)‫ست َ ِوي الَّ ِذينَ يَ ْعلَ ُمونَ َوالَّ ِذينَ ال يَ ْعلَ ُمونَ إِنَّ َما يَتَذَ َّك ُر أُولُو

ْاْل َ ْلبَاب‬
ْ َ‫ { قُ ْل َه ْل ي‬: ‫قال تعالى‬

Palestine Technical University

Kadoorie

Electrical Engineering Club

Tareq Foqha

General Chemistry 101

Slides

Chapter 2 : Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

1 ||| Atoms Molecules and Ions

2.2 || Atomic Structure :

𝑨
𝒁𝐗 Where : A : Mass Number : "Number of Protons and number of Neutrons' "
Z : Atomic Number :" Number of Protons"

Note : At the natural atom : the NO. of protons equal to the No. of Electrons .
41
Example :Find the NO. of (p+,n0,e-) of 19𝑘

Ans || no.(p) = 19 no.(e) = 19 no.(n) = 41-19 = 22

Problems :

1. Which of the following atoms has the same number of protons , neutrons ,and electrons ?
a. 𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟖𝑴𝒈 b. 𝟑𝟕
𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍 c. 𝟑𝟓
𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍 d. 𝟐𝟒
𝟏𝟐𝑴𝒈 e. 𝟒𝟕
𝟐𝟒𝑪𝒓

2. How many P , n , e are in 𝟐𝟎𝟖

𝟖𝟐𝑷𝒃
a. 82, 208,82 b. 108,126,208 c. 82,82,82 d. 82,126 ,82

3. How many p , n ,e are in a carbon -13 atom ?

a. 6,6,1 b. 6,7,6 c. 7,6,6 d.7,6,7

4. Which of the following is the correct symbol for an ion with protons =29 , neutrons = 34 , electrons = 27
a. 𝟔𝟑
𝟑𝟒𝑺𝒆
2-
b. 𝟑𝟒
𝟐𝟗𝑪𝒖
2+
c. 𝟔𝟑
𝟐𝟗𝑪𝒖
2+
d. 𝟔𝟑
𝟐𝟗𝑪𝒖
2-

5. How many p , n ,e are in a 𝟏𝟐𝟑 3+

𝟓𝟏𝑺𝒃 ?
a. 51,72,48 b. 51,72,51 c. 123,72,123 d. 48 , 72 , 51 e. 48,72,12

6. How many p and n does the natural 35Cl have ?

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 𝟑𝟓
𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍 17p , 18 n

2.3 || Isotopes :

Atoms have same Atomic Number but different mass number .

𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟖
Example : 𝟖𝑶 𝟖𝑶 𝟖𝑶

Average Atomic Mass = mass of isotope x abundance

Example 1: Find the average atomic mass for 37Cl , 25% ,, 35Cl , 75%

Sol || avg. atomic mass = (37 x 0.25) + (35 x 0.75) = 35.5

2 ||| Atoms Molecules and Ions

Example 2 : Chromium has the following isotopic masses and fractional abundances find the avg. atomic mass:

Mass Isotopic Fractional

number : mass abundance
(amu)
50 49.9461 0.0435
52 51.9405 0.8379
53 52.9407 0.0950
54 53.9389 0.0236

Problems :
1. Bromine (Br) has two isotopes , with masses 78.92 and 80.92 amu . What is the natural abundance
of the heavier isotope . if the average atomic mass of bromine is 79.90 amu ?
a. 13% b. 51% c. 68% d. 87% e. 49%

79
2. Bromine has two isotopes 35 Br and 81
35Br with masses of 78.92 and 80.92 amu . What is the natural
79
abundance of 35Br if the average atomic mass of bromine is 79.90 amu ?
a. 13% b. 51% c. 68% d. 87% e. 49%

3. Bromine has two naturally occurring isotopes .Bromine-79 has a mass of 78.9183 amu and an
abundance of 50.69% , and bromine-81 has a mass of 80.92 amu and an abundance of 49.31%
What is the average atomic mass of Bromine ?
a. 79.91 amu b. 99.91 amu c. 112.00 amu d. 79.00 amu

4. Bromine composed of two isotopes . 49.7% is present as Br-81 with mass 80.9 amu and 50.3%
is present as Br-xx . if the average atomic mass of Br is 79.9 amu , the the atomic mass of the
second isotope in amu is :
a. 80.4 b. 87.0 c. 78.9 d. 81.0

5. An element (X) has two isotope that exist in nature in the following masses and relative abundances :
28
X (mass = 27.977 amu , abundance = 92.223% )
29
X (mass = 28.976 amu , abundance = 7.777% )
The atomic mass (in amu) of the element X is :
a. 28.976 b. 28.098 c. 28.054 d. 27.977

6. Mg has three stable isotopes . Given a sample of Mg with the following masses and percent abundances :
24Mg: 23.9850 amu , 58.42%
25Mg: 24.9858 amu , 15,22%
26Mg: 25.9826 amu , 26.36%
The average atomic mass in amu is

a. 24.66 b. 24.31 c. 24.82 d. 24.54 e. 24.42

 3 ||| Atoms Molecules and Ions

7. Atoms X, Y, Z, and R have the following nuclear compositions:

The two atoms that are isotopes are:

A) X & Y B) X & R C) X & Z D) Z & R E) Z & Y

Periodic Table of the Elements

Periods and Groups :

- Periods : consists of the elements in any one horizontal row of the periodic table.
- Groups : consists of the elements in any one column of the periodic table

Group No. Name Charge Metal or Non-

metal
IA Alkali metals +1 metal
IIA Earth alkali metals +2 metal
IIIA -- +3 metal
IVA -- -- --
VA -- -3 Non metals
VIA -- -2 Non metals
VIIA Halogens -1 Non metals
VIIIA Nobel gases 0 Non metals
.
The B Groups are metals and has (+ve) charge Note : H is non metal and has +1 charge
4 ||| Atoms Molecules and Ions

Chemical Formulas; Molecular and Ionic Substances

1. Ionic substance :

Composed of :

1) Cation : Positive(+) charge

2) Anion : Negative(-) charge

To write the formula of ionic compound :

First element will be the cation (+ve)
second element will be the anion (-ve)

Rules to find charges :

(A) Metals
1. Group IA : +1 Group IIA : +2 Group IIIA : +3
2. Some main metals with high atomic number : Pb+2 , Pb+4 , Bi +1 , Bi+3
3. Transition Metals has more than one charge , (Fe+3 , Fe+2) , (Cr+2 , Cr+3 , Cr+6)
(B) Non metals
1. Group (VA,VIA,VIIA) : Group number – 8 example : O : 6-8 = -2
2−
2. Polyatomic ion : SO4 : Sulfate ,,

Example 1 : Determine the Cation and the anion in the ionic compound NaCl

ANS || Na has positive charge (+1) so it is the cation

Cl has negative charge (-1) so it is the anion

Example 2: determine if it the compound is ionic or not , if it's ionic determine the anion and cation ?

(1) Iron (Fe) and Chlorine (Cl)

Ans || the charge of Fe is (+3) and Cl (-1) so this is an ionic compound
the cation : Fe , Anion : Cl
(2) Oxygen (O) and Aluminum (Al)
Ans || the charge of Al is +3 and O is -2 so it is an ionic compound
the cation : Al , Anion : O
 5 ||| Atoms Molecules and Ions

Naming Ionic Compound :

1. Monatomic cations are named after the element if there is only one such ion.
Example: Al3+ is called aluminum ion ; Na+1 is called sodium ion.

2. If there is more than one monatomic cation of an element, Rule 1 is not sufficient.
The Stock system of nomenclature names the cations after the element, as in Rule 1, but follows this by a
Roman numeral in parentheses denoting the charge on the ion. Example: Fe2+ is called iron(II) ion and
Fe3+ is called iron(III) ion.

3. The names of the monatomic anions are obtained from a stem name of the element followed by the
suffix -ide.
Example: Br_ is called bromide ion, from the stem name brom- for bromine and the suffix -ide.
6 ||| Atoms Molecules and Ions

Clearly :

1. Cation (group IA , IIA , IIIA) Name of element in periodic table (‫)نسميهم نفس االسم كما بالجدول الدوري‬
2. Metals with high atomic number and the transition metals :
Name of element + (oxidation state in Roman Number)
Fe+2 : Iron (II) Cr+6 : Chromium (VI)
3. Monatomic anion :
stem name + ide
Cl : Chloride O: Oxide
4. Polyatomic anion :
NO2 − : Nitrite

• Example : Write formulas for the following compounds:

a. iron(II) phosphate, Fe+2 PO43-   Fe3(PO4)2

b. titanium(IV) oxide. Ti4+ O2-   Ti2O4

• Fill the table :

Formula Name Cation Anion

(1) MgO Magnesium Oxide Mg2+ O2-
(2) Cr3(PO4)2 Chromium(II) Phosphate Cr2+ PO43-
(3) Ca3P2 Calcium Phosphide Ca2+ P3-
(4) CoF4 Cobalt(IV) Fluoride Co4+ F-

Binary Molecular Compounds

- Binary compounds composed of two nonmetals or metalloids

- AmBn << A : non metal B: non metal

Rules for Naming Binary Molecular Compounds

1. You name the first element using the exact element name.
2. You name the second element by writing the stem name of the element with the suffix -ide as if the
element occurred as the anion).
3. You add a prefix, derived from the Greek, to each element name to denote the subscript of the element in
the formula.
 7 ||| Atoms Molecules and Ions

Q: Name the following :

Formula : Name :

(1) P4O10 Tetra-phosphorus deca-Oxide

(2) N2O3 Di-Nitrogen tri-Oxide
(3) CCl4 Carbon tetra-Chloride
(4) P2S3 Di-phosphorus tri-Sulfide
(5) SO3 Sulfur tri-Oxide
(6) S2Cl2 Di-Sulfur di-Chloride
(7) CO Carbon mono-oxide

Naming of Acids
acid (H+Element) , (H+Compound)

1. Non – Oxo Acids : H2S(aq) , HBr(aq) , HCl(aq)

HCl(g) : Hydrogen Chloride  HCl(aq) : Hydrochloric acid

H2S(g) : Di-hydrogen Sulfide  H2S(aq) : HydroSulfaric acid

Hydro + Stem name + ( ric ) + acid

2. Oxo – Acid : is an acid containing hydrogen, oxygen, and another element

ate ic + acid
ite ous + acid

Example 1 :Write the name for :

SO42- : Sulfate H2SO4 : sulfuric acid
SO32- : Sulfite H2SO3 : sulfurous acid

NO3 - : Nitrate HNO3 : Nitric acid

NO2 - : Nitrite HNO2 : Nitrous acid
8 ||| Atoms Molecules and Ions

Hydrates :
A hydrate is a compound that contains water molecules weakly bound in its crystals.

 Hydrates are named from the anhydrous compound, followed by the word hydrate with a prefix to
indicate the number of water molecules per formula unit of the compound

Example : Name the following

Formula Name
1) CaCl2.6H2O Calcium Chloride hexa-hydrate
2) CuSO4.5H2O Cupper(II) Sulfate penta-hydrate
3) FeCl3. 6H2O Iron(III) Chloride hexa-hydrate

Writing Chemical Equations

 (g) : gas, (l) : liquid, (s) : solid, (aq) : aqueous (water) solution
 If the reactants are heated to make the reaction go, you can indicate this by putting the symbol ∆

A(s) + B2(g) + 3C(aq) ∆ AB(s) + BC(l)

3C : 3 is the number of moles ∆ : heat

Balancing Chemical Equations

Example : Balance the following equations.

Non-Balanced Balanced

A H3PO3  H3PO4 + PH3 4H3PO3  3 H3PO4 + PH3

B Ca + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2 Ca + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2

C Fe2(SO4)3 + NH3 + H2O  Fe(OH)3 + (NH4)2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 +6NH3 +6H2O  2Fe(OH)3 +3(NH4)2SO4

D C2H6+ O2  CO2 +H2O C2H6+ 7/2O2  2CO2 +3H2O

E S + Cl  S2Cl4 2S + 2Cl  S2Cl4

 9 ||| Atoms Molecules and Ions

Problems :

1. What is the name of the compound with the formula Ni(ClO4)3 ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2. What is the name of the compound with the formula P4O10 ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

3. The correct formula of barium phosphide is ?

a. BaP b. BaPO4 c. Ba(PO2)2 d. Ba3(PO4)2 e. Ba3P2

4. Balance the following chemical equation using the smallest set of whole number ?
_ _ _ Al + _ _ _ HCl  _ _ _ H2 + _ _ _ AlCl3

5. After balancing the following chemical equation ,what is the balancing coefficient of KClO3
And O2 respectively ? KClO3  KCl + O2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,,, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6. The correct formula of magnesium chlorite hexa-hydrate is :

a.MgCl2.6H2O b. Mg(ClO2)2.6H2O c. . Mg(ClO)2.6H2O d. . Mg(ClO3)2.6H2O

7. The correct name for Fe2O3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

8. What is the correct formula for Iron(II) phosphate ?

a. Fe3(SO3)2 b. Fe2(PO4)3 c. Fe(PO4) d. Fe3(PO4)2

9. The proper name of N2O5 is : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

10. The proper name of HNO3 is : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

11. The name of Fe2S3 : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

12. The formula of Hydrochloric acid is :

a. HCl(aq) b. HCl(g) c. a+b d. HClO3

13. The formula of potassium chromate

a. CaCrO4 b. K2Cr2O7 c. K2CrO3 d. K2CrO4

14. Balance the following equation :

a Be2C + b H2O  c Be(OH)2 +d CH4
The ratio of coefficients (b/d) in the balanced equation is
a. 1/2 b. 2/1 c. 1/4 d. 4/1 e. 4/4
10 ||| Atoms Molecules and Ions

15. The formula of iron(III) phosphate is :

A) Fe2PO4 B) FePO3 C) Fe2(PO4)3 D) FeP E) FePO4

16. The name of HClO2 is:

A) Chloric acid B) Chlorous acid C) Pechloric acid

D) Hypochlorous acid E) Hydrogen chlorite acid

17. The formula of trisulfur dinitirde is :

A) S2N B) SN2 C) S3N2 D) S4N2 E) S2(NO)2

18. The correct formula for copper(II) sulfate penta hydrate is :

A) Cu2SO4.5H2O B) CuSO4. 5H2O C) Cu3S2. 5H2O

D) CuSO3. 5H2O E) Cu2S. 5H2O

19. The Iron(II) ion has:

A) 28 electrons and a charge of 3+ B) 24 electrons and a charge of 3-

C) 26 electrons and a charge of 2+ D) 24 electrons and a charge of 2+
E) 26 electrons and a charge of 3+

20. Balance the following chemical equation using the smallest set of whole numbers

------ Al(s) + ------ H2O(l) ------ Al(OH)3(aq) + ----- H2(aq)

 Quiz in Ch.2
Electrical Engineering Club
TAREQ FOQHA

Problem I : Circle the best answer

1- The elements in a row of the periodic table are known as:

A. metalloids B. noble gases C. a group D. nonmetals E. a period

2- An atom of the isotope chlorine-39 consists of how many protons, neutrons, and electrons?
(p = proton, n= neutron, e = electron)

A. 17 p, 17 n. 22 e B. 39 p, 38 n, 39 e
C. 22 p, 17 n, 17 e D. 17 p, 39 n, 17 e E. 17 p, 22 n, 17 e

3- How many protons and electrons are present in a 20Ca2+ ion?

A.18 p, 20 e B.20 p, 18 e C.20 p, 21 e D. 20 p, 19 e E. 22 p, 20 e

4- What is the formula for the ionic compound formed by the calcium ion and the phosphate ion ?

A. CaPO4 B. Ca2(PO4)2 C. Ca(PO4)3 D. Ca3PO4 E. Ca3(PO4)2

5- The correct name of H2SO3 is:

A. dihydrosulfuric acid B. sulfuric acid
C. dihydrogen sulfite D. sulfurous acid
E. hyposulfurous acid

6- The correct name for CuSO4 . 5 H2O is ?

A. cuprous sulfate pentahydrate B. copper (I) sulfate pentahydrate
C. cuprous sulfate tetrahydrate D. copper (II) sulfate tetrahydrate
E. copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate

7- Two isotopes of an element differ in their:

A. symbol B. atomic mass
C. atomic number D. number of protons E. number of electrons

8- Which of the following is not an example of an alkali metal :

A. Li B. Cs C. K D. Rb E. At

9- The correct name for CoCl3 is :

A. cobaltous chloride B. cobalt(III) chloride
C. cobalt trichloride D. cobalt chloride E. cobalt(III) trichloride
10- The correct name for (NH4)2SO3 is :
A. ammonia sulfite B. ammonium sulfate
C. ammonium sulfite D. ammonia sulfate E. ammonium hyposulfite

11- The correct formula for copper(I) arsenide is :

A. CuAs B. Cu3As C. Cu2As D. CuAs2 E. Cu3As2

12- Naturally occurring argon consists of three isotopes, the atoms of which occur in the following abundances:
36
Ar 0.34% (35.9676 ),
38
Ar 0.07% (37.9627 ),
40
Ar 99.59% (39.9624 ).

The calculated atomic weight of argon is:

A. 39.95 B. 37.96 C. 38.96 D. 39.64

13- Magnesium consists of three isotopes with the following abundances and masses:
24
Mg 78.70% 23.985
25
Mg 10.13% 24.986
26
Mg 11.17% 25.983

Based on these data the atomic weight of magnesium is:

A. 24.31 B. 23.99 C. 24.99 D. can not be determined

14- A neutral atom of the element potassium has :

A. 19 e, 19 p, 21 n B. 40 e, 40 p, 19 n
C. 19 e, 21 p, 19 n D. 40 e, 19 p, 21 n E. 21 e, 19 p, 19 n

15- The number of neutrons in an atom of is

A. 53 B. 74 C. 127 D. 180

Problem II :

(A) Two naturally occurring isotopes of an element have the following masses and abundances :

Isotope 1 54.00 amu 20.00%

Isotope 2 56.00 amu 80.00%
What is the average atomic mass of this element?

(B) What is the formula for lithium nitrite? ……………………………

(C) complete as required :
1. Copper(II) acetate ( write the formula ) : _________________________
2. PbO2 ( write the name ) : ____________________________________
3. PI3 (write the name ) : _____________________________________

Problem III :

Balance the following equations by providing the missing coefficients:

a) ____NH4NO3 ____ N2O + ____H2O

b) ____ Mg3N2 + ____H2O  ____Mg(OH)2 + ____NH3

c) ____NCl3 + ____H2O  ____NH3 + ____HOCl

d) ____C5H10O2 + ____O2 ____CO2 + _____H2O

e) ____(NH4)2Cr2O7  _____N2 + _____Cr2O3 + _____H2O

f) ____PCl5 + _____H2O  _____H3PO4 + _____HCl

End of problems || good luck

P1: Quas 1 2 3 4 5 6
ans E E B E D E
Quas 11 12 13 14 15
ans B A A A B

P2 : A -: Avg mass = (54.00 x 0.2000) + (56.00 x 0.8000) = 55.60 amu

B- LiNO2
C- 1- Cu(C2H3O2)2
2- lead (IV) oxide
3- phosphorus iodine

P3: