that the threat of enables us to make the following,
promoting a pawn to a queen may extremely broad classification,
be no less strong than an attack. encompassing all possible instances
After alJ, they both have the aim of of attack .
achieving material gain. Although 1. Double attack.
the threat of queening a pawn 2. Combination of simple attack
occurs most often in the endgame, and double attack.
we giVe a rare example from the 3. Combination of simple attack
middlegame. and threats of various orders. Earlier
we showed that, depending on how
many moves were needed for the
achievement of the set goal, threats
can be distinguished as threats of
the first, second, third order etc.
4. Combination of a double attack
and threats of various orders.
5. Combination of two threats of
various orders.
Such an expanded concept of the
double blow enables us to
understand the entire diversity of
tactical operations carried out on the
Engels-Maroczy chess board, both simple, and the
Dresden 1936 most complicated, and to disclose
the mechanisms operating in them.
In this pos1t1on White Note that threats can have the
unexpectedly played 1 :xb2 'ii'xb2 most diverse aims, significant and
2 'i'xc8+! lbxc8 3 d7. insignificant. There can be a threat
We again have here a typical to give mate, but there can also be a
instance of a double blow - on the threat to occupy some strategically
one hand White is threatening to important square with a piece, and
queen his pawn by 4 d8="ii'+, and on one may also try not to aJ low an
the other hand, by taking the knight enemy piece onto such a square.
with 4 dxc8='W+. It is not hard to One can threaten to give stalemate,
see that against these two queening give perpetual check, or construct
threats Black has no defence. an impregnable fortress. And all
 Double Blow 41

these and similar threats can well be attacks are immediately evident, but
combined in a double blow. the threats of higher orders are
I hope that you will have concealed, being as it were 'under
understood that in chess the double water'. They have to be sought and
blow is an effective and truly found.
universal device, both in attack and It should also be understood that
in defence. double blows do not arise out of
I should once again remind you nothing. Initia11y threats must
that it is necessary to distinguish appear, and only then the double
between the double attack, which is blow itself arises. The ability to
merely a particular instance of the foresee and to sense the possibility
double blow, and the double blow in of a double blow arising, and to
all its complexity. The point is that prepare it, is a great skill. It is an
with a double attack everything is important component in the so-
apparent, everything is clear - the called combinational vision of a
attacks themselves are patently chess player. And it is to help the
obvious. But with the double blow, reader to develop his combinational
especiaJly with threats of higher vision that the author has set as his
orders (second, third etc.) situations task.
arise that resemble an iceberg- the
10 Defence against
a Double Blow
However strong, however danger- It is true that the rook is undefen-
ous a double blow, in exceptional ded, but it cannot be taken: on
situations a defence can be found. l .. .'ii'xa4 there follows 2 l:h3+ ~e4
We will now tum to an examination 3 llh4+, winning the queen.
of such cases. However, the most important
thing is that, while attacking the
queen, at the same time White has
created the threat of mate by 2 I:.h3.
Black has only one defence,
l...'iic8, but then all the same there
follows 2 l:h3+ 'iixb3 3 l:.a3+,
winning the queen with the help of
the double blow.
We advise the reader to study this
position carefully: it constitutes a
veritable eulogy to the double blow,
since the entire play of both sides is
based on it.
The above example enables a
simple rule to be established: a
We have here an ancient position double blow may not bring the
by I.Kiing (1849). It shows a desired effect, if, in avoiding the
typical double blow situation - the blow, one of the attacked pieces is
black king has attacked the op- capable, in turn, of creating some
ponent's rook, and simultaneously strong threat such as mate etc. A
the queen is threatening mate. defence against a double blow may
White's position looks critical, also be provided by a counter
wouldn't you agree? double blow.
But there is a defence. White Therefore, when carrying out a
finds the fantastic move 1 .:.a4!! double blow, one must look
In moving his rook away from the carefully so as not to run into a
attack, he at the same time covers counter double blow, such as
the al square, defending against the occurred, for example, m the
mate, and in tum attacks the queen. following game.
 Defence against a Double Blow 43

Fischer-Shoe ron S.Kaminer, 1935

Mar del Plata 1959
White has a queen for a bishop,
After 1 .C.c6 Black should have but Black begins a dangerous
replied l ... 'ii'd7, when, as shown by mating attack:
Fischer, White cannot play 2 ~xc4 l. .. .tg6+ 2 <it>al ..te7!
because of 2 .. .'ti'd3, with the threat The deadly double blow 3 ... i..f6+
of3 ... l:lbl. is threatened. Events now develop
Instead Black played l. ..'W'd8, swiftly:
hoping to catch his opponent in a 3 lLJf3 .i.f6+ 4lLJe5+ ci;;e7
double blow.
White went along with this - 2
l:.xe6 ji'c8.
This was the move that Black was
relying on (2 ... fxe6 3 'fixe6+ and 4
'ii'xe5 is hopeless for him), but
White had seen a little further:
3~d7!
It transpires that Black has fallen
victim to his own plan: 3 .. .'ii'xd7 is
met by the double blow 4 ltxg6+!
Therefore he conceded defeat.
Here is another example, in
which the salvation from a double
blow is similarly provided by a As yet it is not clear what White
double blow. has achieved. We have a typical a
44 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

double blow situation - the bishop of mate with the rook at fl. If he
at f6 is attacking the queen and plays I 1:r.cd 1, then all the same
simultaneously threatening mate. It I ... 'itxd6 follows. 1 ltJc4 does not
is hard to imagine a worse position! help on account of l ... i£.xc4, and
But nevertheless White wins here finally, after I l:idd 1 Black takes the
by the fantastic move 5 'iih4!! knight at e5. It appears that White
By pinning the bishop, he parries has nothing better than 1 lt:Jg6+
the threatened capture on eS and hxg6 2 'i'kh3 + 'lt>g8 (2 ... .i.h5 3
simultaneously intends to take the l:xc7) 3 ~e6+ with perpetual
f4 pawn, to defend the knight. And check.
after 5 •.• .i..xh4 the formerly pinned But Alekhine had foreseen in
knight itself lands a double blow- 6 advance a brilliant reply, which
ltJxg6+ and 74Jxh4. solves all White's problems, while
To prevent the double blow, keeping his extra piece. He played 1
White exploited a pin, but it was a 'ikdl!!
'fork' that led to victory, i.e. again a If l ... it.xd I, then 2 ~xc7 is now
double blow. possible.
In such positions~ rich in tactical The game concluded l..:ti'a5 2
possibilities, the seemingly most 'tlfxe2 (2 jkdS was also good) 2 ...
incredible moves are possible. 'ti'xe5 3 l:td5~ and Black resigned.

~--
•./>';.·A·· .

/j,ill ·~ · ,
j_
Alekhine-V erlinsky
Odessa 1918
This position could have occurred
in the game Reshevsky-Euwe (The
Black has attacked both of the Hague 1948).
opponent's rooks with his queen, We have here a typical double
which White cannot take on account blow situation White IS
 Defence against a Double Blow 45

threatening mate at h7 and is diverting double blow 2 ltJd7!,

simultaneously attacking Black's leading to the win of the queen.
knight with his own knight. It The correct reply, parrying the
appears that the simplest way of attack, is l ... .i.e4! If 2 lbxe4 Black
defending is by 1..•4Jf6, moving the brings up his rook with gain of
knight out of the line of fire and tempo by 2 .. J~Ifc8, while if 2 jj'xe4
defending h7. But this would be a he plays 2 ... 4Jf6, defending h7 and
decisive mistake: White has the simultaneously attacking the queen.
11 How a Double Blow
Arises
In the overwhelming majority of 2 'it'd3!
examples considered earlier, we A subtle move. First White must
encountered the double blow situa- provoke ... g7-g6, weakening the f6
tions after they had already arisen. square. The immediate 2 'W'a3 does
A double blow is especially danger- not achieve anything after 2 ...h6.
ous, if it appears like a bolt from the 2 ... g6 3 'ii'a3
blue. But this suddenness is a Now a double blow situation has
consequence of the fact that ins- arisen. White is threatening both 4
ufficient attention was paid to the 4Jxh7, and 4 'iixa6. And if 3 ... h6 he
threat of the double blow, and that wins the exchange by 4ltJh7!
necessary counter-measures were Black replied 3 ...lt:Je6, and after 4
not taken in time. lt:Jxe6 fxe6 5 'ifxa6 he lost a pawn.
Here is another example of the
same type.

Boleslavsky-Flohr
Budapest 1950
Kan-Levenfish
Black played l....C.c8, in order to Tbilisi 193 7
release his knight from the defence
of the c6 pawn. But in so doing he Here Black was pinning all his
left the a6 pawn undefended, which hopes on l ...lt:Jd4, clearly under-
al1owed White, by carrying out a estimating the folJowing retreat by
double blow, to win a pawn: White:
 How a Double Blow Arises 47

2 Wn! the c-file by placing his queen at c3,

Now the bishop has to retreat, and therefore the move l...ncs
since 2 ... l2Jxf3+ 3 gxf3 leads to the looks perfectly natural, but it is in
loss of a piece. fact a decisive mistake, allowing
2...il.e7? White to carry out a double blow:
As we will see later, this move is 2 l£Jxe6!
a mistake that in the end a11ows The knight cannot be taken on
White to carry out a double blow. account of 3 'ii'c3, but Black can
The only correct move was 2 ... il.f8, take the rook.
when after 3 l2Je5 'ii'g5 4 f4 'iie7 2•• Jlxc4 3 lDh6+!
Black avoids Joss of material. But This final blow had to be antici-
now events develop by force. pated in advance. After 3 ... gxh6 4
3l2Jxd4 l:txd4 4 il.e2! 'ii'xh6 Black is mated, and therefore
An excellent move; it transpires he resigned.
that on account of 5 i..f3 Black The sacrifices accompanying the
cannot capture on e4. double blow can be the most varied.
4 ...:xdl 5 "fixdl 'ii'g5 6 h4 'ii'f6 For example, by means of a sac-
7 e5 'iig6 8 ._d7, and White wins a rifice the opponent's pieces can be
piece. forcibly drawn onto the necessary
Very often the emergence of a squares, on which immediately or
double blow is accompanied by with in a few moves they come
sacrifices, demanding precise, and under a double blow.
sometimes deep calculation. The following examples demon-
strate such situations.

Larsen-Matanovic
Zagreb 1965
Horberg-Averbakb
White intends to seize control of Stockholm 1954
48 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

The awkward placing of White's Then, to lure the king to a7, the
queen, rook and bishop suggested to queen is given up:
Black a rook sacrifice with the aim 2 _.xa7+! <t>xa7
of inflicting a double blow. And now White regains with
l ...:tcl! interest the sacrificed material:
For an instant, by giving up the 3 bxc8=tD+!!
rook, he lures the opponent's queen Often a double blow is preceded
to c 1, in order after 2 -.tfxc1 to by a sacrifice with the aim of
immediately win it - 2 •.•l2Je2+ 3 eliminating a defender.
l:l.xe2 lixcl+. The remainder was
simple: 4 <it>f2 .ia6 5 .id3 'iixal 6
.li.xa6 'iidl, and White resigned.
Such sacrifices, leading to a
double blow, are essentially stan-
dard techniques, with which every
strong pJayer should be familiar.
A classic example of sacrifices
with the aim of luring the
opponent's pieces into a double
blow is provided by this position by
Emanuel Lasker:

Kupper-Olafsson
Zurich 1959
After 1 .i.xg7 ~xg7 White
exploited the unfortunate placing of
Black's king and queen by the rook
sacrifice 2l:txti+!
After 2 ... ltxf7 he immediately
carries out the double blow by 3
ltJe6+, while if 2 ... <iti>g8 he has the
decisive 3 :tg7+! <t>h8 (3 ... l2Jxg7 4
'ikxh7 mate) 4 .:xh7+ ~g8 5 ltg7+
~h8 6 ~xg6.
First, to lure the rook to c8, White In the following position White's
sacrifices his rook: pieces are dangerously impending
1 l:.c8+ :xc8 over the opponent's king, but the
If 1... ~xb7 2 ~xd8, and the e 1 opposition of the queens allows
square is defended. Black to carry out a double blow.
 How a Double Blow Arises 49

In this position it is only the f2

pawn that is protecting White
against a double attack on g2. But
perhaps it can be eliminated?
Reasoning in this way, we find the
spectacular move l. ..'ii'g3!!
The queen has to be taken - 2
fxg3, whereupon there follows
2 .. Jixg2+ 3 ~hl ltdd2, and mate
cannot be prevented.

Tolush-Antoshin
Leningrad 1956
However, first he must eliminate
the piece defending the white queen.
l ...ll.xd3! 2 l:Ixd3
White has to take with the rook:
his queen is occupied with guarding
g2.
2...l:.el+ 3 ~f2 ltJe4+ 4 ~xel
'ii'xg6, and Black won.
Lyubensky-Szepanek
Poland 1955

White has just landed a double

blow - he has attacked the knight at
d4 with his rook and 1s
simultaneously threatening mate
with the rook at a4. Of course,
Black could have withdrawn his
knight to c6, in order to block the
rook check 2 :a4+ with 2 ... l2Ja5.
But after some thought, he found a
better solution. Let us also try to
find it.
Rabinovich-Cbekhover (variation) If, for example, Black plays
Leningrad 1932 l .. .'ii'c2+, then after 2 ~e 1 he
50 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

cannot land a double blow with transpired that 3 dxc5 allows the
2 ... 4:Jf3+, on account of the fact that double blow 3 ... 'ii'xc5+, winning the
this square is guarded by the g2 rook at c 1.
pawn. But perhaps there is a way of White therefore resigned.
eliminating this pawn? It turns out
that there is!
l. ...lifJ+!
The king cannot move to either
one side or the other on account of
mate in one move (2 ... 'iic2 or
2 ... l2Jc2), while after 2 gxf3 there
follows 2.. :ii'c2+ 3 ~el tt'Jxf3+,
when Black has achieved his aim.
The aim of a sacrifice may be, for
example, the opening of lines, as a
result of which a double blow can
be Janded.
A classic example of such a
sacrifice is provided by the Alster-Betak
conclusion to the following game. Prague 1956

Black's pos1t10n looks solid

enough, wouldn't you agree? And
yet this outwardly quiet situation
conceals the threat of a double
blow, and White can win a pawn
with 1 .i.xh6!
The point is that Black cannot
take the bishop: the opening of the
file after l ... gxh6 alJows White to
move his queen onto the same
diagonal as the opponent's queen
with gain of tempo - 2 'ii'g3+, and
after 2 ... ~f8 (if 2 ... <it>h8 3 ltJxt7
Bogolj ubow-Capablanca mate) he can land the double blow 3
New York 1924 lbg6+, winning the queen.
Such opportunities for a double
First Black sacrificed his knight- blow are not always noticed even by
l. ..liJxd4 2 cxd4, and then he masters. The following example Is
regained it with 2....C.8xc5, when it highly instructive.
 How a Double Blow Arises 51

But the way that subsequent

events developed was not at aH how
the commander of the black pieces
had assumed.

Levenfish-Ryumin
Moscow 1936
White's knight is attacked, and
without much thought he retreated it
to g3. And yet he had the Richter-Kasper
opportunity to create a double blow Benshausen 1975
situation by sacrificing the knight:
1 tt:Jf6+! gxf6 2 exf6 llDf6+! gxf6
In this position White has two The knight has to be taken, but
threats. One is to give mate in two this exposes the king, creating the
moves by 3 'Wg3+ and 4 ..,g7, and grounds for the subsequent mating
the other is to give mate in two attack.
moves by 3 'ii'xf8+ ~xf8 4 :IdS. 2 klc7+ ~g6
And against these two threats there Or 2 ... ~g8 3 'ii'xh6.
is no defence. 3 it'd I!
The destruction of the enemy We have here a double blow
king's position, with the aim of situation - White attacks the rook,
opening lines and the subsequent and at the same time threatens mate
landing of a double blow, decided from g4.
the outcome ofthe fol1owing game. Black therefore resigned.
Black's knight was at c6, and he Most often sacrifices are multi-
has just played it to b4, attacking purpose. Thus in the following
the a2 pawn. He only considered the example the sacrifice is made both
reply 1 ~c7, on which l ... iixa2 is to open lines, and to eliminate a
possible, when 2 lt:Jf6+ is not defender and set up a pin. But its
dangerous on account of 2 ... ~g6. ultimate aim is a double blow.
52 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

subsequent rook sacrifice. At the

same time, after the queen takes the
bishop it is pinned, and is unable to
defend the f2 square against a
double blow by the knight.
2 iixg2 l:xdl!
A reciprocal double blow
situation has now arisen, so that
White does not have time for 3
ifxc6 on account of3 ... l:txel+.
3 ltxdl tiJfl+ 4 ~gl 1Wxg2+ 5
<it>xg2 tlJxdl 6 J:.xb4 l:txc2+ 7 ~gl
l:txb2, and Black was awarded a win
Stolyar-Averbakh on adjudication.
Leningrad 1938 With this we conclude our
discussion of sacrifices, leading to
the emergence of a double blow
There followed l.....iLxg2+! situation, but we will continue it in
By this temporary sacrifice of a later chapters where the question of
piece, Black opens the d-file for a mating attacks will be covered.
12 Attack on the King
In the initial position the king is middle of the board. However, he
covered from the front by a rank of was bold not through his own free
pawns. But as soon as the central will. White sacrificed three minor
pawns advance, in order to allow pieces to bring him out into 'clear
the pieces to be developed, the king water', and now he quickly finishes
is deprived of its pawn protection, him off.
which is potentially dangerous. 1 :acl!
Therefore, as a rule, at the first Undoubtedly the strongest move.
opportunity castling is carried out White restricts the movements of
and the king is taken into safety. the black monarch. It has available
And, of course, there is no point only a narrow little strip of the
in the king coming out ahead of its board, which in fact becomes the
troops: it will immediately be king's grave.
assailed by the opponent's pieces. Mate on the move by 2 'it'd 1 is
To checkmate a king in the threatened.
middle of the board, if it is not If the king tries to run back home
covered by its own pieces and with I ... ~d5, there follows 2 e6+
pawns, is not a difficult task. Let us (or 2 'ii't7+ i.e6 3 'Wi'f3+ ~d4 4
consider a single, but very typical 1i'd 1 mate) 2 ... ltJf5 (2 ... ~d6 3 ii'e5
example. mate) 3 'i'xf5+ ~d6 4 l:.edl+ ~e7 5
1i't7 mate. And I. .. .tf5 does not
help on account of 2 ..Wh4+ <ittdS 3
'if'c4 mate.
Even in the event of castling by
the king, its safety is not always
guaranteed. Even though covered by
pieces and pawns, it may also come
under attack. We will consider
several typical patterns of mating
attacks against the castled position.
Don't be surprised that on this
and the following diagrams you will
not see the white king. These are
not positions from games, but
Alone, without his retinue, his patterns. They show only the pieces
majesty has gone out into the that land the final, mating blows.
54 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

successful storming of the king's

fortress, but not by a frontal assau It,
as in the preceding diagram, but
from the side.
1 l1e8+ l:txe8 2 ~xeS mate
Again we see a fami1iar picture -
the king's flight is cut off by his
own pawns. If just one of the pawns
had advanced, the king would have
had more freedom, and there would
have been no mate on the back rank.
The idea naturally suggests itself:
is it not worth making an escape
square beforehand, thereby for ever
Here White plays 1 f6, attacking removing the threat of mate on the
the g7 pawn with both queen and back rank? No, it is not. Any pawn
pawn, and threatening to give mate advance weakens the king' s fort-
on this square. Black has no choice: ress, and may allow the opponent's
like it or not, he has to reply l. .. g6, pieces to attack the king hiding
opening the gates and allowing the behind the pawns. We will show
queen to go to h6. After 2 'ii'h6 the this in some schematic examples.
fortress is transformed into a dun-
geon for the king from which there
is no escape, and on the next move
he is mated by 3 'iig7.

Here Black has made an escape

square in an unfortunate way by
... t7-f6. This al1ows White to carry
out a mating attack with his rooks
This shows the pattern of a from the side.
 Attack on the King 55

1 .C.xg7+ ~h8 2 .:txb7+ ~g8 3 The king cannot escape: 1... Wh6
:bg7 mate. is answered by 2 l:h4 mate, but now
Two rooks are capable of gene- too after 2 l:h4 Black has no
rating enormous energy, especially defence against 3 :hs mate.
if they have broken through onto the
penultimate rank.

This is an example of a mating

attack with bishop and knight.
Here we see an example of a White forces mate in two moves:
combined mating attack with rook 1 lt.Jxg6+ ~g8 2 lt.Je7 mate.
and bishop: Also possible is 1 lt.Jxf7+ 'itg8 2
1 l:g7+ ~h8 2 l:xg6+ l:tf6 3 lt.Jh6 mate.
.i.xf6 mate And now let us examine some
mating attacks on the castled
position with rook and knight.

l.i.f6+ ~g8
56 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

Here White lands a double blow

on a7- llt:Jc6+ ~a8 2 .:xa7 mate.

Of course, there are numerous

possible mating finishes, and we
1 lt:Je7+ ~h7 2 .l:thS mate have given only the most
In the final position (see diagram elementary, which you would do
next column) White first traps the well to remember: they wil1 occur
king by 1 l1d8+, and after 1.. /it>g7 time and again in your games, and
he shuts it in with 2 ttJf6, after wiJI serve as reliable guides when
which mate by 3 :g8 cannot be carrying out a mating attack on the
avoided. enemy king.
13 Mating Attack
Mechanisms
The coordination of the forces where it might retreat. And it turns
becomes clearly apparent in a out that White's rook and bishop,
mating attack, and so let us try to by coordinating their actions into a
establish how a mating mechanism double blow, aimed at the black
is created and how it works. We monarch, give mate, whereas the
will begin with the following army of black pieces, and there are
schematic position. no less than seven of them, not only
do not help, but even prevent the
king from moving out of the firing
line.
But what if in the previous
position there was no knight at g8,
and this square were free?

The black pieces are huddled

around their leader, and seem to be
ready to parry any attack on it. A
check on the diagonal can be
blocked by rook, bishop or knight,
and a check on the file also by rook,
bishop or knight. In this case too Black cannot
But by 1 l:h5+ White puts the defend against the attack. After 1
black king in double check, and it .C.h5+ ~g8 White gives mate by 2
transpires that the king has to move. j£,h7.
But where to? The numerous defen- Of course these two positions
ders, crowding around the king, are present exceptional situations, in
occupying the g7 and g8 squares, to which the black pieces are
58 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

particularly uncoordinated, but successful implementation of a

sometimes in the course of a game double blow.
this lack of coordination among the Let us consider another schematic
opponent's forces can be created, as position.
in the following position.

Chudinovskikh-Zhuravlev Black's forces are elegantly

USSR 1990 deployed on three sides around their
king, but the d5 square on the d- fi Je
White's heavy pieces are is not covered, and by 1 lidS White
impending over the black king, but gives mate.
how is he to continue the attack? And in the following schematic
After all, Black is threatening to position, where the black knights
take the rook at h6, and then to play are absent, their role is taken over
his knight to d3, neutralising the by a second white rook.
opponent's light-square bishop.
If you look deeply into this
position, and compare it with the
previous one, you will probably find
the correct solution. White gives
mate in four moves as follows:
1 lth8+! tDxh8 2 'ii'h7+! ~xh7,
and now, exactly as in the previous
example, 3 l1h5+ and 4 i.h7 mate.
By sacrificing his rook and
queen, White not only destroyed the
coordination of the black pieces, but
also created the conditions for the
 Mating Attack Mechanisms 59

Here, as in the previous example, but then White carried out his
White gives mate by 1 l:.d5. second threat - 2 1i'xh7+ ~xh7 3
Such a mate by two rooks, with :ht+ and mate next move.
the remaining pieces deployed in
the most varied ways, occurs quite
often in practice.
A classic example of such a
linear mate is provided by the
conclusion to the following game.

Ivanov-A.Petrosian
USSR 1978
Note that I. .. .ig6 would not have
saved the game: 2 ~xg6 hxg6 3
'ii'xg6, and, since the rook at e8 is
Schmid-Hofman under attack, there is no satisfactory
Germany 1958 defence against 4l:th 1 mate.

In reply to l .:b6+ the black king

is obliged to run to the defence of ~·
its rook at c7, and this plays a fatal
role.
:t7
1.•• c;t>e7 2 l:tg7+ <it>d8 (or 2 ... 3
:xt7+ ~xf7 4 l!xh7+, winning the
rook) 3 lid6+ ~c8 4 ~g8+, and
mate next move.
In the following two examples a
mating attack is combined with the
striking of double blows.
(see diagram next column)
To defend against the mate by the Miles-Uhlmann
queen at f6, Black played 1.....d4, Hastings 197516
60 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

After l .. .'ifkxh2+ 2 ~xh2 l:.b6 3

'ii'e8 lDf6 White resigned.
The fol1owing game demonstrates
an example of mutual chess
blindness.

Osloukhov-Nedobora
USSR 1990
Superb, wouldn't you agree?
Let us sum up. As you wi II have
Barcza-Tarnowski seen~ in mating mechanisms the
Szczawno Zdroj 1950 placing of the opponent's pieces
and pawns is often exploited. After
Here White played 1 fS?, over- all, for the king it is quite
looking that by l .. .'iif3+! his immaterial which pieces are
opponent could force mate. But hindering it, its own or the enemy
Black too did not see this mate. He pieces; it is important only that they
replied l..J~g3, and in the end he restrict the space available to it. By
even went on to lose. the skilful exploitation of the enemy
A spectacular I in ear mate was forces, the number of attacking
found by Black in the following pieces in a mating attack can be
game (see diagram next column). reduced to the minimum.
White is threatening mate in one It should also be noted that in a
move, and at first sight there mating attack there are solo pieces,
appears to be no satisfactory which fulfil the main role, and there
defence. However ... are also secondary pieces, but the
t..:ii'h4+!! 2 gxh4 choice of actors on the chess stage
If White takes on h4 with his belongs to you. The former play an
king, he is immediately mated by active role, the latter a largely
2 .. J:ixh2. passive one, but even the latter
2 ... ~e3+ 3 .ltf3 .i.xe6+! 4 'ii'xe6 should not be underestimated:
:xn mate without their participation the
 Mating Attack Mechanisms 61

mating mechanism wou]d not work. but also non-moving. And it is the
Figuratively speaking, in a mating role of the latter that is played by
mechanism there are moving parts, the opponent's pieces and pawns.
14 Combinations
and Sacrifices
On many occasions you yourself We already know that in tactical
have probably noticed that situa- play the opponent's pieces and
tions on the board frequently occur pawns can be forced to help our
where, in reply to the purposeful aims. This is achieved in the most
actions of one of the players, the varied ways, but the strongest and
replies of the other are forced. He is most effective of these is the
essentially obliged to go along with sacrifice. Usually it appears sud-
the idea of the opponent, and is denly and unexpectedly, and comes
unable in any way to change the as an unpleasant surprise to the
inexorable course of events. The opponent. The suddenness and
pieces and pawns of both sides are unexpectedness of a sacrifice is due
as though linked with one another to the fact that we usuaiJy make use
by invisible threads, and, obeying of the comparative values of the
the will of one of the players, they pieces, which apply in normal
whirl around like puppets per- situations. When we are still study-
forming a ritual death dance. ing the rudiments of chess, we learn
Such situations are usuaiJy called that a queen is much stronger than a
combinations. The results of a com- rook, that a rook is stronger than a
bination can be very varied - mate bishop or knight, and that the latter
to the king, winning of material, are much stronger than a pawn.
obtaining a positional advantage, Such truths are firmly lodged in
gaining equal chances, or fina1ly, our mind. We know, of course, that
attaining a draw. these correlations are not something
Several definitions of a combin- inflexible, but in practice we often
ation have been suggested, but we forget this. However, in tactical
wi II not go into al1 these theoretical positions, where there is a wealth of
subtleties. It is important only to attacks and threats, these cor-
mention that a combination is relations are, to a significant degree,
nomally forcing and leads to a arbitrary. Very often the strength of
definite aim. It should be added that a particular piece at a given moment
often, especially in the m iddlegame, is determined by its degree of
an accompanying, although not participation in the tactical oper-
obligatory, feature of a combination ation in progress. If for the success
is a sacrifice. of a mating attack the defences
 Combinations and Sacrifices 63

around the opponent's king have to It often happens that our forces
be destroyed, we do not begrudge are already coordinated against
giving up material, since in the end some target, but for the success of
it will be regained with interest. It is the operation we need to reduce or
the same with a double blow. If it fully eliminate the defensive
brings us material gain, then for it resources. It is this aim that is pro-
to occur we can also give up vided by a sacrifice. This and the
something. The only problem is that following examples show how this
we first have to give up something, is done.
and then regain it. Here White played 1 llxf6!
Therefore in a sacrifice an On 1... <itxf6 there follows 2
element of risk is always present: J..xg5+, while if l ... 'ii'xf6 2 l2Jh5+.
suppose that the opponent somehow Black's seemingly solid position
manages to wriggle out and the sac- coiJapses, and so he conceded
rifice proves incorrect? This means defeat.
that a sacrifice nonnally requires As you see, by the sacrifice of his
precise and sometimes deep cal- rook White lures the black king to
culation. In the end everything has f6. This is known as a luring or
to be weighed up. decoy sacrifice. In the given
Sacrifices can be used to achieve example, with the help of a luring or
the most varied tactical aims, but in decoy sacrifice White carried out a
particular they serve as a means of simple double blow combination.
disorganising the opponent's defen-
ces or fully eliminating them.

Here, by threatening mate - 1

'11i'h6, White forces the reply
Fischer-Giigoric l. ..:gs, and then, by sacrificing his
Zagreb 1970 queen for the h7 pawn covering the
64 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

king, 2 'ilxh7+!, he destroys assisting the necessary coordination

Black's defences, and after 2 ... between the attacking pieces and
~xh7 gives mate by 3 l:.b2. the target of the attack.
This is an example of a
destructive sacrifice, the aim of
which was to eliminate the defences
of the enemy king.

White gives mate in two moves:

1 l:.e8+! ~xe8 2 'ife7 mate
By a decoy sacrifice he co-
ordinates the actions of queen and
Here White gives mate in three knight with the target of the attack -
moves: the black king, creating the required
1 .i.f8+! ~h5 2 'ii'xh5+! gxh5 3 mating mechanism .
J:.h6 mate
This is an example of a diverting
sacrifice. By giving up his queen
for the bishop at hS, White diverts
the g6 pawn which is covering the
h6 square against the penetration
there of the white rook, as a resu It
of which this mating finish becomes
possible.
Thus the elimination of defenders
or their disorganisation can usua11y
be achieved by means of three types
of sacrifices - decoy, destructive
and diverting. However, sacrifices
can fulfil not only a destructive role, Karpov-Csom
but also a constructive one, by Bad Lauterberg 1977
 Combinations and Sacrifices 65

It sometimes happens that a If the bishop were removed from

player's own pieces prevent the h5, and also the rooks from d8 and
carrying out of a combination, and g8, then by .. .'ii'h8 Black would be
hinder the required coordination of able to force mate. This means that
the forces. Naturally, such pieces these pieces must be eliminated:
can well be given up, by sacrificing l. ...te2! 2 'ii'xe2 :h8+ 3 ~gl
them. :thl+! 4 <&ifxhl l:.h8+ 5 ~gl .l:.hl+!
Thus here, were it not for his 6 ~xhl 'ii'h8+ 7 ~gl 1ih2 mate
knight at g3, White would have 1 Such a sacrifice, which has the
'ii'h2+ ~g8 3 'ii'g3+, forcing mate. aim of vacating a square or line, can
He therefore played 1 li:Jf5!, and be called a vacating sacrifice.
Black resigned.
After l. .. l2Jxd7 2 'ii'h2+ ~g8 3
'ii'g3+ he is again mated, while 1...
lL'1h4 allows 2 l;lh 7+ ~xh 7 3 'ii'g7
mate.
Thus we have met another type of
sacrifice - for the vacating of a
square. A sacrifice can also be made
for the vacating of a line, if some
piece is preventing another piece
from fulfiJling especially important
functions on this line. The following
example demonstrates this situation.
Ormos-Betatski
Budapest 1951
Here Black's position looks
critical, but if we notice that his
king does not have a single move,
we easily find a series of sacrifices
leading to stalemate and a draw.
l. .. l:tbl+ 2 ~h2 l1hl+! 3 ~xhl
l1lg3+!
The knight has to be taken,
otherwise the queen will be lost.
4 fxg3 it'xg2+!
The final sacrifice, which puts
Manov-Hairabedian everything in its place. After 5
Bulgaria 1962 ~xg2 Black is stalemated!
66 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

It is time to take stock. We have

established that sacrifices can serve
the aim both of disorganising or
eliminating the opponent's defen-
ces, as well as, on the contrary,
assisting the coordination of our
own forces. These sacrifices can be
very varied.
We have established that there
are five basic types of sacrifices:
1. The decoy sacrifice, when the
opponent's pieces or pawns are
lured onto some definite squares.
2. The diverting sacrifice, when
the opponent's pieces or pawns are This sacrifice, firstly, lures the
diverted from fulfitling some pawn (or bishop) to c6, depriving
important functions. the king of this square, and
3. The destructive sacrifice, secondly, it simultaneously vacates
when pieces or pawns destroy the the a6 square for the knight to land
opponent's defences. the mating blow.
4. The vacating sacrifice, when Thus this is an example of the
pieces or pawns are sacrificed to combination of a diverting and
vacate squares or I ines, needed for vacating sacrifice.
the actions of our pieces.
5. The self-eliminating sacrifice,
when pieces or pawns are simply
unnecessary or superfluous. They
prevent the attainment of some aim,
and must be removed from the
board.
In practice, a] I these types of
sacrifices occur in pure form, but it
is more usual for a sacrifice to
pursue simultaneously several aims.
In the following position, by
sacrificing his queen White gives
mate in two moves: P.Romanovsky, 1950
1 'iic6+! dxc6
Or I ... ii.xc6. Here too White gives mate in two
2lL'la6 mate moves, by sacrificing his queen.
 Combinations and Sacrifices 67

1 'ii'f8+! l:txf8 2 liJe7 mate, or

l. ..~xf8 2 l;Ib8 mate.
By this sacrifice White either
lures the rook to f8, diverting it
from the defence of e7, or lures the
king to the same square, diverting it
from the control of h8. This means
that this is an example of a decoy
and diverting sacrifice.

Gogo lev-Varshavsky
Aluksne 1967

Things look hopeless for Black,

but he saves the game with the help
of two sacrifices.
l..J~d3+! 2 ~xd3
The acceptance of the sacrifice is
forced: after 2 'it>g4 'ii'd1+ White
Alekhine--Yates even loses.
London 1922 2 ... 'ii'e3+! 3 'ii'xe3- stalemate!
What kind of sacrifices were
Here White carries out an these? The first, by the rook at d3,
operation involving a knight was of course self-eliminating, but
sacrifice: at the same time it kept the white
1 liJd7 ~h8 2 tt:Jf6! ~gf8 3 queen in the vicinity of the e3
l:txg7! square, i.e. it was also effectively a
By giving up his knight, White decoy sacrifice.
destroys the opponent's defences, The second sacrifice is especially
while simultaneously luring the interesting. By giving up his queen,
black rook to f6. Black not only eliminates it, but
3 ..•:!xf6 4 <ilte5! simultaneously lures the white
This king move crowns matters: queen to e3, thereby pinning the g5
4 .. J:tff8 or 4 ... :Laf8 allows mate in pawn and creating the fortunate
two moves by 5 :h7+ and 6 :Lcg7. possibility of a stalemate. This
Black therefore resigned. means that here we have an
68 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

example combining decoy and self- possible, eliminating the important

eliminating sacrifices. black knight. Therefore the initial
It should be mentioned that in a moves of the combination are easy
single combination, albeit a fairly to find:
complicated one, virtually aJl types 1 lLJb4! axb4 2 'ii'xd6! 1i'd7
of sacrifices may sometimes be
encountered.

The first wave of the attack is

Korchmar-Polyak over, and Black's last move is his
Kiev 1937 only defence. But how is White to
continue the attack? Exploiting the
Al1 the white pieces are fact that the black queen is tied to
threateningly impending over the the defence of the e8 square, White
enemy king, Black's position hangs finds a second queen sacrifice:
by a thread, and it is not surprising 3'ii'd5!!
that White finds a spectacular The queen cannot be taken on
combination, demonstrating the account of 4 !le8+, and meanwhile
veracity of an old saying - a chain White is threatening to capture on
is as strong as its weakest link! g7, since the rook at t7 is pinned.
Let us try to find this com- Black has nothing better than
bination. It is not hard to see that 3 ... ~f8, but then White for the third
Black's central defender is his time sacrifices his queen: 4 :xg7!
knight at d6. Were it not for the iixd5, and now he nevertheless
knight, White would give mate in gives mate: 5 l:.g8+! ~xg8 6 l:.e8+
three moves by I l:.e8+ ::tf8 2 .:Us 7 l::txf8 mate .
.:xg7+ and 3 :txf8. Let us investigate what happened
In turn, if the white knight were here. By I lt:Jb4 White eliminated
not at d5, 1 'tixd6 would be his knight. This was a vacating
 Combinations and Sacrifices 69

sacrifice, opening the d-file for his an advantage at the finish of the
queen. 2 'iixd6 was a destructive combination. Certain authors
sacrifice: an important defender of altogether regard them as 'pseudo-
the black king had to be removed. sacrifices': after all, in the end they
The prettiest move in the are fully repaid.
combination was undoubtedly 3 However, there are sacrifices that
'ii'dS. This - a diverting sacrifice - are of a completely different
is an attempt to divert the black character, and which are repaid by
queen from the defence of e8. no means immediately. In par-
Incidentally, if Black had replied to ticular, these are sacrifices for the
this not with 3 ... ~f8, but 3 ... g6, initiative, for a lead in development,
then 4 .l::tge3, with the unavoidable in order to hinder the development
penetration of the rook to e8, would of the opponent's pieces, and so on.
have been decisive. Such sacrifices are customarily
The rook capture on g7 is a called 'real'. All that they give are
combination of a destructive and a some advantages, which only later,
decoy sacrifice: after 4 ...:xg7 the and by no means by force, may
reply 5 'ii'xd7 becomes possible. bring some appreciable gains. Real
Finally, the last sacrifice, 5 lig8+, sacrifices are most often of a
is an example of a decoy-diverting strategical nature: they are normally
sacrifice: the black king that is lured associated with the subsequent plan,
to g8 is diverted from the defence of although they may lead to tactical
the e8 square. complications and combinations.
Thus in this combination four Real sacrifices occur most
types of sacrifice are present - frequently at an ear1y stage of the
vacating, destructive, diverting and game. For example, in the King's
decoy. Gambit, Evans Gambit, the
In studying the different types of Chatard-Aiekhine Attack against
sacrifices, we have largely exam- the French Defence, the Morra
ined only those that comprise parts Gambit against the Sicilian
of a combination. Such sacrifices Defence, the Scotch Gambit, and in
are essentially temporary, bringing many other sharp opening lines.
72 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

Combinations to win any of the of a new queen, or to decisive

other pieces can logically be material losses for the opponent.
divided into two sub-groups. The And in the other sub-group will be
first covers those, at the finish of combinations, in which the threat of
which the win of material is accom- promoting a pawn is combined with
plished by a combined attack, i.e. other strong threats to or attacks on
when the piece is attacked and a piece.
simultaneously it is not allowed to All these types of winning
escape. combinations are given in the table,
The second sub-group covers as are drawing combinations, which
double blow combinations, in which can be divided into six sub-groups.
an attack on a piece is combined Combinations leading to perpetual
with some other threats or attacks, check (on the king) and to perpetual
apart, of course, from attacks or pursuit (on any other piece) are
threats to the king. typical of the middlegame, whereas
The arrangement of combinations combinations leading to stalemate,
to win material is also presented in the blockade of some important
the table. enemy piece, the construction of a
Combinations to promote a pawn fortress, or the reduction to a
can be divided in similar fashion. In drawing balance of forces are more
one group will be combinations, in typical of the endgame, but are
which the threat of promoting a nevertheless worth knowing.
pawn leads either to the appearance
16 Winning Combinations
Thus, as regards the target of the White's queen, rook and two
attack, winning combinations have bishops are aiming threateningly at
been divided into three groups. The the kingside. In order to get at the
first covers combinations directed enemy king, he needs to deprive it
against the king, the second covers of its pawn screen. This is achieved
combinations against the other by a rook sacrifice, which here both
pieces and pawns, and the third destroys the opponent's defences
covers combinations to promote a and also lures his king into a pin.
pawn. 1 l:txg7! ~xg7
We will now separately examine The rook has to be taken: 2
combinations in each of these lixh7+ or 2 i.xf6 was threatened.
groups. 2 'ii'g4+ ~h8 3 'iihS

Combinations against the king

The first in this group are mating

combinations, at the conclusion of
which a mating mechanism operates
and mate is given.

Note should be made of a highly

significant subtlety - the moves by
the queen to g4 and h5 became
possible, only because Black's king
was lured onto the diagonal of the
bishop at e5. The mating mechan-
ism -queen, supported by the other
bishop, attacking h7 - has already
Radulov-Sederborg been created. The bishop at e5 is
Helsinki 1961 also indirectly participating in it, by
74 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

paralysing the knight at f6. Mate the queen merely fulfilling a restric-
cannot be prevented: on 3 ... ~g8 ting role, the honour of landing the
there follows 4 ~xf6 Afe8 5 'ilixh 7+ decisive blow going to the bishop.
~f8 6 1i'h8 mate. White has nothing better than 7
'ii'g5, but after 7 ... 'W'xf4+! 8 <ith3
'ii'xg5 the game is over. This
example differs from the preceding
one, only in that, at the cost of
heavy material loss, mate can be
averted, which, however, does not
affect the result.
Mating combinations may also be
associated with a double blow,
when a threat of mate is combined
with some less strong threat or
attack. Such combinations normally
lead to a win.
Kopayev-Averbakh Here is a typical example of such
Leningrad 1946 a combination:

Here the white king has come out

in front of its pawn screen, and in
addition its defenders are on the
opposite wing. Not surprisingly, it
immediately comes under a strong
attack, since Black can quickly open
the h-file.
l. .. h4 2 'ii'c3+ <it>d7 3 'tieS
At full steam the white queen
hastens to the aid of her sovereign,
but it is already too late ...
3 ... hxg3+ 4 ~xg3l:th3+!
The rook is sacrificed in order to Parr-Wheatcroft
set up a mating mechanism. The London Championship 1938
king is lured to the fatal h3 square
and diverted from the defence of fJ, By 1 l:tb5! White landed a spec-
for where the black queen is aiming. tacular double blow. The black
5 <it>xh3 iif3+ 6 ~h4 .ii.e7+ queen is attacked, but if 1...1i'xd7
Here we see a queen giving mate there follows mate in two moves- 2
in conjunction with a bishop, with lDg5+ <;i(b8 3 l:txh6 mate.
 Winning Combinations 75

It is worth mentioning once again to. And meanwhile Black is

that such combinations, involving a threatening 4 ... l2Jg6, finally locking
double blow, often arise suddenly the dungeon door, and then 5 ... l'lh8,
and unexpectedly. At any event, for wining the queen.
one of the players! To defend against this threat,
Here is a characteristic example: White has to resort to extreme
measures.
4 hLcl tbg6 5 ~g3 c6
To 5 .. J:th8 White was intending
to reply 6 .:txc7+ 'fkxc7 7 'iixg6.
6l:tc5
On 6 ... :h8 White was planning 7
l:lf5, but Black has available a
deadly double blow, prepared far in
advance~ which immediately
decides the game.
6 ... i..c3!
On the one hand the queen is
attacked, and on the other hand
Solovyev-Averbakh mate is threatened at e 1. Therefore
Moscow 1945 White resigned.
And now a double blow combin-
Here Black's pieces are the more ation, in which the king is simply
actively placed, ahhough at first one of the targets attacked.
sight there is nothing to suggest that
the end is close for White. In fact
his position is critical: his queen 1s
severely restricted, and Black is
able to exploit this factor.
l...ti:Je2+ 2 <it>flliJf4 3 ifh7
It appears that Black can win
immediately by 3 ...1i'e6, threatening
mate in three moves (4 ... 'ti"c2+ 5
~gl 'i'xel +),but White parries this
threat by 4 'i'e4, and after 4 ... 'ii'xc4
5 dxe4 Black cannot play 5 .. J~xe4
on account of 6 .:d8 mate.
Black's correct reply is 3 .. .'~fi!
The white queen is trapped, and Botvinnik-Menchik
does not have a single square to go Hastings 1934/5
76 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

Black's position is difficult.

Trying to exchange the strong white
bishop, which is aiming at e6 and
f7, she played l. .. .id5, and this Is
what happened:
2 fxe6 ~xb3 3 e7+!
A little, but highly effective
combination. By this pawn sacrifice
the black king is lured into a double
blow. After 3 ... ~xe7 4 lt:Jc6+
White's material advantage is
sufficient for a win, and so Black
resigned.
Botvinnik-Stepanov
Leningrad 1934
Combinations to win material
Therefore Black replied l. .. exf5,
Combinations of this type are assuming that the d-pawn would not
divided into two groups. The first run away. But in fact this move was
covers combinations in which the a mistake, allowing White to carry
win of a piece is achieved by a out a combination against the black
combined attack on it, i.e. when an queen.
attack on this piece is made, and it There followed 2 ~xfi+! .:Ixfi 3
has no possibility of moving away, lDc4, and the queen was trapped.
or of defending against the attack.
The second sub-group concerns
double blow combinations, where
the attack on a piece is combined
with attacks or threats of attacks on
other pieces.
A typical example of a combined
attack is given in the following
diagram.
Here White played 1 fS.
After the pawn capture 1.. J1xd4
he was intending to reply 2 fxe6
~xe6 3 ~xe6 fxe6 4 li:Jg6 l:.e8 5 e5
liJfdS 6 'i'f2, with a double blow -
an attack on the rook and the threat Novotelnov-Rovner
of a check at f7. Moscow 1946
 Winning Combinations 77

This is an example of a combin- move the black queen has attacked

ation to win a piece by a double the opponent's queen and rook.
blow. White is helpless: he can neither
White was apparently satisfied take the queen, nor defend the rook,
with his position: the b6 pawn is and on 7 iif2 there follows 7 ... ~xc2
attacked, and 2 f6 is threatened. But 8 lixc2 ltd I mate.
it was Black's turn to move and,
seizing on a significant defect in the
placing of the opponent's pieces Combinations to queen a pawn
(poorly defended back rank), he
unexpectedly sacrificed a piece: 1t is clear that the advance of a
l. ..i(.xf5! 2 .i.xf5 lDxf5 3 Itxf5 pawn and its promotion to any
:ed8! piece, but especially to a queen, is
A very important move in an effective method of gaining a
Black's plan- now the queen has to material advantage. In the
retreat, such that it is simul- middlegame such situations occur
taneously guarding the back rank. comparatively rarely. We give an
4 'ti'c4 :ac8 5 'ii'e2 llxc2 6 'ii'xc2 exceptional exam pie, where a pawn
'iic8! became a queen immediately after
the opening.

Larsen-Spassky
Belgrade 1970

1 b3 e5 2 il.b2lbc6 3 c4l2Jf6 4 l2Jf3

e4 5 tbd4 ii.cS 6 lt:Jxc6 dxc6 7 e3
ii.f5 8 "ii'c2 tke7 9 ii.e2 0-0-0 10 f4
White has played the opening in
original style, but this has not done
him any good: Black has success-
fully completed the mobilisation of
his forces and is ready to begin
Let us try to investigate what active play. And White's last move
happened. By a piece sacrifice is a serious mistake, which merely
Black first lured the white rook to assists the opponent.
f5 and diverted it from the defence 10...4:Jg4! 11 g3 h5 12 h3 h4!
of the back rank. Then the white By sacrificing a piece, Black
queen was lured to c2. All this has mounts an irresistible attack on the
led to a double blow - with its last white king.
78 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

13 hxg4 hxg3 14 hlgl but strong passed c3 pawn enables

him to sacrifice his knight, but carry
out a winning combination.

Now comes an unexpected

sacrifice that assists the advance of
the pawn and opens the h4-e 1 Weltmander-Polugayevsky
diagonal for the black queen. Sochi 1958
14...l:hl! 15 ~xhl g2 16 :n
There is nothing better; if 16 l:.g 1 l. ..l2Jg3+!
fi'h4+ 17 ~dl 'it'hl! 18 ~c3 With this sacrifice Black opens
~xg 1+ 19 ~c2 iif2, and White can the f-file for the following double
resign. blow.
16.. .'~h4+ 17 ~dl gxfl=~+ 18 2 fxg3 'iW f6+ 3 ~ f2
~xfl ~xg4+ There is nothing else: otherwise
White resigns; after 19 ~e2 he is White loses his rook.
mated next move. 3 .. J:ixel+ 4 ~xel 'ii'xf2+ 5 ~xf2
Of course, combinations to c2, and the pawn queens.
promote a pawn that involve a It is useful to investigate the
double blow are also possible. mechanism of this double blow.
The first impression in the 2 ... ...Wf6+ is a double attack (on the
following position is that Black rook and the king), in combination
stands badly - his knight is lost. with the latent threat of promoting
However, the seemingly harmless, the pawn to a queen.
17 Drawing Combinations
We will begin our examination of the advance of the pawn seriously
drawing combinations with those in weakens the king' s fortress, a factor
which the target of the offensive is that Alekhine exploits with two
the king, but where the attack on the destructive sacrifices.
monarch leads not to mate, but to 2 i..xh6 gxh6 3 Uxe6 fxe6 4
perpetual check. 'ii'g3+ ~h8 5 'ii'g6
White's queen, also supported by
Perpetual check his bishop, has ended up dange-
rously close to the black king. But
This situation arises most often Black's knight is securely covering
when the enemy king' s defences are h7, and it turns out that White is
destroyed, but there is insufficient unable to create mating threats.
force to give mate. In the majority After 5...'ii'e8 all that he has is
of cases, attacks on the king leading perpetual check: 6 ~xh6+ ~g8 7
to perpetual check are carried out by 'Wg5+ ~h8 (of course, not 7 ... ~f7 8
the queen. The following is a classic 'i'g6 mate) 8 'iih6+, and the players
example: agreed a draw.
Sometimes perpetual check may
be a way to save the game, after an
attack has petered out.

Alekhioe-Em.Lasker
St Petersburg 1914
Here Lasker played l ... h6, with
the aim of determining the position Smyslov-Vasyu kov
of White's dark-square bishop. But Moscow 1961
80 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

The first impression is that Stalemate

White's attack has come to a halt,
and that he cannot avoid loss of Stalemating combinations occur
material. But there is a way to save rather rarely in the middlegame, and
the game: are much more common in the
1 ~h5+! endgame. In most cases stalemate
This destructive sacrifice exposes occurs when one side, with a
the king, which proves sufficient for significant material advantage, and
perpetual check. where the win is within reach,
l ... gxh5 2 'ii'd6+ 'iig6 3 'i'f8+ overlooks the opponent's defensive
with a draw. resources.
A threat of perpetual check may Here is one of the best known
be combined in a double blow with examples of this type.
some other strong threat, for
example, a threat of mate.

Evans-Reshevsky
New York 1963
Ryumin-Verlinsky 1t is patently clear that White
Leningrad 1933 stands badly. He is a piece down,
his king is in mortal danger, and it
Black's strong passed pawn at d2 seems time to resign. However,
gives him the advantage, but by Evans did not resign, but made a
threatening mate White manages to move that his opponent evidently
draw the game by perpetual check. took to be a gesture of despair.
1 lift! dl='ii' 2 fi'e6+! ~h7 1 h4! l:te2+ 2 <it;hl 'ii'xg3
(2 ... 'iixe6 3 l:.f8+ ~h7 4 lth8 mate) Anticipating immediate capitula-
3 tiJf8+ ~b8 (3 .. .'ii'xf8 4 ~g6+ tion, Reshevsky did not take the
~g8 5 fi'e6+) 4l2Jg6+ with a draw. trouble to clarify his opponent's
 Drawing Combinations 81

intentions, and captured the pawn l. ..l:lxh2 2 'tie3 lla8 3 l:tg7+

(he should have played 2 ... 'ifg6 3 A gesture of despair, which Black
l!f8 iie6!). But now White's king simply ignored.
has no move, and he needs only to 3 ... ~h6, and White resigned.
get rid of his superfluous queen and Later it was established that with
rook. his first move Ge11er had let slip the
There fo11ow two self-eliminating win. I ... l::tg4! was correct, e.g. 2
sacrifices: l:f.h3 :c 1+ 3 ~e2 ~g2+ and 4 ... .:t:c3
3'iig8+! ~xg8 4 l:txg7+, and the mate.
capture of the rook leads to Taking the pawn with 1... l:!xh2
stalemate, while if it is not taken, allowed Taimanov the possibility of
then the 'desperado' rook gives an elegant stalemating combination
perpetual check. - 2 ltxg8 ~xg8 3 l;lg3+!
Stalemate is usually the last This decoy sacrifice, which is
saving chance. But this is by no simultaneously self-eliminating, de-
means a straw at which a drowning prives the white king of any moves.
man clutches. The threat of After the forced 3 ... 'ii'xg3 the king
stalemate is a very real defensive is stalemated, and White only needs
procedure, which should always be to get rid of his queen - 4 'ii'b8+
kept in mind. ~g7 5 ~g8+! with a draw.

Blockade

lt is well known that in an attack the

pieces should support one another,
so that their actions against the
enemy king are coordinated. There-
fore when there is a small number
of attacking pieces, a system of
defence is possible, based on
shutting one of these pieces out of
play.

Taimanov-Geller (see diagram next page)

Moscow 1951
The black pawn cannot be
White's position is lost: against prevented from queening, but it
the numerous threats there is no turns out that even in this apparently
defence. The game lasted just three quite hopeless position White has a
more moves: possibility of saving the game.
82 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

V.Chekhover, 1954 after F.Simkhovich, 1924

(conclusion of a study) White to play and draw
He plays 1 .i.g4! 1 d4! 'ifd8 2 h4, and, despite
This move constitutes a typical Black's enormous materia] advan-
double blow. On the one hand tage (extra queen), he is unable to
White attacks the pawn, and, if win.
Black takes the bishop - l ... ~xg4, Such a method of defence is not
then after 2 f3+ and 3 ~f2 the king often encountered, but it is never-
stops the pawn and the draw theless worth knowing.
becomes completely obvious.
And in reply to l. .. et='if White Perpetual pursuit
carries out his second threat - by 2
h3! he completely shuts in the black With perpetual check it is the king
king at h4, after which the queen that is pursued, but other pieces too
alone is unable to do anything. can be subjected to such a con-
It is not only the king that can be tinuous attack. Although this theme
blockaded, but any other piece, even is one that has been thoroughly
the queen. Thus in the fo11owing developed by study composers, it
position Black's king, together with also occurs occasionally in practice.
his bishop, is securely shut in the The following position shows one
corner, but his queen is threatening such example.
to break out to freedom, after which Black's pieces are scattered, and
the white pawns, like ripe apples, his queen is practically shut out of
wi11 fal1 one after another. But the game. In addition, e4-e5 is
White succeeds in blocking in the threatened. However, the congested
queen. placing of the white pieces on the
 Drawing Combinations 83

kingside a1lows Black to carry out a pieces are unable to penetrate, is an

combination on the theme of important strategical method of
perpetual pursuit. defence.

Zu rakhov-Bukhman Flohr-Lilienthal
Kiev 1967 Budapest 1950
l ...il.g4 2 hxg4 White has a queen for rook and
After 2 iff2 il.xe2 3 l2Jxe2 pawn, but the play is all on one
._.xf2+ Black has nothing to fear. wing, and the result depends on
2 .•.l2Jxg4 3 llfe 1 whether or not he can take the
Since the h 1 square is defended opponent's fortress by storm.
by the knight, the attack by queen There followed l .. .lt:Jf5! 2 i.xf5
and knight against the white king is Flohr thought that after this ex-
not so dangerous. But what proves change he would easily win with his
decisive here is the fact that the passed pawn, but the resulting
white queen is very restricted in its position constitutes an impregnable
movements, and Black is able to fortress. 2 'ii'f4 was stronger, so as
begin a pursuit of it. then to try to break up Black's
3 ...l2Jh2! 4 'f'if2 tbg4 51Wf3 defences by the advance of the
The only move: after 5 'ili'fl h-pawn.
White is mated. 2... gxf5 3 ~g2 f4 4 b4 ~h7 5
5 •..l2Jh2 with a draw. ~f3 %te3+ 6 ~xf4 :e6 7 ~f5 llg6 8
h5:h69~g5
Fortress White's pieces have approached
right up to the opponent's defences,
The construction of an impregnable but they are unable to penetrate
fortress, into which the opponent's inside the fortress.
84 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

9...l:.e6 10 ...d8 ~g7 Thus we can conclude that the

The queen cannot be allowed to loss of even one pawn on the
go to f8. kingside wil1 signify defeat.
11 'ii'd4+ ~h7 12 'ii'h4 :h6 13 What then can White do? Does he
ilb4 ~g7 14 'ii'b8 :e6 drawn. have any possibility of avoiding the
The idea of constructing a loss of any pawns? It turns out that
fortress is not always obvious. he has, and a very unusual one - he
Sometimes it can be highly must give up his bishop!
camouflaged. Initially this idea looks pointless,
but the paradox is that, thanks to
this seemingly quite incomprehen-
sible piece sacrifice, White
succeeds in evicting the rook from
his position and in setting up an
impregnable fortress.
1 <it>d1! l:th2 2 c.i?e1 (or 2 ~e2)
2 ...l:xg2 3 cJtfl :h2 4 ~gl llh6 5
f3! l:le6 6 c.i?fl r:J;f7 7 cJ;f2

V.Chekhover, 1947
White to play and draw

White has three pawns for the

exchange, and his task does not
appear difficult. But outward
impressions can often be deceptive.
Black has the dangerous threat of
invading the opponent's position
and capturing a couple of pawns, A unique position has arisen.
after which it will not be difficult Black is a rook up, but here it
for him to win. proves impossible to exploit this
For example: 1 'i;c2 l:.h2 2 .i.fl advantage. White has set up a pawn
~xf2 3 i..d3 1tg2, or I i..f3 .:tf8 2 barricade, and his king is securely
i..dl l:xf2 3 g4 l:lg2 4 ~c2 :g3, guarding all the entrances and exits.
and, by taking his king to e4, Black And in conclusion - a humorous
wins. study on the theme of the fortress.
 Drawing Combinations 85

endgame. The following ancient

example is typical.

A.Rudolph, 191 2
White to play and draw
G.Greco, 1623
The task of making a draw may Black to play and draw
cause perplexity: White's position
looks completely hopeless. But he Black is two pawns down, but he
does not lose heart: nevertheless saves the game by an
1 .lta4+!! exchanging combination:
What nonsense! As it is, White l..J:tal + 2 l:tfl l:txfl + 3 ~xfl
has so little force, and he gives up .lth3!
another piece. In this way, by giving up his
l ...~xa4 2 b3+ ~bS 3 c4+ ~c6 4 bishop for the g-pawn (or to trans-
d5+ ~d7 5 e6+ ~xd8 form the g-pawn into an h-pawn
If the pawns are disregarded, the after 4 gxh3), Black achieves a
white king has to battle alone well-known theoretical position, in
against a hugely superior enemy which White's extra bishop does
force, but after 6 f5, permanently not give him a win.
locking the fortress, Black is power- In the following. more compli-
less to invade the enemy position, cated example, White achieves a
and is unable to realise his enor- drawing balance of forces by means
mous material advantage. Therefore of a double blow.
-draw.
(see diagram next page)
Drawing balance of forces
White is rook down. [n order to
Such combinations, like the pre- gain a draw he must save his knight
ceding ones, occur most often in the and win the enemy bishop.
86 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

1 e7 lie4+ 2 ~fl! l:txe5 3 ltJc7!

:xe7 4 ltJd5!
An extremely effective move,
which constitutes a double blow.
The knight attacks the rook and
simultaneously carries the threat of
a double attack on king and rook.
Therefore the b1ack rook cannot
move to e8, e6 or e4.
4 .. J~e5
The on1y move. But now White
carries a second order threat.
5 ltJf4+ ~g4 6 ltJd3, with a
M.Perelman, 1955 double attack on rook and bishop.
White to play and draw
18 Chess Aesthetics
For anyone who knows nothing No one is surprised therefore by the
about chess, the little pieces are enthusiastic applause of the spec-
nothing more than wooden or tators, when some game is
plastic knick-knacks. It is hard to concluded by a spectacular, deeply
believe that they are capable of calculated combination.
living a comp1icated life, ful1 of And it becomes understandable
dangers. But man's thinking and why, in the majority of chess
imagination inspire these pieces, events, special prizes are awarded
and they, like real actors, are for brilliancy, and the most
capable of giving wonderful per- beautiful games and combinations
formances. These may be tragedies, find their way into pub) ications
dramas, or even comedies. And throughout the world.
what is most interesting is that the But what is meant by a beautiful
person moving these pieces, and game or a beautiful combination?
also any spectator present, himself In order to answer this question,
becomes a direct participant in the we will acquaint you with a few
performance. He does not know combinations from the treasury of
what the outcome of the spectacle chess art, the most striking master-
wi11 be, and he experiences excite- pieces of chess creativity.
ment, surprise, delight, frustration
and despair, since the seemingly
unpretentious pieces are capable, as
it turns out, of touching the most .1 ~ wv ~~0 ·
;l.tl:' . .~·
i
sensitive and innermost parts of the
human soul. And it is then that a
game of chess is transformed into a
work of art, which not only
' .~.~,
gladdens the mind, but also warms
the heart.
Among the feelings accompany-
ing the struggle on the chess board,
the strongest and most profound is
undoubtedly the feeling of beauty -
beauty of idea, beauty of human
thought. This beauty acts with un- Zukertort-Biackburne
usual intensity on our imagination. London 1883
88 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

Black's kingside is weakened, but establish that, after bringing his

he is pinning all his hopes on his second rook into play, White gives
knight move to e4. However, White mate in a few moves. But the move
simply disregards this threat, having played also does not save Black. A
seen that he will later gain excellent new sacrifice follows:
attacking possibilities. 7 l:.f8+! ~xh7
1 f5! If 7 ..."ii'xf8 8 ..i.xe5+ ~xh7 9
When playing this, Zukertort 1fxe4+ <Jtlh6 l 0 l:.h3+ with a quick
would have had to calculate mate.
accurately all the consequences. 8 'ii'xe4+ ~g7 9 ii..xe5+! (another
l. ..lt.Je4 2 .i..xe4 dxe4 3 fxg6! rook sacrifice) 9 ... ~xf8 10 ..tg7+!!
Played with Olympian calm: A spectacular concluding stroke!
White is not afraid of 3 ... :c2. 1O... 'ii'xg7 a11ows 11 'iie8 mate,
3 ...l:.c2 4 gxh7+ ~h8 5 d5+ e5 while if 1O... ~xg7 11 'W'xe7+. Black
therefore resigned.
The beauty of Zukertort's com-
bination consists in the series of
spectacular sacrifices - queen, rook
(twice) and bishop, but the most
beautiful move, of course, was the
initial and quite unexpected queen
move to b4. No less important is the
fact that the combination arose as a
result of a clash of ideas.

White's attack appears to have

come to an end. That, at any event,
is evidently what the commander of
the black pieces thought, but it is
here that the full depth and beauty
of Zukertort · s idea is revealed. He
sacrifices his queen!
6 'iib4!! .:.scs
Alas, the acceptance of the sac-
rifice leads to a forced mate - 6 ...
~xb4 7 i..xe5+ ~xh7 8 l:h3+ ~g6 S teinitz-Bardele ben
9 %lg3+, and the reader himself can Hastings 1895
 Chess Aesthetics 89

The situation looks rather 3 •.. <;t>g8 4 l:tg7+!

complicated and unclear: Black is a Nothing short of miraculous! The
pawn up, and is threatening, after rampant rook feels perfectly at
exchanging rooks, to win the knight. home in the enemy position.
It is true that White has available a 4 .. /.i?hS
discovered check with his knight, There is simply nothing else.
but what does it lead to? 4 ... ~f8 is decisively met by 5
llbg5+ ~e8 2 l:txe7+! l2Jxh7+.
It begins! It is bad for Black to 5 .C.xh7+!
take the rook with his queen on
account of the obvious 2 .. .'~xe7 3
l:.xc8+ l:.xc8 4 'it'xc8+, while if he
takes it with the king, then 2 ... ~xe7
3 ~e 1+ 'it>d6 4 'Wb4+ ~c7 (4 ... :tc5
5 %le6+) 5 lbe6+ ~b8 6 'iif4+ l!c7
7 !Dxc7 ikxc7 8 l:te8 mate.
Such a combination is not dif-
ficult to calculate, and if that was all
there was to it, it would hardly merit
distinction. But the fact that White's
rook at c I has been left undefended
allows Black to make a paradoxical
move, prepared beforehand. In this
way he was hoping to refute Here the game concluded, and
White's idea. what's more, rather unexpectedly.
2•.•~f8! Realising that he was losing, the
A quite worthy reply. 'Go ahead, ' stunned Bardeleben could not hide
the black monarch seems to be his feelings, and was so upset that
saying, smiling ironically, 'take my he got up from the hoard, left the
queen if you want, and you will be playing hall, and ... did not return.
mated on the back rank!' He was, of course, awarded a loss.
Surely White wasn ' t I ike the The unsporting behaviour of his
hunter in the old Russian fairy talc, opponent did not allow Steinitz to
who caught a bear, but the trouble conclude his brilliant combination,
was, the bear wouldn't let him go! the finish to which he promptly
However, it transpires that demonstrated:
Steinitz had also anticipated this. 5 .. .~g8 6 _:g7+ ~h8 7 'ii'h4+!
3 l:f7+! ~xg7
Very clever: the rook is still White's efforts have been
immune. crowned by success - he has finally
90 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

forced his opponent to accept the

rook sacrifice. But now the black
king comes under a series of deadly
blows by the queen and knight.
8 iih7+ ~f8 9 fih8+ c:3;e7 I 0
'ii'g7+ ~e8
After I O... ~d6 II 'i'xf6+ White
gives mate next move.
II 'ii'g8+ c:3;e7 12 iif7+ <iii>d8 13
'ii'f8+ 'ii'e8 14 l2Jf7+ 'ittd7 IS 'ii'd6
mate

Rotlewi-Rubinstein
Lodz 1907
Possible here was the prosaic
l ... tbxh2 2 iihS .ltxe4 3 lt:Jxe4
tt:Jxfl, or 2 .ltxb7 ltJxfl with the
threat of 3 ... l2Jg3+. But the line
chosen by Black is, of course, far
more beautiful and spectacular.
l...'iih4 2 g3
Sturn bling into the main variation
of the combination. Now the black
The beauty of this truly grandiose pieces, like a pack of hungry
combination lies not only in the fact wolves, fall on the enemy monarch.
that it extends for 14 moves, 2 .. J~xc3!! 3 gxh4 l:td2!!
involves the repeated sacrifice of a A fantastic position! Black has
rook, and ends in a spectacular given up his queen, and four of his
mate. Perhaps the most important pieces are en prise, but the capture
thing is that Steinitz anticipated the of any of them leads to mate or to
paradoxical king move, on which irreplaceable loss of material.
his opponent was pinning aU his If 4 i.xc3 i.xe4+ 5 1i'xe4 l:.xh2
hopes. mate, or 4 it'xg4 i.xe4+ 5 :tJ .§.xf3
In the following position White's 6 'ilig2 .l:tfl + 7 l:txfl .ltxg2 mate.
defences in the centre, under fire Finally, 4 ~xb7 is met by 4 ... l:.xe2
from a11 sides by Black's long-range 5 ~g2 .:th3! 6 ~xh3 l:.xh2 mate.
pieces, look decidedly shaky. The That only leaves the line chosen
question is, how to demolish them? by White.
 Chess Aesthetics 91

Here Black even has two ways to

win. One is combinational, where
the variations are not so spectacular
as after 2 g3, although they are
convincing enough.
2 ... .:xc3! 3 ..ixc3
The best reply. A forced mate
results from 3 'ii'xg4 :xh3+! 4
'ii'xh3 'ii'xh3+! 5 gxh3 .i.xe4+ 6
~h2 .:td2+.
3 ... ..txe4 4 1i'xg4
After 4 '1i'xe4 1i'g3! 5 hxg4 1i'h4+
White is mated.
4 .. .'1i'xg4 5 hxg4 lld3! 6 ~h2
41i'xd2 i..xe4+ 5 'ii'g2 %lb3 The only defence against 6 ... l:t:h3
White resigns, since there is no mate.
defence against the mate at h2. 6 ...:xc3, and with two bishops
Here, of course, the queen for a rook Black must win this
sacrifice was very fine, and the ending.
position arising after it extremely However, the second, totally
striking, but all the play was in one prosaic way, is even simpler - 2 ...
direction: White could do nothing to ..txe4 3 lbxe4 lbe3! 4 l:tfc I (there is
oppose the powerful enemy blows. no other defence against 4 .. J%c2)
Incidentally, it is worth seeing 4 .. .'it'xf4, with a material advantage.
how Black's attack would have
developed, if White had defended
with 2 h3 instead of 2 g3.

Adams-Torre
New Orleans 1920
92 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

Outwardly the position looks Miraculous! The queen again

quiet, and so after 1 .li.xf6, without offers itself, but due to the mate
especially considering the conse- threat it cannot be taken in either
quences, Black replied l....li.xf6, way.
although 1. .. gxf6 came into con- 4... ii'b5 5 a4!
sideration. The point is that in this This move - the sacrifice of an
case 2 l:.xe 7 does not work on insignificant pawn - is no less
account of 2 ... 'ii'xe7! (but not strong than the preceding queen
2 ... :xe7 3 .:Ixe7 "fixe? 4 'Wg4+ and sacrifices. In a combination every-
5 'Wxc8). thing is identically important -
After the capture with the bishop, sacrifices, attacks, and even the
Black's queen is tied to the defence most simple moves.
of the rook at e8, which allows Incidentally, without this impor-
White to carry out a wonderful tant move White's combination
combination. would not have worked: on the
2 'iig4! 'iib5! immediate 5 'iixb7 Black can reply
It turns out that Black too has 5 ...1i'xe2!
powder left in his keg! In moving 5.. .'ii'xa4 6 l:.e4! 'iib5 7 'iixb7!
out of the attack, the queen in turn The triumph of the attack! The
creates the threat of capturing on e2. black queen perishes on the field of
3 'Wc4!! battle. Black resigns.
A worthy reply! The queen is In this combination the four
untouchable. It not only defends the queen sacrifices are spectacular, of
rook at e2, but itself threatens to course, but I think that the subtle
take the opponent's queen, which move 6 li.e4! is no less pretty. After
has to retreat. all, in combination with the pawn
3.. .'i'id7 4 't'ic7!! sacrifice at a4, it is only this move
that makes the entire combination
correct and leads to a win.

(see diagram next page)

Black has just captured a white

knight at h5, assuming that after 1
'ikxh5 f5 he would have time to
erect a defensive line. Therefore,
without losing time on regaining the
piece, White immediately destroys
the fortifications in the vicinity of
the opponent's king.
 Chess Aesthetics 93

but their effectiveness depended on

the final double blow.
You have seen just a few of the
dazzling ancient combinations from
the treasury of chess art. I hope that
you liked them. In fact, the golden
fund of chess contains many more,
and modem tournaments are
constantly adding fresh examples.
All the given combinations are
characterised by originality of
thought, spectacular, deeply calcu-
lated sacrifices, and paradoxical
Lasker-Bauer moves that are difficult to find -
Amsterdam 1889 everything that in chess constitutes
beauty.
But I should like to emphasise
1 .li.xh7+! ~xh7 2 'iixh5+ ~g8 3 one further important feature of the
~xg7!! <it>xg7 chess combination. A game of chess
The second sacrifice has to be is a clash of two personalities, and
accepted. If 3 ... f6, then 4 l:f3 'iie8 5 this means two intellects and two
1Wh8+ ~f7 6 'ifh7. characters, and an artistic chess
4 'iig4+ <it>h7 5ltf3 e5 production is created in the course
Only in this way can Black of the struggle between them.
prevent the threatened mate. For this reason, even a
6 .f:.h3+ 'iih6 7 I;lxh6+ ~xh6 spectacular combination that is
For the moment Black has quite unexpected for one of the sides,
adequate compensation for the where the play is all in one direction
queen- a rook and two bishops. But and one of the players is given the
the following move, which had to role of a whipping-boy, by the laws
be seen in advance, puts everything of chess beauty must be valued
in its place: White wins a further much less than one where there is a
piece. clash of ideas, when both players go
8 'i'd7! .li.f6 9 'i'xb7, and White in for one and the same position, but
won. one sees a little further, when one
Lasker's combination, involving sees a combination, and the other
the sacrifice of both bishops, be- sees its refutation. If from this
came a classic, and has been re- viewpoint we examine the examples
peated many times in practice. The given, the combinations in the
bishop sacrifices are spectacular, Zukertort-Blackburne and Steinitz-
94 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

Bardeleben games should be rated is met by the decisive 4 ... e2+ 5

more highly than, say, the combin- l:txe2 'ili'xe2+! 6 ~xe2 d 1='fi+ and
ations in the Rotlewi-Rubinstein wins. And on 4 l:tg4+ my opponent
and Lasker- Bauer games. had prepared the spectacular reply
As an example of such a clash of 4 ... l:tg6, when after 5 .=.xg6+ hxg6 6
ideas, I should like to give the fol- 'ikxg6+ (6 h6+ ~h7) 6 ... ~xf8 Black
lowing ending: is a rook up.
Why then did White nevertheless
go in for this continuation? Because
he saw in advance a refutation of
the opponent's combination!

Averbakh-Zita
Szczawno Zdroj 195 0
As can be seen, the position is
extremely sharp. Black's king has
no pawns covering it, but as yet it is The game concluded:
not evident how it can be attacked. 4 l:1g4+ l::tg6 5 h6+!
White's king is comparatively safe, This modest pawn move radically
but the central black pawns are changes the situation, by opening
ready to rush forward. Who will be the h-file for an attack by the white
the first to create real threats? queen. Black has only one reply:
1 'iif5 d3 2 .:r4 d2+ 3 ~dl e3 5 ... ~xh6 6 l:xg6+ hxg6 7 "Wh3+!
Just three moves have been made, Now it all becomes clear. After
and the white king is in mortal both 7 ... ~g5 8 fih4, and 7 .. .'i;g7 8
danger: there appears to be no 'iih8 there is only one outcome -
defence against 4 ... e2+. Thus 4 J:e4 Black is mated .
19 Strategy of Attack
Up till now we have been Attack on the uncastled king
exammmg situations in which the
warring forces have already made At the very start of a game the
contact, and tactics have come to players have to solve the problem of
the fore. We will now tum to a the safety of their kings. Since in
study of positions in which the main the majority of openings the
feature is strategy, where if the position is usually opened in the
forces of the two sides have come centre, they aim to take their kings
into contact, then only in the centre, as far away as possible from the
and the subsequent actions demand fighting that begins in the centre,
the drawing up of a correct plan that and castle either on the kingside, or
corresponds most closely to the on the queenside. Only in excep-
features of these positions. It should tional cases, when the centre is
be mentioned that the choice of plan blocked, and play is conducted on
depends to a certain extent on the the flanks, may a player try to gain
pawn structures of the two sides, time for developing his initiative,
but to an even greater degree it is economise on castling and not hurry
determined by where the main to evacuate his king from the centre.
target of the attack is located - the In certain openings a player will
enemy king. endeavour to deny the opponent's
Depending on the placing of the king the right to castle, and for this
kings, four typical situations can be will be prepared to sacrifice
distinguished: material. Here we will examine
(a) One or both kings are several instances, where for some
deprived of the right to castle or are reason one of the kings is caught in
unable to castle. the centre and hecomcs a target for
(b) Both kings have castled on attack .
the kingside. Our task is to establish how in
(c) The kings have castled on such positions the offensive actions
opposite sides. arc planned, and how the attack is
(d) The kings have both castled conducted.
on the kingside, but the offensive is As a rule, in open positions with
mounted on the queenside. an uncastled king it is extremely
We will now examine what will dangerous to begin active play. The
be the strategy of attack in each of following example convincingly
these cases. demonstrates this.
96 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

Thus both kings have lost the

right to castle. But White's forces
are fully mobilised, and this a1lows
him to make an immediate assauh
on the enemy monarch, whereas his
own king in the middle of the board
feels completely safe.
7 l:.el!
Less clear is 7 (£jc7+ ~d8 8
t'Dxa8 'iic5!, with two threats -
9 .. .'ti'xc4 and 9 ... lbf2+.
7 •..lt:Jef6
If 7 ... ltJecS, defending the e6
Averbakh-Estrin pawn against attack, then 8 .i.e3!
Moscow 1964 'W'h4 9ltJd6+, winning the queen.
8 ~xe6! 'ii'xb2
White has a clear lead in develop- The bishop cannot be taken on
ment, yet, tern pted by the win of a account of mate in two moves.
pawn, Black risks beginning active 9 licl
play: l ...~xc3+ 2 'ii'xc3 lt:Jxe4 What can Black do now? 9 ...
He does not fear 3 ~b5+ on ifxb5 is met by 10 ~c4+, and
account of 3 ... ltJc6. But... meanwhile White is threatening 10
3 ltJb5! 'i'c5 ii.xd7+ ~xd7 1 1 ~c7+ ~d8 12
Black assumed that the attack on 'iixf8+, mating. There is no defence
f2 would gain time for the defence. against this, and so Black resigned.
4 'iixg7! .tlf8 5 ~h6 'iixf2+ 6
~dl ~d7

Tal-Foster
Portoroz 1958
 Strategy ofAttack 97

Black has delayed evacuating his 11 ... ~d6 would have been
king from the centre, and now answered by 12 'iif4+, winning the
queenside cast1ing can be answered rook.
by 2lt:Jxt7, and kingside castling by 12 'ii'xg7
2 g5. Black resigns. After 12 ... ..te4 13
He therefore played l. .. f6, having 'ii'e5 he loses his bishop.
decided first to drive away the The possibility of opening up the
knight, and then nevertheless to position is an important factor in
castle queenside. The loss of the e6 evaluating positions with an
pawn did not worry him: in return uncastled king.
he was intending to pick up the g3
pawn. However, in order to hold the
opponent's king in the centre, White
sacrificed a piece.
2 ..txe6! fxe5 3 dxe5 Jl..e7
After 3 .....txe5 4 :he1 White's
attack is too dangerous. For
example: 4 ... i..xg3 5 ..i.d7+ with a
quick mate, or 4 ... ..tf6 5 .i.c8+ ¢;;t7
6 '1i'e6+ ¢;;g6 7 h5+ ~g5 8 'it'e3+
with mate to follow.
41thfl
Threatening 5 .i.f7+ ~f8 6 ..tg6+
~g8 7 '1i'c4 mate. Flohr-Simagin
4•••l:.f8 5 .f:txf8+ .i.xf8 6 'W'f3! Moscow 1945
Black is tied hand and foot. For
example, he cannot play 6 .. J:Id8 Black did not like the fact that, if
because of the simple 7 .:xd8+. he castled, his opponent would play
6...'ii' e7 7 'ii'b3 his bishop to a3 and a rook to e I,
Threatening 8 .i.d7+ 'fixd7 9 winning a pawn and retaining the
:xd7 ~xd7 10 'ii'xb7+ and I l initiative. Thcref(nc he played 1. ..
'ii'xa8. c.t?d7, thinking that his powerful
7...lib8? pawn group in the centre would
This loses quickly. The toughest safeguard his king against attacks.
defence was 7 ... b5, e.g. 8 ..td7+ But with two energetic blows White
'ii'xd7 9 l:.xd7 ~xd7 10 iif7+ ..te7 destroys the black fortress.
11 e6+ 'iitd6 12 'ii'xg7 .i.e4 13 'ii'xh6 2 c4 dxc4 3 d5!
i..d5, and Black can sti11 hold on. This pawn sacrifice, which Black
8 .i.d7+! 'ir'xd7 9 .l:xd7 ~xd7 10 is obliged to accept, completely
'iifi+ !il..e7 11 e6+ <iii>d8 exposes his king.
98 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

3 ...4Jxd5 4 .:d 1 pawn structure a11ows White to

The position has radically open lines by a piece sacrifice and
changed: only fragments remain of to begin an immediate attack on the
Black's pawn defences, and 5 king.
:xd5+ is threatened. His next move 1 exf5 gxf5 2 lbxf5! exf5 3 ltel!
is practically forced, but, faced by First and foremost the king must
the opponent's heavy pieces, his not be allowed to castle.
king, strolling about in the centre of 3 ... d6
the board, immediately finds itself There is nothing better. If 3 ... h6,
in danger. defending against 4 i.g5, there
4 ••. ~e6 5 ~xc6+ 'iWd6 6 'ti"xc4 would have followed 4 .tf4 it'd8 5
~adS lt:Jd5 liJxd5 6 ifh5+ <ittf8 7 .txd5
6 ... c6 is decisively met by 7 i..f4, with a decisive attack. 3 ... lbc6 also
e.g. 7 ... 'if'd7 8 'ji'e4+, and mate does not he]p on account of 4 .i.f4
follows in two more moves. it'a5 5 ltJd5 lt:Jxd5 6 cxd5. Finally,
7 ~g4+ ~e7 8 ..Wxg7 ~d7 3 ... ~d8 can be met by 4 ~xe7!
The king tries to flee from its ~xe7 5 jt,g5 with numerous threats.
pursuers, but in vain. 4 i..g5 ~d8
9 i.g5 lidf8 10 'iid4 c6 11 .i.f4 4 ... ~d7 is met by the decisive 5
'ifa3 12 1i'e5 !txe7+, while if 4 .. .<:tf7 5 lt:Jd5.
Black resigns: if 12 ... .:cs there 5l:lxe7! 'ilixe7 6lbd5 lDxd5
follows 13 ltxd5+ cxd5 14 'ii'xd5+ Black gives up his queen, but this
~e8 15 l:.e 1+ etc. does not delay the end for long.
7 i..xe7+ !tJxe7 8 'i'xd6+ lbd7 9
l:.d1!
A curious position! Black has no
way of defending against the
capture on b7, after which he
inevitably loses materiaL
9 ...:tg8 I 0 j_xb7 ktg6 11 'iid4
ltJc6 12 'iib6+ ~e8 13 i..xc6 Black
res1gns

Attack on the kingside

By castling on the kingside, the

Averbakh-Goldberg king comes under the protection of
Tufa 1955 its pawns. But even behind such a
pawn screen it may be subjected to
The weakening of the opponent's an attack, if the opponent succeeds
 Strategy ofAttack 99

in creating a significant advantage Black parries the threat with a

in force on the kingside. double attack on g2. Now 4 e5 is
refuted by 4 ... .it.xg2+ 5 <iitg 1 ~xh3.
The position has become sharper,
and combinations are in the air.
White includes his second rook in
the attack.
4.tlf4!
It turns out that he does not have
to fear 4 ... e5: he replies 5 l1fh4!,
and if 5 ... exd4 6 ~xf6 with
inevitable mate.
What can Black do now? The
hanging positions of the opponent's
pieces suggest to him a counter-
combination.
Averbakh-Fridstein 4 •..ltJxe4
Vilnius 1946 This unexpected continuation sets
White difficult problems. To 5
Here White played 1 l:.d3, ltJxe4 Black was intending to reply
intending to swing the rook across 5 ... .Jtxe4, attacking g2 and gaining
to g3 or h3, to attack the enemy time for the defence: if 6 il.xe7
king. Black should have forestalled there follows 6 ... .Jtxg2+ 7 ~g I
the opponent's plan by l. .. e5, .Jtxh3, threatening mate.
forcing the queen to go to e3. If instead 5 .Jtxe7, Black was
Instead of this he replied l... bS, intending to play 5 ... ltJxc3, threat-
beginning an attack on the queen- ening to win the queen by
side, which, however, came too late. 6 ... Sit.xg2+ 7 ~g I lLlxe2+.
There followed: And yet White fell in with his
2 l:.g3 (threatening to take on f6) opponent's plans! Why?
2 •.•~h8 3l:lh3! 5 ~xe7 lilxc3
The most vulnerable target for The reason was that in his
White's attack is the h7 pawn. The calculations he had foreseen a
knight that is defending it is spectacular way of immediately
attacked by the bishop at g5, and so deciding the game in his favour.
for the success of the operation it is Look at the diagram position. The
sufficient for him to attack h7 a black king is defended only by
second time. The decisive 4 e5 dxe5 pawns, and in White's attack there
5 'iih4 is already threatened. are four pieces (queen, both rooks
3 •• :i'b7 and bishop). All he needs to do is
100 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

break up the royal fortress, since the

king on its own will be unable to
withstand the opponent's superior
forces. And the role of destroyer is
played by none other than the
queen.

Kotov-U nzicker
Stockholm 1952
1 !!e4liJf8 2l2Jf5 ~h8 3 'ii'h5
'White's play is simple,' wrote
grandmaster Kotov regarding this
game. 'As many pieces as possible
6 'ii'xg7+! Wxg7 7 l:.g4+ ~h8 8 on the kingside. Black has no way
it.f6 mate of opposing this.'
The power of White's attack is 3 ...llc7 4 .:th4
demonstrated by the fact that he Only four moves have passed,
could even have managed without and White has created such an
his rook at f4, and still given mate advantage in force on the kingside,
in six moves- 7 ltg3+ ~h6 8 ~g5+ that there is already no defence.
ctlg7 9 it.xd8+ ~h6 10 Jlg5+ ctlg7 There is the threat of a knight
11 il..e7+ Wh6 12 il..xf8 mate. sacrifice at g7 or h6.
If the attacker is able to con- 4 ...l2Jh7 5 l2Jxg7! ~xg7 6 il..xb6+
centrate his pieces on the kingside, ~gs 1 %:tg4+ ng6 s e6!
the attack will normally be very Black resigns. 8... l:.xg4 is met by
dangerous. The fo] lowing example 9 ilxg4+, and meanwhile 9 exf7+ is
is typical. threatened.
The basic drawback of Black's Of course, jn the position just
position is that on his kingside 'all considered Black had no counter-
the doors and windows are open', play, and the white pieces were able
and this decides the battle in favour to storm the king's fortress without
of White: unhindered, he can launch hindrance. This is by no means
an assault on the royal fortress. always the case. Often the
 Strategy of Attack 101

opponent's defences have to be 7 'ifxe4, with a decisive advantage.

broken up, which may demand However, 4 ... l:Iac8 was stronger.
considerable effort. Black incorrectly goes totally onto
the defensive, which makes things
markedJy easier for White.
5 ~e1 ~f8 6 'ir'b2!
White exploits the opponent's
mistake by provoking an important
weakening of his pawn structure.
6 ... f6 7 ~b4lbd6 8llge3 ~f7
If 8 ... e5 9 f4.
9 f4 iid7 10 li'e2!
Simultaneously creating two
threats - II l!xe6 and 11 'ti'h5+
followed by the penetration of the
queen into the enemy position.
Alekhine-Colle 10 ...:es 11 ifh5+ ~g8 12 'iig6
Bled 1931 f5 13 .ixd6 ~xd6 14 it.xf5 ~xf4
15 'i'h7+ ~f8 16 ~g6 'Wd4 17
White's bishops are aimed at the .ixe8 Itxe8 18 ~hl 'tif6. and Black
kingside, which creates the neces- resigned.
sary preconditions for an attack. It The finish could have been 19
is true that, in order to obtain this irh8+ ~f7 20 'iixe8+ ~xe8 21
position, White has sacrificed a ~xe6+.
pawn.
1 l:tab1 l:.d8
Defending against the threat of 2
~b4.
21:le3
The rook is ready to swing across
to g3.
2 ••. b6 3 ~e2
If immediately 3 llg3, then
3 ... ltJh5 4 :g4ltJf6.
3 .....i.b7 4 ltg3 lDe8
The exchanging combination
4 ... :xd3 5 \'t'xd3 (stronger than 5
..i.xf6, which is also possible)
5 ... .i.e4 does not work on account Averbakh-Fuchs
of 6 l:txg7+! ~xg7 (6 ... ~f8 7 'iig3) Dresden 1956
102 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

An attack on the kingside may 5...lt:Jf8 6 i..xh5 i.xb2

arise suddenly, as a result of events If 6 ... gxhS 7 l2Jxh5 f£Jg6 8 lbf6+
occurring in the centre or even on i..xf6 9 i.xf6 lDxh4 10 l;txh4 with
the queenside. inevitable mate.
Thus here the rook at a3 is in a 7lDf5! gxh5
position to swing across to the If Black takes the knight -
kingside, but as yet it is not clear 7... gxf5, then 8 i.f6 i.xf6 9 'Wi'xf6 is
how this can be carried out. At the possible, and if 9 ... 'iie7 10 i..xt7+!
same time Black is threatening to 'iixt7 11 .:th8 mate.
attack the queenside pawns by 8 i..f6 lt:Jg6 9 'i'g5 'Dce7 10
l ... lt:JeS or l ... 'ir'b4. Incidentally, he li:Jh6+ ~f8 11 i..xb2 BJack resigns
is also inviting the opponent to To launch an attack on the
begin complications after I i..e7 kingside one often has to resort to a
lt:Je5. But White has quite different pawn storm, the aim of which is to
plans. open lines for attacks by the heavy
1 lt:Je4! pieces.
Unexpectedly the black queen
begins to feel uncomfortable: 2 i..d2
is threatened. In addition, the d6
pawn is hanging. Against l ... lt:JeS
White had prepared the fo1lowing
combination, in which the decisive
role is played by the rook at a3 - 2
~h3! lt:Jbxc4 3 liJf6+ Jtxf6 4 i.xf6
lbd7 (otherwise there is no defence
against the threat of 5 'iih6) 5
~xh7+! ~xh7 6 .:th3+, and mate
next move.
l ...lt:Jc8 2 'iihJ! 'ilc7 3 1i'h4 .C.e8
There is nothing better. If 3 ... f6 4 Botvinnik-Zagoryansky
l%h3 hS 5 i..xh5 fxg5 6 l2Jxg5 gxhS Sverdlovsk 1943
7 4Je6 'Wb6 8 f£Jxg7 ~xg7 9 'i'xh5
with a decisive attack. The forces of both sides are
4 l:.h3 h5 5lDg3! grouped around the isolated black
White has no reason to hurry, and pawn- White's pieces are attacking
so he prepares the sacrifice on hS. it, and Black's are defending it.
The immediate 5 i.xh5 would not Exploiting the fact that the
have succeeded on account of opponent's pieces are markedly
5 ... llxe4! 6 'it'xe4 gxhS 7 .:txh5 restricted, Botvinnik begins a pawn
tt:Jf8. attack on the kingside. The fact that,
 Strategy ofAttack 103

in so doing, he exposes his own 14.•.'ii'al+ 15 <it>h2 g6 16 'ii'xg6

king, does not worry him: the op- it.b7 17 'tid6+ :be7 18 'ii'd8+
ponent's pieces are fully occupied Black resigns
with the defence of the d5 pawn. If the opponent's pieces are fairly
1 g4! W'c6 2 g5 hxg5 3 1i'xg5 f6 4 active, an attack by the pawns from
~g6 it.fi in front of the king may prove
The capture on h3 would have double-edged, by opening I ines for
been too risky, since it would have the invasion ofthe enemy pieces. In
allowed White quickly to switch his such cases, before beginning the
rooks to the h-file. pawn storm, the player should try to
5 'iig3 f5 6 'ii'g5 'iie6 7 <it>hl evacuate his king to a safer place,
At the cost of creating new usual1y on the opposite wing.
weaknesses (the f5 pawn), Black
has included his queen in the Attack after castling on
defence and for the moment has opposite sides
prevented White from doubling
heavy pieces on the h-file. But now As we have seen, if the kings have
for this aim White uses the g-file. castled on the same side, an attack
:rs
7 .. :~i'e5 8 l:tgt 9 'ii'h6 :b8 is mainly carried out using the
10l:h4 pieces. Pawns take part compara-
White has after all achieved his tively rarely in such an attack, more
aim. His queen penetrates into the as an exception.
enemy position. It is a quite different matter after
lO... ~f8 11 'ti'h8+ .ig8 12llf4! castling on opposite sides. Here the
A shift of fire! The rook has offensive is mainly carried out by
helped the queen to invade the pawns. It is normally they that are
opponent's fortress, and now it sacri-ficed for the sake of opening
begins besieging the f5 pawn. lines for the heavy pieces or with
12 ...l:.bb7 the aim of breaking up the enemy
Black covers in advance his fortress. Since both sides can
vulnerable g7 point. engage in such a pawn storm, it is
13 :Sg5 .U.fi 14 'iih5 very important to be able to outpace
The triumph of White's plan. He the opponent, in order to be the first
has shattered the opponent's king- to reach the main target of the
side defences, broken into his posi- attack - the enemy king.
tion, forcing the black pieces to take It should be mentioned that if any
up uncomfortable positions, and then of the pawns in front of the castled
attacked the weak f5 pawn with su- king have moved, this makes it
perior forces. It cannot be defended, easier to storm the king and to open
and the game does not last long: lines. And pieces too, standing in
104 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

the path of the pawns, can faci1itate This is the whole point! After I 0
their advance. i.xa2 Black would have had a
We wil1 begin with an example saving check at c5.
where White carried out a pawn 10... 'ii'e8 11 e6!
storm without any difficulty. Simpler than 11 i.xf7+, which
would a]so have won.
11. ...i.e4+ 12 ~al f5
There is no way of saving the
game. 12 ... fxe6 is met by 13 .i.xe6+
'li'xe6 14 'ikxd8+ ~xg7 15 'ii'd4+
and 16 ~xe4.
13 e7+ lidS 14 'ii'f6 it'ti 15
e8='tif+ Black resigns

Alekhine--Marshall
Baden Baden 1925
1 f4 "'*'e6
If l. .. 'ii'a5 2 e5, and 2 ... lt:Jd5 can
be met by 3 ltJxdS i.xd5 4 iLxh7+
~xh7 5 'iii'd3+ and 6 'ii'xd5.
2 eS l:tfe8 3 %1he1 :t.ad8
By pinning the e5 pawn, Black Spassky-Petrosian
tries to restrain the pawn offensive, Moscow 1969
but not for long.
4 f5 'ile7 5 'it'g5l2Jd5 6 f6 Black is ready to play ... b7-b5,
The fact that the black knight and but White is the first to begin a
queen were in the path ofthe pawns pawn storm.
has born fruit- White's pawns have 1 g4! lt:Jxg4
already come into contact with the If 1. .. b5 there could have
opponent's pawns. followed 2 g5 hxg5 3 fxg5 l2Jh5 4
6 .. :iif8 7 i.c4! g6! fxg6 5 'i'g5. In order to
The position has become sharper, maintain his pawn screen, Petrosian
and White finds a tactical solution. decides to accept the pawn sacrifice.
7 ...lt:Jxc3 8 .:xd8 .:txd8 9 fxg7! 2 'tig2 lt:Jf6 3 .C.gl i.d7 4 fS!
lbxa2+ 10 ~b1! ~h8
 Strategy of Attack 105

By allowing lines to be opened, In order to outpace the opponent

Black goes down without a fight. in the development of his attack,
4 ... e5 was the Jesser evil. Black is offering the b4 pawn,
5 lldfl 'it'd8 reckoning on 1 'ii'xb4 to reply 1...
Returning the queen to the .i.c6 followed by 2 ... lib8, with
defence, but 5 .. .'~e5 was the active play on the queenside.
toughest defence. Now, however, However, Fischer finds the
White's attack develops swiftly. 'Achilles' heel' in Black's set-up.
6 fxe6 fxe6 7 e5! dxeS 8 ~e4 1 tbb6!
~hS It is extremely important for
Probably the only move. 8 ... exd4 White to exchange his badly placed
can be met by 9 ~xf6 g5 10 'i'h3 knight.
11e7 11 11xg5 with a decisive attack. l. ...:tb8
9 'Wi'g6! exd4 l ... tbxb6 would have been met by
An obvious mistake. More ten- 2 'Wxb4, and if 2 ... d5 3 'iixb6 'ikxb6
acious was 9... ~f4, and if 10 l::txf4 4 ~xb6, when 4 ... dxe4 is bad on
exf4 11 li:Jf3 'ii'b6, planning after 12 account of 5 lld7, winning a piece.
lDf6 to give up queen for rook. ln 2 ltJxd7 'iixd7 3 <t>bl 'iic7 4
this case White would have had to .i.d3 .i.c8 5 hS
find the decisive move 12 l:.g5! After completing his develop-
10 ~g5! Black resigns ment and placing his pieces on the
If 1O... hxg5 11 'iixh5+ 'it>g8 12 required squares, White begins a
'Wf7+ ~h8 13 .l:.f3, and there is no pawn storm.
defence against the mate. 5... e5 6 ..te3 .li.e6 7 :dgl aS 8
g6! .i.f6
8 ... f6 is met by the decisive 9 h6!,
e.g. 9 ... hxg6 10 .t1xg6 llf7 1 I hxg7
l::txg7 12 'i'h2! Jif8 I 3 l:.xf6 etc.
If instead 8 ... fxg6 9 hxg6 hxg6,
then after I 0 ..Wh2 Wt7 I I 'iWh7
White has a very strong attack.
9 gxh7+ ~h8 I 0 ~g5
Naturally, White aims to
exchange an important defender of
the royal fortress.
I O•.. it'e7
The queen hurries to the aid of
the bishop, but 1O... i.xgS I J :lxg5
Fischer-Spassky f6 would perhaps have been a
Belgrade 1992 tougher defence.
106 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

11 l:tg3 j,xg5 12 ltxg5 'ifif6 13 1 g4! lbbd7 2 f4 1i'a5 3 f5!

l:thg1 'ii'xfJ In positions such as these, pawns
In search of counter-chances. do not have to be counted - the
Otherwise after 14 'it g2 the g7 main thing is to be able to expose
pawn all the same cannot be the opponent's king. After 3 ... exf5 4
defended. gxf5 lt.Jxe4 White was intending 5
14ltxg7 'ii'f6 15 h6 a4 16 b3 fxg6 lDxc3 6 gxh7+, and if 6 ... 'it>xh7
Forestalling possible attempts at 7 ~c2+, or 6 ... 'iittt7 7 1if3+,
counterplay. regaining the piece.
16 ... axb3 17 axb3 l:.fd8 18 'ii'g2 3 .. Jiab8
I:.f8 19 .:tg8+! Petrosian aims at all costs to gain
White's task is a simple one - he counterplay, and the situation
needs to eliminate both of his becomes extremely sharp.
h-pawns, which are covering the 4 fxg6 hxg6 5 eS l:xb2
opponent's king against checks on After 5 ... dxe5 6 'if'c2! the game
the file. would have quickly concluded,
19...<t>xh7 20 l;lg7+ <t>h8 21 h7! whereas now White must defend
Black resigns. There is no de- accurately to avoid, in tum, coming
fence against the threat of 22 l:.g8+ under a crushing attack.
<t>xh7 23 !Ih I+ jj'h6 24 'ii'g7 mate. 6 <ittxb2
After 6 'ii'xb2 ~b8 Black answers
7li'a1 with 7 ... dxe5, while if 7 'iic2
he wins the queen by 7 ... Wa3+ 8
'ltd2lib2.
6.. J:tb8+ 7 ~c2l2Jd5 8 'ii'xc4 g5
Threatening 9 ... lt.Je3+.
9 .Ud3 4Jb4+ 10 'ltdl d511 'iib3
c5
Or I I ... tt:Jxd3 12 'li'c2 lt.J7xe5 13
dxe5 ~xeS 14 'ii'xd3 'iixc3 15
'ii'g6+ ~g7 ( 15 ... 'iitth8 16 .ltg7+
j_xg7 17 tLlxg5+ with a quick mate)
16 'ii'xe6+ ~h8 17 ~xg7+ ~xg7 18
A verbakh-Petrosian 'iie7+ ~g8 19 'i'xg5+, and White
.Moscow 1961 WillS .
12 'li'bl c4 13 'iicl Black resigns
In this position White can regain It is useful to know the following
his pawn with 1 'ii'xc4, but he con- standard attacking procedure, which
sidered it more important to begin a has occurred many times m
pawn storm immediately. practice.
 Strategy of Attack 107

Attack on the q ueenside

The targets of an attack on the

queenside will primarily be weak
pawns, but the aim of such an
offensive may also be the invasion
of the heavy pieces, usually the
rooks, into the enemy position.
Sometimes this invasion is trans-
formed into an attack on the king,
sheltering on the other side of the
board.
We will begin with a classic
Averbakh-Sarvarov example.
Moscow 1959

Black appears to have been the

.1.
first to begin his attack, but this
' i'/
,_;
~-
;_
·_,

impression is erroneous: his offen-

sive has no specific aim, whereas
White's pawn storm involves a
concrete tactical blow.
1 tbe5 .ii.b7 2 g4 a5 3 .Udg1 a4 4
g5l2Jh5 5 ..ixh7+!
This is the point! This sacrifice
wins by force.
5...ltJxb7 6 g6 fxg6 7 ._xg6
Unexpectedly, four white pieces, Rubinstein-Salwe
headed by the queen, have ended up Lodz 190~
close to Black's monarch. He has
only one reply: Black has a weak pawn at c6. It is
7•••li:J7f6 8 'ii'ti+ 'lt>h8 instructive to follow how con-
If 8 ... ~h7 the following pretty sistently the commander of the
variation was possible: 9 llg6! lt:Jg8 white pieces mounts on attack
10 l:.xg7+ CfJxg7 11 'it'g6+ and 12 against it.
ltJt7 mate. 1 .i.c5 :res 2 l:.fl!
9 :xg7! lilxg7 10 .:f.g1 ltJfh5 11 Preparing to switch the rook
l:lg6 'Wd6 12 I:txd6 .i.xd6 13 ltJg6+ across to the queenside.
~h7 14 ~xd6 Black resigns 2... lbd7 3 ~xe7 l:xe7 4 'Wd4!
108 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

White maintains control over the

c5 square.
4...Iiee8 5 .tn l:t:ec8 6 e3 'iib7 7
ltJc5 ltJxc5 8 ~xeS l:lc7 9 l:.fc2 'iib6
10 b4!
Now the black pawns are
completely paralysed.
1o... a6 11 I!aS
White avoids the trap I 1 l:.xd5?!
cxdS! 12 it'xb6 llxc2 with counter-
play.
11..J:lb8 12 a3 l:.a7
It is no longer possible to avoid
the loss of a pawn. Averbakh-Ravinsky
13 klxc6 'ii'xc6 14 'ii'xa7 ~a8 15 Moscow 1950
fi'c5 ~b7 16 ~f2 h5 17 .i.e2 g6 18
'ifd6 'ii'c8 19 l:tc5 1 b4 a6 2 a4 tZ'lg4 3 Ji.xe7 'ii'xe7
After winning a pawn, White 4 ltJxg4 Jlxg4 5 b5 axb5 6 axb5
does not hurry. The main thing is 'ikg5 7 <it>bl ltad8 8 bxc6 bxc6
not to allow any counterplay on the The two sides have consistently
part of the opponent. carried out their respective plans -
19.. .'iib7 20 h4 a5 White has opened lines on the
A desperate attempt to open up queenside and has created a weak
the position. pawn in the opponent's position at
21 ttc7 'iib8 22 b5 a4 23 b6 :as c6, while Black has switched his
24 b7 queen to the kingside and is
8 lack resigns. 25 itc8+ is threatening the rook manoeuvre
threatened, and 24 ... ~g7 is met by .. J~d6-h6. White must play very
25 l:txf7+. carefu11y, to avoid coming under a
With certain pawn structures, an crushing attack.
offensive on the queenside has the 9 tZ'le2 l:.d6 10 l:tb6 l:th6
aim of creating weaknesses in the Black gives up a pawn, to gain
opponent's pawns, and then time for his attack. However,
attacking them. A typical example I O... .lld7 was correct, retaining the
of such a storm is the so-called pawn for the moment, to which
minority attack, when one, or more White was intending to reply 11
usually two pawns advance against ltJg3, and if ll..J:Ih6 12 ~f5 !,
the opponent's pawn chain. combining attack with defence.
In the following example White After 12 .. .'ti'h4 he has the move 13
began a minority attack. h3 in reserve.
 Strategy of Attack 109

11 .:.xc6 lt:Jg6 moment the c6 pawn is adequately

Black has two threats- ll ... 'iih4, defended, and on 1 b5 Black
with an attack on h2, and ll ... "Llh4, appears to have the reply 1... c5.
threatening the g2 pawn. Yet Kotov nevertheless played 1
12 liJg1! liJh4 b5!
12 ... 'Wh4 could have been an- It turns out that l ... c5 can be met
swered by 13 h3. by 2 dxc5! 'iVxe5 3 cxb6 l:.xc3 4
Now on 13 lixh6 Black was bxa 7 l:.xc2 5 l:.xc2, when the d4
planning the spectacular reply 13 ... pawn promotes to a queen at a8!
i..h3! 14 i..xh7+ cJ;>f8 15 'i'c5+ l:.e7. Ragozin saw this combination, and
White has only one defence, but a played differently.
perfectly adequate one. l ...~ac7 2 bxc6 rJi;g7
13 f4! l;lxc6 2 ... liJxc6 is met by 3 ii.b5 .
Black is rattled and loses without 3 'iib1! l2Jxc6 4 ~xb6 l:.b8 5
a fight. After 13 ... 'iih5 14 ~xh6 ~xb8! ltJxb8 6 !!xc7 'ti'xa3 7
'tixh6 White would still have faced Si.xg6!
the problem of how to realise his The fire is immediately switched
extra pawn. to the kingside.
14 ~xh7+! ~f8 15 fxg5 lixc2 16 7 ...liJc6 8 kl1xc6! i..xc6 9 htxt7+
~xc2 .i.h5 ~h6
17 l:tf4 was threatened. Or 9 ... ~h8 I 0 j(,h7 with the
17 ii.b3, and White won. threat of I 0 l2Jg6 mate.
10 f4! 'i'xe3+ 11 ~h2 fixeS 12
fxe5, and Black resigned.

Kotov-Ragozin
Moscow 1949
White's heavy pieces are con- Petrosian-Bronstein
centrated on the c-fi]e, but for the Moscow 1967
110 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

Black's kingside is weakened, but 7 dxeS fxe5 8 tbxe5! 'iixc5

cannot easily be attacked. White, on If 8 ... ii.xe5 9 4Jxd5 'i'xc5
the other hand, has a queenside (9 ... ii.xd5 10 W'xd5+) 10 l:.xeS, with
pawn majority and the obvious plan the threat of 1 1 lZJf6+.
of b2-b4-b5. Black, for his part, is 9ltc6 \i'a7
threatening a pawn offensive in the The toughest defence was 9 .....a5
centre with ... f7-f6 and ... e6-e5. l 0 li:Jxf7 l:txfl, and if II 'ii'xd5
1 b4 ..i.g7 2 :b1! 'ii'xd5 (not ll. .. i..xc3 12 lig6+) 12
Accurately played! White needs lbxd5 .i.d4, when White still faces
to open the b-file as soon as pos- the problem of realising his extra
sible, to invade with his rook at b6. pawn.
2•.. f6 10 l2Jg4!
Black is in too much of a hurry. The rook, together with the
He should have played 2 ... 'fic7, knight, actively join the attack on
combining attack with defence. the kingside.
3 lZJd3 ~17 4 bS 'iic7 5 bxa6 10...<iiih8
bxa6 After 1O... h5 the simplest is 11
5 .. Jlxa6 6 lLJbS and 7 l2Jd6 is lZJf6+, while if 1O... .li.h5 11 l2Jxh6+
unpleasant for Black. i..xh6 12 'i'xh5 'Wxf2+ 13 ~h2
6 l:tb6 e5 'iixe 1 14 Uxh6 with a decisive
Black is consistent, although this attack.
attempt to initiate play in the centre 11 l2Jxh6 i.e8 12 ltxe8! it'xfl+
meets with a tactical refutation. 13 ~h2 l:taxe8 14 'i'hS 'iiel 15
However, White's plan would also lZJfS+ 'it>g8 16 !Dxg7 :n 17 "iixe8+
have born fruit after 6 ... ~fe8 7 'i'a4 Black resigns
eS 8 l:txa6.
 Index of Players
and Analysts
Adams 91 Chigorin 38 Janowski 38
Ahues 30 Chudinovskikh 58
Alatortsev 37 Colle 24, 101 Kaminer 43
A1ekhine 22, 44, 67, Csom 64 Kan 37, 46
79, 101, 104 Cvetkovic 23 Karpov 24, 64
Alster 50 Kasper 51
Andersson 23 Engels 40 Keres 39
Antoshin 49 Estrin 96 Kling 42
Aronin 31 Euwe 34,44 Klyatskin 39
Averbakh 22, 27, 28, Evans 80 Konstantinopolsky 37
29, 47, 52, 74, 75, Kopayev 74
94, 96, 98, 99, 101, Fischer 43, 63, 105 Korchmar 68
106, I 07, 108 Flohr 46, 83, 97 Kotov 100, 109
Fridstein 31, 99 Krogius 29
Balashov 39 Fuchs 101 Kubbel 23
Baranov 8 Furman 33 Kuindzhi 25
Barcza 60 Fuster 96 Kupper 48
Bardeleben 88 Kurpun 30
Bauer 93 Gauffin 29
Betak 50 Geller 81 Larsen 47, 77
Betatski 65 Georgadze 25 Lasker, Em. 33, 48,
Biyiasis 39 Gilbert 20 79,93
Blackburne 87 Gligoric 63 Legal I de Kcrmcur 20
Bogoljubow 35, 50 Gogo\ev 67 Lcvcnfish 46, 51
Boleslavsky 46 Goldberg 98 Lilienthal ~U
Bonch-Osmolovsky 8 Greco 85 Lyubensky 49
Botvinnik 75, 76, 102
Boudi-Bueno 22 Hairabedian 65 Maciewski 27
Bronstein 109 Hoch 34 Magogonov 19
Bukhman 83 Hofman 59 Manov 65
Horberg 47 Marco 21
Capablanca 50 Maroczy 35, 40
Chekhover 18, 19, 37, Isakov 32 Marshall I 04
49,82,84 Ivanov 59 Matanov ic 4 7
112 Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge

Matulovic 23 Richter 51 Tarjan 24

Mees 33 Romanovsky 66 Tarnowski 60
Menchik 75 Rotlewi 90 Thomas 34
Miles 59 Rovner 76 Tischler 32
Rubinstein 90, 107 Tolush 49
Nedobora 60 Rudolph 85 Torre, E. 23
Nikitin 32 Ryumin 51, 80 Torre, K. 33, 91
N imzowitsch 22
N.N. 24 Sackmann 30 Uhlmann 28, 59
Novoltenov 76 St Brie 20 Unzicker 100
Salwe 107
Olafsson 48 Sarvarov 107 Varshavsky 67
Ormos 65 Schmid 59 Vasyukov 79
Osloukhov 60 Sederborg 73 Verlinsky 44, 80
Shocron 43 von Popiel 21
Parr 74 Simagin 36, 97
Perelman 86 Simkhovich 82 We1tmander 78
Petrosian, A. 59 Sliwa 39 Wheatcroft 74
Petros ian, T. 104, I 06, Smyslov 29, 33, 79 White 30
109 Solovyev 75
Pillsbury 24 Sou ltanbiev 24 Yates 67
Polugayevsky 78 Spassky 77, 104, 105 Yudovich 39
Polyak 68 Steinitz 88 Yurev 32
Stepanov 76
Rabinovich 49 Stolyar 52 Zagoryansky 36, 102
Radulov 73 Szepanek 49 Zhuravlev 58
Ragozin 109 Zita 29,94
Ravinsky 108 Taimanov 29, 81 Zukertort 87
Reshevsky 44, 80 Tal 96 Zurakhov 83