Examination of Cardiovascular System: IAP UG Teaching Slides 2015-16
Examination of Cardiovascular System: IAP UG Teaching Slides 2015-16
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CHIEF COMPLAINTS
• Chest pain
• Cough
• Edema
• Failure to thrive
• Joint pain / swelling
• Syncope
Class Activity
I Vigorous exercise(eg:climbing stairs)
II Routine activity
III Minimal activity(walking from one room to
another)
IV Dyspnea at rest
• Cyanotic spells
• Squatting episodes
• Sore throat
• Head sweating
• Pink frothy sputum
• Convulsions
• Recurrent LRTIs
• Maternal Infection:
‐Rubella(PDA,Pulm branch stenosis)
‐Mumps(EFE)
‐Diabetes(Septal hypertrophy,TGV)
‐SLE(Complete heart block)
‐PKU(TOF, VSD)
• Maternal drugs: Eg: Alcohol, Phenytoin,Lithium
• Preterm baby: PDA
• Anemia
• Cyanosis
• Clubbing
• Oedema
• Signs of infective endocarditis
• Signs of cardiac failure
• Signs of Rheumatic fever
• Peripheral signs of aortic regurgitation
• In Syndromes – congenital heart disease
FACIES
• Elfin Face
• Typical syndromes‐eg: Downs syndrome
• Apprehensive facies produced by pain, anxiety and respiratory distress
• PE
• Arrhythmias as VT, fast AF
EYES & LIDS
- (subluxation in Marfan‐ superior;homocystenuria ‐ inferior)
- Cataract‐ Congenital Rubella , Down syndrome
• Fundus:
‐ Roth's spots [small red hemorrhage with pale center, due to vasculitis] (endocarditis).
‐ Hypertensive changes
• Bluish discolouraton of skin, mucous membrane ;
reduced Hb >5 gm/dl
• Central – tip of tongue, lips, oral mucosa etc., in
cyanotic heart disease‐ Rt‐Lt shunts, heart failure,
shock etc.,
• Peripheral –vasoconstriction due to hypothermia
e.g unwrapped neonates
• Differential cyanosis – pink upper extremities and
cyanosed lower extremities e.g COA, PDA with
reversal
• Intermittent Cyanosis – Ebsteins anomaly
• Grading
– I – softening of nail bed
– II – obliteration of angle of nail plate and bed
– lll – parrot beak
– lV – hypertrophic osteo arthropathy
• Types
– Unidigital – gout, local injury
– Unilateral – Aneurysmal dilatation of aorta
– Differential – clubbing in lower limbs only ,PDA with reversal
– Bilateral – Rt Lt shunts, infectious endocarditis, atrial myxoma
• Blanch the nail bed with sustained pressure for
several seconds on a toenail or fingernail.
• Release the pressure
• Observe the time elapsed before the nail regains full
color
– Should occur almost instantly – in less than 2
seconds.
– Longer than 2 seconds implies circulatory system
compromise (ie: arterial occlusion, hypovolemic
shock, hypothermia).
• H/o CHD or any procedures • Elevated temperature
• Fever • Anemia
• Tachycardia
• Chills
• Embolic Phenomena – Roth spots,
• Chest & abdominal pain Osler nodes, petechiae, splinter
• Dyspnea nail bed hemorrhages
• Janeway lesions
• Night sweats
• New or changing murmurs
• Weight loss • Splenomegaly
• CNS Manifestations • Arthritis
• Heart failure
• Clubbing
• Metastatic infection
• Downs syndrome – Endocardial cushion defects, VSD
•
Congenital rubella syndrome – PDA
Turner’s syndrome – COA SYNDROMES
• Trisomy 13 – VSD, ASD, PDA, Dextrocardia
• Trisomy 18 – VSD
• Noonan Syndrome‐PS
• Short stature – Down, Noonan
• Microcephaly‐ Down,Congenital Rubella
• US/ LS ratio, armspan – Marfan’s syndrome
• Failure to thrive
Temperature
Respiration
Pulse
Blood pressure
• Effortless tachypnoea
RESPIRATION
• Breathlessness decreased in propped up position/while putting on shoulder
• Palpation of the radial pulse (arterial).
• Listen to the heart.
• Count the pulse for 60 seconds
• Pulse deficit – the difference between radial pulse
rate and apical rate (AF)
Bradycardia Tachycardia
Physiological Physiological
• Sleep, athletes • Exertion, crying, anxiety
Pathological Pathological
• Hypoxia • High output states –
• Hypothermia Anemia, thyrotoxicosis
• Hypothyroidism • Hypovolemia
• Heart block • Hypotension
• Drugs – β blockers, digoxin • Drugs – Atropine,
nifedepine
1. Collapsing pulse (water hammer pulse) jerky pulse with full
expansion followed by sudden collapse (AR, PDA, A‐V
fistulas, fever, thyrotoxicosis, anemia)
2. Alternating pulse pulses alternans (regular rate, amplitude
varies from beat to beat) seen in LVF
3. Pulses bisferiens (two strong systolic peaks separated by a
midsystolic dip) seen in HOCM, AS/AI
4. Anacrotic pulse slow rising pulse in A.S. (Parvus et tardus)
5. Dicrotic pulse, two systolic and diastolic peaks (sepsis,
hypovolemic, cardiogenic shock)
6. Pulsus paradoxus (amplitude decreases with inspiration
and increases during expiration) seen in cardiac tamponade,
COPD, massive P.E.
NORMA
L
DICROTIC PULSE
PULSE – VOLUME
• Normal: 30 – 60 mm Hg
• Small volume – cardiac tamponade / failure
• Large volume – PDA, AR
• Radio – radial – pre subclavian COA
PULSE ‐ DELAY
• Radio femoral – post subclavian COA
• Difference between the systolic and diastolic
pressure
• Mean arterial pressure = Diastolic pressure + 1/3 of
pulse pressure
• To measure the blood pressure in the legs, place the
cuff around the thigh and listen or palpate over the
popliteal artery.
• Indirect measurement – the SBP in the legs is 10 – 15
mm hg higher than in the arms.
• Direct measurement – no difference
• Hill’s sign ‐ > 20mm Hg difference between the arms
and the legs (AR).
• Coarctation of the aorta – BP in legs is much less
than in the arms.
IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 36
JUGULAR VENOUS PRESSURE
a wave – atrial systole
c wave – movement of
tricuspid valve ring into rt.
atrium
v wave – peak pressure in rt.
atrium
a‐x descent – atrial relaxation
v‐y descent – ventricular filling
• Low jugular venous pressure
– Hypovolemia.
• Elevated jugular venous pressure
– Intravascular volume overload conditions due to valvular disease
(tricuspid or pulmonic stenosis or regurgitation), right ventricular
ischemia or infarction, cardiomyopathy or secondary to left heart
failure (mitral stenosis/regurgitation, aortic stenosis/regurgitation,
cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischaemia/ infarction).
– Right ventricular failure.
– Constrictive pericarditis.
– Pericardial effusion with tamponade physiology.
– Obstructive atrial myxoma.
– Superior vena caval obstruction.
Jugular Vein Carotid Artery
No pulsations palpable. Palpable pulsations.
Pulsations obliterated by pressure above Pulsations not obliterated by
the clavicle. pressure above the clavicle.
Level of pulse wave decreased on No effects of respiration on pulse.
inspiration; increased on expiration.
Usually two pulsations per systole (x and One pulsation per systole.
y descents).
Prominent descents. Descents not prominent.
Pulsations sometimes more prominent No effect of abdominal pressure on
with abdominal pressure. pulsations
IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 42
CVS – SYSTEMIC EXAMINATION
•Inspection
•Palpation
•Percussion
•Auscultation
OTHER PULSATIONS
• Supra clavicular ‐ AR
• Supra sternal
• Inter & infra scapular – COA (Suzman’s sign)
• Epigastric – AR, RVH
• Hepatic – TR, TS
• Character of apex beat
– Tapping ‐ MS
– Heaving – force full, well sustained ‐ LVH, pressure
over load – AS, Systemic HTN,COA
– Hyper dynamic – ill sustained ‐ Volume over load
– MR,AR,VSD,PDA
• Para sternal heave
– Right ventricular enlargement – ASD, VSD
– Left atrial enlargement – MS, MR
• P2 – Pulmonary hypertension
• A2 – systemic hypertension, AS PALPATION – CONT..
• Opening Snap ‐ MS
PALPATION – CONT..
– Pulmonary – PS, ASD,VSD
– Continuous – PDA, Rupture of Sinus of Valsalva
– Apical
• Diastolic – MS
• Systolic ‐ MR
– Lower left para sternal ‐ VSD
– Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Use the diaphragm for high pitched sounds and
murmurs
• Use the bell for low pitched sounds and murmurs
• Sequence of auscultation
– upper right sternal border (URSB)
– upper left sternal border (ULSB)
– lower left sternal border (LLSB)
– apex
– apex ‐ left lateral decubitus position
– lower left sternal border (LLSB)‐ sitting, leaning
forward, held expiration
– Back
•
NORMAL HEART SOUNDS
S2 – Closure of semilunar valves “Dub”, High pitched, Short, has two components (A2, P2)
• Physiological split – Normal splitting between A2 & P2 which varies with inspiration and expiration
• Intensity
– Loud S1‐ MS, TS, Sinus Tachycardia, High output
states
– Muffled S1 – Pericardial effusion, Obesity, Calcified
valve
S2
A2 P2
SH, AR Accentuated PAH
AS, PDA, AR, LVF, LBBB Delayed PS, ASD, TAPVC, RBBB
VSD, MR Early
Paradoxical
AS, PDA, AR
• 3rd heart sound – due to maximal ventricular filling
– S3 Gallop – Myocarditis, CCF
• 4th heart sound – due to rapid emptying of atrium
– Occurs in constrictive pericarditis, hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy
• Click – arise due to semi lunar valves
• Ejection systolic clicks – AS, PS
• Aortic‐ bicuspid aortic valve
• Opening snap – due to abnormal mitral & tricuspid leaflets
• Occurs in ASD, VSD, RHD – MS / TS
• Mid systolic Click – MVPS
• Multiple Clicks – Ebstein’s Anomaly
• Pericardial rub – Acute rheumatic fever, pericarditis
• Caused by normal flow through a abnormal valve or
abnormal flow through a normal valve
• Types – Organic, Flow, Innocent
• Description
– Intensity ‐ Grading
– Pitch
– Timing
– Variation with respiration / posture
– Area of maximum intensity
– Conduction to other areas
• Types
– Early : AR, PR
– MDM : MS, TS
– Functional : Graham Steel, Carey Coombs, Austin
Flint
Systolic Murmurs
• Aortic stenosis
• Mitral insufficiency
• Mitral valve prolapse
• Tricuspid insufficiency
Diastolic Murmurs
• Aortic insufficiency
• Mitral stenosis
S1
IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 S2 65 S1
• Variation with respiration
Left sided murmurs well heard in expiration
MURMUR ‐ VARIATION WITH RESPIRATION /
–
– Right sided murmurs well heard in inspiration
POSTURE
• Variation with posture
– MDM of MS best heard in left lateral position
– EDM of AR best heard in sitting and leaning forward
• 2nd right intercostal space (URSB)
– compare S1 to S2‐S1 should be softer. If the
same, think Mitral Stenosis
– identify ejection murmur‐time the peak
intensity in relation to systole
– identify ejection click if present
• Listen for early diastolic murmurs (AR/PR)
• Press firmly with diaphragm
• Listen upright with forced expiration
• Listen on hands and knees
• Listen for intensity of S1
– Soft‐LV dysfunction, first degree heart block, pre‐
closure with sudden severe AR/MR
– Loud‐MS, sympathetic stimulation
– Variable‐ Complete heart block with AV
dissociation, Wenkebach
• Identify splitting of S1
– M1/T1, M1/EC(aortic or pulmonary) , M1/Non‐EC
(MVP), S4/M1
–Listen for S3 and S4
–Consider differential diagnosis of S3
• A2‐wide P2, A2‐OS, A2‐PK, A2‐S3
–Identify diastolic rumble
–Determine radiation of murmur e.g.. MR to
axilla