Part 1 – Networking Interview Questions (Basic)

This first part covers basic Networking Interview Questions and Answers.

Q1) Explain the seven layers of the OSI reference

model.
Answer:

Below are the seven layers of the OSI reference model:

 Physical Layer: This layer converts data bits into radio signals. An

example of this is Ethernet.

 Data Link layer: At data link layer data packets are encoded and

decoded and are provided to node data transfer.

 Network Layer: This layer transfers variable length data from one node

to another. This data is known as datagram.

 Transport Layer: This layer transfers data between different nodes and

keeps giving acknowledgments for data packets. It keeps track of all

transmissions and transmission failures.

 Session Layer: This layer manages connections between different

systems on a network. It helps in establishing coordinating and

terminating connections between all applications.

  Presentation Layer: It transforms data into the form which application

layer will accept.

 Application Layer: This is the last layer which both end user and

application interact with. This layer provides services like email, file

transfer, etc.

Q2) Explain the concept of DNS.

Answer:

DNS stands for Domain Name System. It is a naming system which includes

physical nodes and its applications. DNS is a way of finding a resource easily

over a network. It gives a name to a particular IP address. It is always easy to

remember xyz.com that an IPV4 address or IPV6 address. Domain Name

system is responsible for assigning Domain names by mapping corresponding

IP addresses and works in a hierarchical way.

Q3) Explain in short the meanings of PAN, LAN, HAN,

SAN, and WAN.
Answer:
  PAN: This signifies Personal Area Network. It is a connection which is

used by a person.

 LAN: This stands for Local Area Network and is a connection of all

computers in a small location like school, office, etc.

 HAN: This stands for Home Area Network and helps in connecting

devices from some PCs, phone, fax machines, etc.

 SAN: This stands for Storage Area Network. It is a connection between

different storage devices.

 WAN: This is an acronym for Wide Area Network. It connects various

devices, phones, printers, etc. over a wide network which can be

different cities or countries and even continents.

Q4) What are the uses of cross and standard cables?

Answer:

This is the basic Networking Interview Questions asked in an interview. A

network cable is necessary to connect all systems to be in a network together.

This cable can either be straight or crossover. Both these cables have different

arrangements which are required for different purposes. A straight cable can

be used to connect a computer to a switch, hub, modem or a router to the

switch. A crossover cable is used when a computer is to be connected to a

computer or a switch with a switch or a hub with a hub.

Q5) What is a firewall?

Answer:

Firewall is a network security system which helps in protecting your network

from unauthorized accesses. It averts malignant access from computers

outside the network. A firewall also works when you want to limit access to

outside users. A firewall mainly consists of hardware devices, software

programs or a combination of both these. All the messages coming from a

network or going to a network have to pass through this firewall. Firewalls are

examined by security criteria and the messages which meet these criteria are

passed through the network. If the message does not fulfill the criteria then

the message is blocked and not sent to the network further. Firewalls can be

installed like any software and can be later customized as per needs for

getting control over features and security.

 
Part 1 – CCNA Interview Questions (Basic)
Q1. What do you mean by Routing?
Answer:

Routing basically means the movement or transfer of information across the network.

The selected network can be either of two – inter or intra. There is always a source and a

destination needed for routing to take place. Routers are a dedicated device for the

process of routing to happen. The routers are nothing but the network layer device.

Q2. Briefly explain how Routers are classified?

Answer:

This is the basic CCNA Interview Questions asked in an interview. Routers are generally

classified based on below-listed criteria:

 Static v/s Adaptive

 Flat v/s hierarchical

 Single path v/s multipath

 Interdomain v/s intradomain

 Link state v/s distance vector

 Host intelligent v/s router intelligent.

Q3. What are Network and mention its types?

Answer:

Network means connection. In networking terminology, it generally refers to the

connection of 2 or more computers (or devices). The connection must enable features to

share data, related resources like a printer, fax. There are 3 types of a network via LAN,

WAN, and MAN.

LAN – Local area network

WAN – Wide area network

MAN – Metro political area network.

Let us move to the next CCNA Interview Questions.

Q4. Explain in-detail the Network topology?

Answer:

Topology refers to the pattern or layout of connection between the available network

elements. The basic types of Network Topology are listed below –

 Star Topology: These are preferred in a home. It has a central distribution

system called as “hub”. The hub is either a switch or router. The good part about

this type of topology is that if the failure happened in any network then only that

part is affected and not the entire. On contrary, if the hub failed then entire

system may fall.

 Ring Topology: Here every system has exactly two neighbors or connections for

communications. The data travels in a ring (either clockwise or anti-clockwise).

 These are generally preferred in colleges or schools. A failure in one network can

damage the entire loop and take down the entire network.

 Bus Topology: To understand this concept assumes it as a common backbone.

This topology architect is of this kind. There is a common connection for all the

devices connections. In this type of connection, a device must send a connection

request to the desired device. Others can see the request, but the intended

device can only accept it.

 Tree Topology: these integrate multiple star topologies together into a bus.

Here only the hub devices can connect to the tree-bus network.

 Mesh Topology: These topologies are based on the concept of routes. Here

every single device is connected to every other device.

Q5. What would be the size for my IP address, if it’s an

IPv4 and IPv6?
Answer:

For IPv4 its 32 bit and 128 bit for IPv6

Q6. What does Half-duplex and Full-duplex means?

Answer:

If the communication id bi-directional or both the directions then it’s a full-duplex and if

it’s a unidirectional or single direction than it’s a Half-Duplex.

Q7. Name the layers that constitute the OSI model?
Answer:

Layer 1 – Physical

Layer 2 – Data Link Layer

Layer 3 – Network

Layer 4 – Transport

Layer 5 – Session

Layer 6 – Presentation

Layer 7 – Application

Q8. What is the difference between Switch, Routers,

and Hub?
Answer:

A Switch is used to receive the signal to create a frame. It forwards the packets between

various LAN segments. It is the platform for packet control when the data is sent at a

Data Link layer or Network layer of the OSI model. It supports a single broadcast

domain and multiple collision domains.

The router is a networking gateway device that is used to forward data packets to the

computer networks. A router is connected by at least a single LAN with its IP address or

with LAN or WAN. A router supports two broadcast domains.

In the hub, if anything comes in its port then it sends it out to the others. It is less
expensive and least complicated. It has a single collision domain and a single broadcast

domain.

Q9. What are the different types of network in CCNA?

Answer:

This is the most popular CCNA Interview Questions asked in an interview. There are two

types of network:

 Peer-to-Peer network

 Server-based network

Q10. Define a MAC address?

Answer:

MAC address is Media Access Control address. It is stored in ROM and is uniquely

defined. It is identified as the Media Access Control layer in the network architecture.

Q11. Explain the difference between Collision Domain

and Broadcast Domain?
Answer:

Broadcast Domain

In the Broadcast Domain, all the juncture can reach each other by broadcast at the data

link layer and every device is ready to receive their respective data. It can bind to the

same LAN segments or the other LAN segment.

Broadcast Domain uses local network for broadcasting the data packets to the receiver.

While broadcasting, massive data are broadcasted, hence the speed of receiving the

data is less and it also takes more time to receive the data of their address.

Collision Domain

In the Collision Domain, data collision occurs more due to sending of more frames

simultaneously.

If more than two frames are sent simultaneously then the data will collide with each

other in between and the information gets lost due to an occurrence of a collision and

the devices will not accept the data and due to this, the communication between the

sender and receiver side will collide.

Hence, the sender has to send the data again and like this, it will take more time to

receive the data at the receiver’s side.

 
Part 2 – Networking Interview Questions
(Advanced)
Q6) What is a proxy server and how to protect it?
Answer:

Proxy servers are servers that prevent external users who are not authorized to

access an IP address from accessing it. When data transmission comes into

picture IP addresses are required and so are DNS which route the correct IP

address to the domain name. Proxy servers also maintain the list of all

blacklisted websites so that all internal users are automatically prevented from

any attacks from viruses, worms, etc.

Q7) What is 127.0.0.1 and localhost?

Answer:

The IP address 127.0.0.1 is reserved for localhost connections. These local host

networks are reserved for biggest customers or some very important people

on the internet. To check whether the local host server is working fine you

must ping the server and check for its response. If it is not responsible then

the reason can be that the server is down or the network card is not in good

condition. 127.0.0.1 is a loopback connection and if you get a response for this

then it signifies that your hardware is in good condition.

Let us move to the next Networking Interview Questions.

Q8) Explain the difference between Internet, Intranet
and Extranet.
Answer:

All three are terminologies of a how a network can be accessed. They define

the access levels for each user which is present inside and outside the

network.

 Internet: In this, all applications can be accessed from anywhere by

anyone over the worldwide web.

 Intranet: It limits access for users in the same organization. All users

outside the organization cannot access this network.

 Extranet: When external users are allowed to access a network of an

organization then it is extranet. They are provided access to a limited

application in the organization.

Q9) What is a router?

Answer:

This is the popular Networking Interview Questions asked in an interview. A

router is a physical device which is a gateway between two networks. It does

the job of forwarding the data packets from one network to another and

builds an interconnection link between the two networks.

Q10) How is VPN used in the corporate world?

Answer:

A Virtual Private Network allows remote users to securely connect to an

organization’s network. All companies, educational institutions make use of

VPNs so that users can access the networks remotely.

  
Part 1 – CCNA Interview Questions (Basic)
Q1. What do you mean by Routing?
Answer:

Routing basically means the movement or transfer of information across the network.

The selected network can be either of two – inter or intra. There is always a source and a

destination needed for routing to take place. Routers are a dedicated device for the

process of routing to happen. The routers are nothing but the network layer device.
Q2. Briefly explain how Routers are classified?
Answer:

This is the basic CCNA Interview Questions asked in an interview. Routers are generally

classified based on below-listed criteria:

 Static v/s Adaptive

 Flat v/s hierarchical

 Single path v/s multipath

 Interdomain v/s intradomain

 Link state v/s distance vector

 Host intelligent v/s router intelligent.

Q3. What are Network and mention its types?

Answer:

Network means connection. In networking terminology, it generally refers to the

connection of 2 or more computers (or devices). The connection must enable features to

share data, related resources like a printer, fax. There are 3 types of a network via LAN,

WAN, and MAN.

LAN – Local area network

WAN – Wide area network

MAN – Metro political area network.

Let us move to the next CCNA Interview Questions.

Q4. Explain in-detail the Network topology?

Answer:

Topology refers to the pattern or layout of connection between the available network

elements. The basic types of Network Topology are listed below –

 Star Topology: These are preferred in a home. It has a central distribution

system called as “hub”. The hub is either a switch or router. The good part about

this type of topology is that if the failure happened in any network then only that

part is affected and not the entire. On contrary, if the hub failed then entire

system may fall.

 Ring Topology: Here every system has exactly two neighbors or connections for

communications. The data travels in a ring (either clockwise or anti-clockwise).

These are generally preferred in colleges or schools. A failure in one network can

damage the entire loop and take down the entire network.

 Bus Topology: To understand this concept assumes it as a common backbone.

This topology architect is of this kind. There is a common connection for all the

devices connections. In this type of connection, a device must send a connection

request to the desired device. Others can see the request, but the intended

device can only accept it.

  Tree Topology: these integrate multiple star topologies together into a bus.

Here only the hub devices can connect to the tree-bus network.

 Mesh Topology: These topologies are based on the concept of routes. Here

every single device is connected to every other device.

Q5. What would be the size for my IP address, if it’s an

IPv4 and IPv6?
Answer:

For IPv4 its 32 bit and 128 bit for IPv6

 
Part 2 – CCNA Interview Questions (Advance
Q6. What does Half-duplex and Full-duplex means?
Answer:

If the communication id bi-directional or both the directions then it’s a full-duplex and if

it’s a unidirectional or single direction than it’s a Half-Duplex.

Q7. Name the layers that constitute the OSI model?

Answer:

Layer 1 – Physical

Layer 2 – Data Link Layer

Layer 3 – Network
Layer 4 – Transport

Layer 5 – Session

Layer 6 – Presentation

Layer 7 – Application

Let us move to the next CCNA Interview Questions.

Q8. What is the difference between Switch, Routers,

and Hub?
Answer:

A Switch is used to receive the signal to create a frame. It forwards the packets between

various LAN segments. It is the platform for packet control when the data is sent at a

Data Link layer or Network layer of the OSI model. It supports a single broadcast

domain and multiple collision domains.

The router is a networking gateway device that is used to forward data packets to the

computer networks. A router is connected by at least a single LAN with its IP address or

with LAN or WAN. A router supports two broadcast domains.

In the hub, if anything comes in its port then it sends it out to the others. It is less

expensive and least complicated. It has a single collision domain and a single broadcast

domain.
Q9. What are the different types of network in CCNA?
Answer:

This is the most popular CCNA Interview Questions asked in an interview. There are two

types of network:

 Peer-to-Peer network

 Server-based network

Q10. Define a MAC address?

Answer:

MAC address is Media Access Control address. It is stored in ROM and is uniquely

defined. It is identified as the Media Access Control layer in the network architecture.

Q11. Explain the difference between Collision Domain

and Broadcast Domain?
Answer:

Broadcast Domain

In the Broadcast Domain, all the juncture can reach each other by broadcast at the data

link layer and every device is ready to receive their respective data. It can bind to the

same LAN segments or the other LAN segment.

Broadcast Domain uses local network for broadcasting the data packets to the receiver.
While broadcasting, massive data are broadcasted, hence the speed of receiving the

data is less and it also takes more time to receive the data of their address.

Collision Domain

In the Collision Domain, data collision occurs more due to sending of more frames

simultaneously.

If more than two frames are sent simultaneously then the data will collide with each

other in between and the information gets lost due to an occurrence of a collision and

the devices will not accept the data and due to this, the communication between the

sender and receiver side will collide.

Hence, the sender has to send the data again and like this, it will take more time to

receive the data at the receiver’s side.

 Q1. What do you mean by Network?

Answer:

Set of devices connected to each other over the physical medium is known as a

computer network. For example the Internet.

Q2. What do you mean by Node?

Answer:

In the computer network, the node is known as a device.

Q3. What do you mean by Network Topology?
Answer:

A network topology is a physical structure of the network which defines how the

computers or node will be connected to each other.

Q4. What is Routers?

Answer:

A router is a device which is responsible for sending data from source to destination

over the computer network.

Let us move to the next Computer Network Interview Questions.

Q5. What is the OSI model?

Answer:

OSI model stands for Open System Interconnection. It’s a reference model which

describes that how different applications will communicate to each other over the

computer network.

Q6. Explain the Different layers of the OSI model.

Answer:

The different layers of the OSI model are given below:

 Physical Layer Converts data bit into an electrical impulse.

Datalink Layer Data packet will be encoded and decoded into bits.

Network Layer Transfer of datagrams from one to another.

Transport Layer Responsible for Data transfer from one to another.

Session Layer Manage and control signals between computers.

Presentation Layer Transform data into application layer format.

Application Layer An end user will interact with the Application layer.

Q7. Describe Hub, Switch and Router?

Answer:

 Hub: Hub will broadcast all data to every port. It has a common connection point

for all devices.

 Switch: Switch will create the dynamic connection and provide information to the

requesting port.

 Router: Router is the devices which will be responsible for forwarding data

packets.

Q8. What do you mean by the TCP/IP Model?

Answer:

TCP/IP stands for Transmission control protocol and Internet protocol. It describes how

the data will get transmitted and routed from end to end communication.
Q9. Explain the different Layers of TCP/IP Model.
Answer:

Application Layer, Transport Layer, Network or Internet Layer, Network interface layer.

Q10. What do you mean by HTTP?

Answer:

HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol and the port for this is 80. This protocol

is responsible for web content.

Q11. What do you mean by TCP and UDP?

Answer:

TCP stands for Transfer control protocol and UDP stands for User Datagrams

protocol and TCP is a connection-oriented protocol and UDP is a Connectionless

protocol.

Q12. What do you mean by a Firewall?

Answer:
Firewall is a concept of a security system that will helps computers to protect it with
unauthorized access or any cyber-attack

Q13. What do you mean by DNS?

Answer:

DNS Stands for Domain Name System. It’s an internet address mapping process with

the local name. We can also call it as an internet phonebook.

Q14. What do you mean by Proxy server?
Answer:

Proxy server prevents the external users which are unauthorized to access the network.

Q15. What do you mean by Classes of Network?

Answer:

The Classes of IPV4 are of 5 types:

Class A 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

Class B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

Class C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

Class E 240.0.0.0 to 247.255.255.255

Q16. What do you mean by NIC?

Answer:

NIC stands for Network interface card. It is an adapter that will be installed on the

computer and because of that NIC, only that computer will interact with the network.

Q17. What do you mean by ASCII?

Answer:

ASCII is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

Q18. What are the types of mode available in Network?
Answer:

Data transferring mode in a computer network will be of three types:

Simplex, Half-Duplex and Full Duplex.

Q19. What do you mean by SLIP protocol?

Answer:

SLIP stands for Serial Line Interface Protocol. It is used for sending IP datagram over a

network in a single line.

Let us move to the next Computer Network Interview Questions.

Q20. What are the key elements of the protocol?

Answer:

There are three key elements of the protocol:

Syntax: Describe the format of the data.

Semantics: Describes the meaning of each section.

Timings: Explain the timing that how fast the data can be sent.

Q21. What do you mean by Decoder?

Answer:

A decoder is a program which converts the encrypted data into its actual format.
Q22. What is the role of IEEE in the world of computer
network?
Answer:

IEEE full form is the Institute of Electrical and electronic Engineer which is used to define

and develop the standards which will be used over the network.

Q23. What is the maximum segment length of a

100Base-FX network?
Answer:

The maximum segment length will be 412 meters

Here are some windows networking commands which are explained below
with examples

1. Ping
It is used detecting devices on network and troubleshooting network

problems. It will help to see the connection between your device and another

device on the network. If we receive a reply from the device then the device is

working properly. We can use this command with an IP address and

hostname. We have searched for the Amazon website. 0% data loss while
sending the number of packages. Success result is present n round trip times

in milliseconds.

2. Ipconfig
It will find network information local devices like IP Address and

default gateway.

 
We can see the above information. You can see Media State as Media

disconnected because Bluetooth is not on.

3. Ipconfig/release
Gives current IP address but if we are not connected to the Wi-Fi and media is

disconnected then this command will not work.

4. Ipconfig /? – will show help options

5. Hostname
It will show us the hostname of the machine.

6. getmac
It will give you the MAC address of the network interface. People might use

this to control which device can connect to the network. Each device has a

unique MAC address and it is assigned by the manufacturer, store in the

device hardware. You can observe in below image 3 different mac address is

assigned to the different media.

7. Tracert
when we face any network issue and to troubleshoot this issue Traceroute will

send that is the route of the packet from server to server as hope. It will show

a delay between user and hop. The IP address of the hop will be shown.
You can see three latency reading per hop is there because tracert will send 3

packets per hop but if any of the latency gets lost then it will not show correct

latency. A best practice is to have an average of 3 latency. Refer to the below

image. You can see hat latency is not given that is the reason request time out.
8. nslookup
It stands for name server lookup. When we want to know the IP address of the

domain we can use this command. Fact is if we run this command over and

over, we will get different IP addresses for a website like google, yahoo,

Flipkart because these domains have spread to different machines. You can

see in the below image IP address is different for the same domain name.
the first IP address is: 13.227.188.78

the second IP address is: 184.31.213.84

we can find out the domain name with the help of IP address by entering the

IP address in the web browser and see where it leads to. Success ratio to this is

not 100% because not all IP addresses will show the domain name and they

might not be reachable.

9. netstat
It is used for network statics, diagnostics, and analysis. If we are managing a

huge college campus network, then this tool is useful because it provides an

advanced aspect of the network.

By running this command, will show the number of active connections on the

system. The active connection is about port (TCP) is open and ready to accept

the connection request.

TIME_WAIT (can see in the above image)- local endpoint (your system) has

closed the connection.

10. netsh
It stands for a network shell. It will help the user to view and configure every

adapter on the system because it provides plenty of context within the shell-

like routing-related command, diagnosis command, etc. Refer to the below

image. By running this command prompt is shifted to the network shell.

11. arp
It stands for address resolution protocol. It will find the MAC address and

hardware address of the host from the IP address.

 
 Q1) How do configure a cisco router to route ipx?

Answer:To initial things to enable ipx routing using by ipx routing protocol.

Q2)What are the ipx access list?

Answer:

 Standard
 Extended

Q3)What is subnetting?

Answer:It is the process of creating smaller network into large networks.

Q4)What are the advantage of layered models in the networking

industry?

Answer:A layered network offers of many advantages. Allow the administartors to make the change

in one layer without changes in other layers.

Q5)Why is UDP lease favored when compared to TCP?

Answer:Its because UDP is unreliable and unsequenced.

Q6)What are standards of presentation layer?

Answer:It is support which data ensures that data is presented correctly.

Q7)What is easy way to remotely configure a router?

Answer:The most convenient to use the CISCO auto install procedure.

 Q8)What does the show protocol display?

Answer:

 Routed protocols that is configured

 The address assigned on each interface

Q9)How do you depict an ip address?

Answer:

 Using dotted-deciaml
 Using binary
 Using hexadeciaml

Q10)Expand of HDLC?

Answer:High-level data link control protocol.

Q11)What is Bandwidth?

Answer:To refer the transmission capacity of a medium. will measure how much of volume a

transmission channel.

Q12)How are inter networks created?

Answer:created when networks are connected using routers.

Q13)How does hold-downs work?

Answer:

 Its to prevent regular update message from reinstating downed by a link

 Removing that link from update message
 Q14)What are the packets?

Answer:Packets are the results of data encapsulation.

Q15)What are the segments?

Answer:Segments are section of a data stream that comes from the upper OSI layers.

Q16)Benefits of LAN switching?

Answer:

 Allows full duplex

 Media rate adaption
 Easy and efficient migration

Q17)Expand DLCI?

Answer:Data Link Connection Identifiers.

Q18)What are types of password used in CISCO routers?

Answer:Five types of password

 Secret
 virtual
 Terminal
 Console
 Auxillary

Q19)Why is network segmentation to managing a large networks?

Answer:Segmenting a network would help network traffic and ensures that high bandwith.
 Q20)How do access the identifying the router information?

Answer:The host name and the interface.

Q21)What is the size of IPv4 and IPv6?

Answer:

 IPv4 -32 bits

 IPv6 -128 bits

Q22)What is the process of DHCP?

Answer:It has dora process.

Q23)Mention the boot is?

Answer:To use computer networking protocol use to deploy an ip address to network devices from a

configuration.

Q4)Mention the ranges for the private IPs?

Answer:

 Class a: 10.0.0.0-10.0.0.255
 Class b:172.16.0.0-172.31.0.0
 Class c:192.168.0.0-192.168.0.255

Q25)How many ways to access the router?

Answer:

 Telnet
 Aux
 Console
 Q26)Mention the matric of eigrp protocol?

Answer:

 Bandwidth
 Load
 Delay
 Reliability
 Mtu

Q27)Mention the clock rate?

Answer:Clock rate the routers or DCE to communicate appropriately.

Q28)What command do we give router ios is stucks?

Answer:Ctrl+shift+F6 and x.

Q29)What is route poisoning?

Answer:Route positioning is a technique of preventing a network from transmitting packets in route it

became a invalid.

Q30)Which route entry will be assigned to dead or invalid route in rip?

Answer:16 hops assigned to dead or invalid route making to unreachable.

Q31)Define DMZ?

Answer:Network as the inside and everything else as a outside Will be in firewall.

Q32)Identify the true statements?

Answer:stateless packet filtering consider the TCP connection to the state b.

 Q33)The CISCO IOS firewall feature act as a stateful or stateless packet
filter?

Answer:The CISCO IOS firewall is stateful filter.

Q34)What are the three key features of URL filtering?

Answer:

 Predefined URL categories

 Malware protection

Q35)How many types of RIP message?

Answer:Two types of message request and response.

Q36)What is the TCP and BGP port number?

Answer:BGP is 179 and TCP is 0.

Q37)What will be the net mask for /24?

Answer:0.0.0.255

Q38)What will be net mask for the /16?

Answer:255.255.0.0

Q39)What is the level one routing in is-is?

Answer:It has to work with destination point.

Q40)Expand BGP?

Answer:Border Gateway Protocol.

 Q41)What is difference between the STP and RSTP?

Answer:

 Stp to prevent the loop address

 Rspt is almost same as stp to reduce the port forwarding time

Q42)What is core network?

Answer:Without core network whole network will not run.

Q43)Which layer SIP protocol work?

Answer:Sip will  work at application.

Q44)Which layer hub work?

Answer:Physical layer

Q45)What is load Balancer?

Answer:It is balancing the packet flows.

Q46)What is the purpose of http protocol?

Answer:Used to transfer data or files.

Q47)What are the three routing protocols?

Answer:

 Distance vector
 Link-state
 Balanced hybrid
Q48)What is ad of extended EIGPR?

Answer:Ad= 170

Q49)What will be the BGP first prefix accessible?

Answer:Will check the next hop attributes to determine next hop is accessible.

Q50)What is difference between RIP and OSPF?

Answer:Rip broadcast its routing table after reach 30 sec OSPF only entries the update of missing

neighbor routing tables.

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Q51) Define Network?

Answer: Network all in all terms implies a gathering of gadgets, associated with the assistance of a

few media so as to share a few assets from a source to a goal and networking is a procedure of

sharing the assets.

Q52) Differentiate User Mode from Privileged Mode.

Answer: Directions connected on client mode can’t impact the switch while a few directions of benefit

mode can change the arrangements. In client mode, no setup can be made. We can just check the

reachability and some essential directions in that mode. While in Privilege mode we can spare,

erase and change the design documents.

Q52) What is a Link?

Answer: Connection is a physical or a legitimate segment of a network to interconnect hubs or

gadgets.

Q53) What is Bandwidth?

Answer: Transfer speed is the limit of a wired or remote network correspondences connect to

transmit the most extreme measure of information starting with one point then onto the next over a

PC network or web association in a given measure of time – typically one moment.

Q54) What is the variance between broadcast domain and collision

domain ?

Answer: Communicate area is where if a communicated edge is sent, each gadget focuses and gets

the information. While in Collision area, odds of information crash is greatest. Like in Hub , if at least

two send traffic in the meantime, information will crash in the middle of and none of the gadgets will

get the information.

Q55) Explain Flooding?

Answer: In a network, flooding is the sending by a switch of a parcel from any hub to each other hub

connected to the switch with the exception of the hub from which the bundle arrived. Flooding is an

approach to disseminate directing data refreshes rapidly to each hub in a substantial network.

Q56) What is Telnet?

Answer: A network convention that enables a client on one PC to sign onto another PC .it utilizes

TCP Port number 23

Q57) What is a node?

Answer: Node is an association point on network for information transmission. It tends to be a PC or

printer or any sort of gadget that is equipped for sending and getting the information over the

network.

Q58) What is a gateway?

Answer: Gateway is a node of a network which can be utilized as a passage for other network. It is a

bit of equipment and not quite the same as default gateway.

Q59) What is WAN?

Answer: A wide area network (WAN) is a network that exists over a vast scale land area. A WAN

associates diverse littler networks, including neighborhood (LANs) and metro area networks (MANs).

This guarantees PCs and clients in a single area can speak with PCs and clients in different areas..

Q60) How does cut-through LAN switching work?

Answer: In Cut-Through LAN exchanging, when the switch gets the information outline, it will

promptly send it out again and forward it to the following network portion in the wake of perusing the

goal address.

Q61) What is point-point link?

Answer: An association between two hubs of the system is alluded as point to point organize and

that interface which associates the two hubs is point to point connect. Point-to-point convention is

generally utilized for the heavier and quicker connections essential for broadband correspondences.

Q62) What is VPN?

Answer: A virtual private system (VPN) expands a private system over an open system, and

empowers clients to send and get information crosswise over shared or open systems as though

their processing gadgets were specifically related with the private system. Applications running over

the VPN may Therefore profit by the usefulness, security, and the executives of the private system.

Q63) what is latency ?

Answer: System inactivity is an outflow of how much time it takes for a parcel of information to get

starting with one assigned point then onto the next. In a few conditions idleness is estimated by

sending a parcel that is come back to the sender; the round-trip time is viewed as the dormancy.

Q64) What’s the benefit of subnetting?

Answer: With the assistance of subnetting we can break a huge system into littler systems and allot

IP delivers to those systems without changing our significant system. It helps in using our IP tends to

all the more effectively.

Q65) What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)?

Answer: BGP is an outside entryway convention used to interface at least two diverse independent

frameworks. It is broadly being utilized to course the traffic of Internet. It can likewise work for inner

AS yet we have better conventions for inside network. It has Administrative separation of 20 for outer

courses and 200 for inner courses.

Q66) Explain clustering support?

Answer: In a PC framework, a bunch is a gathering of servers and different assets that

demonstration like a solitary framework and empower high accessibility and, now and again, stack

adjusting and parallel preparing.

Q67) What is DoS?

Answer: DOS (Disk Operating System) is a working framework that keeps running from a hard plate

drive. The term can likewise allude to a specific group of circle working frameworks, most generally

MSDOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System).

Q68) What is NOS?

Answer: A network operating system (NOS) is a PC operating system that is planned essentially to

help workstation, PC, and, in a few occasions, more seasoned terminal that are associated on a

neighborhood (LAN).

Q69) What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol?

Answer: Gateway-to-Gateway convention is currently out of date. This was being utilized for steering

datagrams between web gateways. It utilizes Minimum jump Algorithm.

Q70) What are some disadvantages of implementing a ring topology?

Answer: On the off chance that one workstation on the system endures a glitch, it can cut down the

whole system. Another downside is that when there are modifications and reconfigurations should

have been performed on a specific piece of the system, the whole system must be briefly brought

down also.

Q71) What is a Multi-homed Host?

Answer: Multi-homed have is characterized as a hub associated with more than one systems. Like a

PC can be associated with both Home system and a VPN. These sort of hosts can be doled out with

various locations, one for each system.

Q72) What is OSPF?

Answer: OSPF represents Open Shortest Path First. It is a connection state directing convention that

can associate an expansive number of systems without having any confinement to number of jumps.

It utilizes Dijkstra Algorithm and thinks about Cost as its measurement. It has AD of 110 and

utilizations the ideas of Areas, Router-id, Process-id and Virtual connection for availability.

Q73) What is Routing?

Answer: Directing is a procedure of trading course data shape one switch to another. Without

directing it is difficult to associate at least two systems situated at various or same land territories.

Q74) What is a Protocol?

Answer: Convention is set of guidelines on which a sender and a beneficiary consents to transmit

the information. Conventions are in charge of information correspondence in the middle of systems

Q75) What is a Frame Relay?

Answer: Edge transfer is a bundle exchanging media transmission benefit intended for cost-

proficient information transmission for discontinuous traffic between neighborhood (LANs) and

between endpoints in wide region systems (WANs).

Switches bolster full duplex information exchange correspondence. As layer 2 conventions headers

have no data about system of information parcel so switches can’t forward information based or

arranges and that is the reason switches can’t be utilized with vast systems that are partitioned in

sub systems.

Switches can stay away from circles using spreading over tree convention. Switches can have 24-48

ports and can be for all intents and purposes boundless ports since they don’t partition speed

dissimilar to Hubs.

Switches

Switches are the system gadgets that work at Layer-3 of OSI demonstrate.

As layer-3 conventions approach legitimate location (IP addresses) so switches have the ability to

forward information crosswise over systems.

Switches are undeniably more component rich when contrasted with switches.

Switches keep up directing table for information sending.

Switches have lesser port densities when contrasted with switches.

Switches are typically utilized as a sending system components in Wide Area Networks.

Q76) What is Checksum?

Answer: A checksum is a blunder location strategy in a the transmitter processes a numerical

incentive as per the quantity of set or disconnected bits in a message and sends it alongside each

message outline. At the collector end, a similar checksum work (recipe) is connected to the message

edge to recover the numerical esteem. On the off chance that the got checksum esteem coordinates

the sent esteem, the transmission is viewed as fruitful and mistake free. A checksum may likewise

be known as a hash total

Q77) What is Redundancy ?

Answer: Excess is a strategy for safeguarding system accessibility if there should be an occurrence

of system or way disappointment. For the most part alluded as reinforcement ways in a systems.

Q78) What is multicast routing?

Answer: Multicast IP Routing conventions are utilized to appropriate information (for instance,

sound/video gushing communicates) to numerous beneficiaries. Utilizing multicast, a source can

send a solitary duplicate of information to a solitary multicast address, which is then dispersed to a

whole gathering of beneficiaries.

Q79) What are the criteria essential for a compelling and productive
system?
Answer:

Execution

It can be estimated from numerous points of view, including transmit time and reaction time.

Dependability

It is estimated by recurrence of disappointment, the time it takes a connection to recuperate from a

disappointment, and the system’s power.

Security

Security issues incorporate shielding information from unapproved access and infection

Q80) What is the key preferred standpoint of utilizing switches?

Answer: Switch doesn’t communicate on every one of the ports. They can be overseen and vlans

taxi be made. They are quick, can store MAC addresses. They additionally don’t isolate the speed

on every port.

The principle favorable position of utilizing switches is that each switch port has its very own impact

space which expels the occurance of crash of casings. It advances the bundles dependent on the

goal address, along these lines eleminating superfluous sending of parcels to all ports as in center

points.

Q81) When does network congestion occur?

Answer: Clog happens when transfer speed is lacking and arrange information traffic surpasses

limit.
Q82) Does a bridge divide a network into smaller segments?

Answer: No, What an extension really does is to take the huge system and channel it, without

changing the extent of the system.

Q83) What is the extent of IP Address?

Answer: The extent of ipv4=32bit or 4byte and ipv6=128bit or 16bytes

Q84) What is the scope of class C address?

Answer: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 Supports 254 hosts

Q85) What is POE (Power over Ethernet)?

Answer: Control over Ethernet or PoE pass electric power alongside information on contorted match

Ethernet cabling. This enables a solitary link to give the two information association and electric

capacity to gadgets, for example, remote passageways, IP cameras, and VoIP telephones. It limits

the quantity of wires required to introduce the system.

Q86) What are the upsides of Distributed Processing?

Answer: Disseminated information handling is a PC organizing technique in which numerous PCs

crosswise over various areas share PC preparing capacity. This is rather than a solitary, brought

together server overseeing and giving handling ability to every associated framework. PCs that

involve the appropriated information handling system are situated at various areas yet

interconnected by methods for remote or satellite.

Q87) When were OSI show created and why its standard called 802.XX,
etc?
Answer: OSI display was created in February1980 that why these additionally known as802.XX

Standard 80 implies =1980 and 2means =February.

Q88) What is Full type of AD?

Answer: Regulatory Distance or it tends to be Advertised Distance.

Q89) What is a peer-peer process?

Answer: Means “Shared.” In a P2P arrange, the “peers” are PC frameworks which are associated

with one another by means of the Internet. Documents can be shared specifically between

frameworks on the system without the need of a focal server. At the end of the day, every PC on a

P2P organize turns into a record server just as a customer.

Q90) What is ping? Why you use ping?

Answer: Ping is an utility used to test the availability in the system. It represents Packet Internet

Groper.it utilizes ICMP [internet Control message convention ]Protocol.

Q91) How does ISPF affect or enhance the OSPF organize?

Answer: Steady SPF is more proficient than the full SPF calculation, in this manner permitting OSPF

to meet quicker on another steering topology in response to a system occasion. The steady SPF is

structured so that it just updates the influenced hubs without revamping the entire tree. This

outcomes in a quicker combination and spares CPU cycles on the grounds that the unaffected hubs

don’t should be prepared. Concerning the best practice ISPF would have to a greater extent an

effect for a substantial OSPF area.

Gradual SPF gives more prominent enhancements in combination time for systems with a high

number of hubs and connections. Gradual SPF additionally gives a huge preferred standpoint when

the adjustments in the system topology are further far from the foundation of the SPT; for instance,
the bigger the system the more critical the effect. A fragment of 400-1000 hubs should see

upgrades. In any case, it may be difficult to confirm in a sent generation arrange without some sort of

office or instrument to gauge the start to finish delay. For more data, allude to OSPF Incremental

SPF.

Q92) Is there an approach to analyze Cisco NX-OS/IOS OSPF directions?

Answer: Indeed, allude to Cisco NX-OS/IOS OSPF Comparison.

Q93) Is there any component of OSPF convention for speedy

combination and a moderate re-intermingling of courses?

Answer: The OSPF Shortest Path First Throttling highlight makes it conceivable to design SPF

planning for millisecond interims and to possibly postpone SPF estimations amid system insecurity.

SPF is planned to figure the Shortest Path Tree (SPT) when there is an adjustment in topology.

Sentence structure of the order under OSPF:

clocks throttle spf [spf-start] [spf-hold] [spf-max-wait]

Where:

spf-begin—Initial postponement to plan a SPF count after a change, in milliseconds. Range is from 1

to 600000.

spf-hold—Minimum hold time between two back to back SPF computations, in milliseconds. Range

is from 1 to 600000.

spf-max-pause—Maximum hold up time between two back to back SPF computations, in

milliseconds. Range is 1 to 600000.

For more data on the OSPF Throttling highlight, allude to OSPF Shortest Path First Throttling.

Q94) Are the multicast IP delivers mapped to MAC-level multicast

addresses?

Answer: OSPF sends all notices utilizing multicast tending to. Aside from Token Ring, the multicast

IP delivers are mapped to MAC-level multicast addresses. Cisco maps Token Ring to MAC-level

communicate addresses.

Q95) Does the Cisco OSPF execution bolster IP TOS-based directing?

Answer: Cisco OSPF just backings TOS 0. This implies switches course all parcels on the TOS 0

way, wiping out the need to compute nonzero TOS ways.

Q96) Does the balance list subcommand work for OSPF?

Answer: The counterbalance list direction does not work for OSPF. It is utilized for separation vector

conventions, for example, Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), Routing Information Protocol

(RIP), and RIP adaptation 2.

Q97) Can an OSPF default be begun into the framework dependent on

outer data on a switch that does not itself have a default?

Answer: OSPF creates a default just on the off chance that it is arranged utilizing the direction

default-data begin and if there is a default organize in the case from an alternate procedure. The

default course in OSPF is 0.0.0.0. In the event that you need an OSPF-empowered switch to create

a default course regardless of whether it doesn’t have a default course itself, utilize the direction

default-data start dependably.

Q98) When I issue the show ip ospf neighbor order, for what reason do I
just observe FULL/DR and FULL/BDR, with every single other neighbor
demonstrating 2-WAY/DROTHER?
Answer: To decrease the measure of flooding on communicate media, for example, Ethernet, FDDI,

and Token Ring, the switch turns out to be full with just assigned switch (DR) and reinforcement

assigned switch (BDR), and it demonstrates 2-WAY for every single other switch.

Preferred standpoint: Lower cost, unwavering quality, enhanced execution, diminished handling

time, adaptability are the benefits of Distributed preparing.

Q99) What does BADSEQNUM in the %OSPF-5-NBRSTATE: ospf-101

[5330] Process 101, Nbr 10.253.5.108 on Vlan7 02 from FULL to
EXSTART, BADSEQNUM OSPF log message mean?

Answer: This message is identified with the DBD trade process, which utilizes a grouping number for

the synchronization of the database. For reasons unknown an awful grouping number was

accounted for in the DBD parcel. This may happen as a result of transient conditions, which

incorporates bundle misfortune or parcel defilement.

Q100) What is difference between TCP and UDP protocols?

Answer: TCP is reliable protocol and UDP is unreliable protocol. In general TCP give reliability and

acknowledgement for packet delivered while UDP does not provide acknowledgement.

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Q101) What all layers we have in OSI model?

Answer: we have 7 layers in OSI Model ( application , presentation, session, transport, network, data

, physical).  Upeer layes are grouped as ( application , presentation, session) middle layer network

while Lower layer grouped as ( Network, data, physical)

Q102) What all layers we have in TCP/ip protocols

Answer: We have 4 layers in TCP protocol. Taken reference from Osi model. Names as

Appplcation , transport, internet , network. We are following TCP/Ip globally.

Q103) What is function of physical layer?

Answer: Physical layer convert electrical signal into binary form as 1 or 0. This is sort of physical

connection with two device with CAT 5 cable.

Q104) What is function of data link layer?

Answer: Here Physcial address of device is called as Mac address received from device. It provide

layer 2 connectivity to any network.

Q105) What is function of network layer?

Answer: It Provide unique identifier in term of ip address as to enable communication between two

devices. Ip address is of 32 bits. It perform layer 3 functionality

Q106) What Is function of transport layer ?

Answer: Transport layer provides two type of facility as TCP or UDP port. A per reqirement of

communication we can get services like this.

Q107) What is function of Session layer?

Answer: Session layer establish Session between Two devices.

Q108) What is function of Transport layer?

Answer: It provide Facility to Recived data from application to encrypt or decrypt the data. It provide

fragmentation of data packet.

Q109) What is function of application layer?

Answer: It is medium between Network or user. User Directly have access of Application like service

as TFTP, FTP, DNS, DHCP

Q110) What all networking devices we use ?

Answer: We generally use Router, Switches, Firewall, Load balancer

Q111) What is broadcast domain?

Answer: We user send some request if everyone is listening then it is term as broadcast domain.

Every user will get packet but only specific user is able to reply to request.

Q112) What is collision domain?

Answer: Collision domain mean we use Network in which data transmission and receiving

happening at same time. Packet get corrpted. This technology maily used in Hub devices.

Q113) What is half duplex and full duplex?

Answer: When we are doing either transmission or receiving then it is called half duplex while full

duplex means that when transmission and receiving happens on same time

Q114) What is Vlan?

Answer: Vlan is a virtual Lan. In layman language it is switch inside switch. We segregate our switch

port into different Vlan to divide single broad cast domain into different broadcast domain.

Q115) can we communicate between two vlan?

Answer: We can communicate between two Vlan with the help of Router. Without router we can’t do

communication between two VLan.

 Q116) How to create Vlan

Answer: COnfig# Vlan 200

Config(vlan-if) # description management

Q117) By default in which Vlan all Ports lies?

Answer: By default all port of switch is part of native vlan. By-default Native is 1.

Q118) What is purpose to create separate Vlan?

Answer: Purpose to create different vlan is to separate single broadcast domain into many different

broadcast domain. Link we can make four port part of engineering deptt or 4 port of IT depptt.

Q119) What is VTP

Answer: VTP is vlan tracking protocol. We generally create vlan on server and all created vlan

replicate to client.

Q120) What all mode of VTP we have?

Answer: We have 3 mode of VTP

1. Server
2. Transparent
3. Client.

It reduce Administration overhead to create same vlan in 30 device simontansiouly.

Q121) Can we create Multiple VTP server?

Answer: Yes we can create multiple server in VTP domain.

Q122) Condition to configure VTP?

Answer: VTP domain and VTP password should be same.

Q123) Can Transprent Mode participate in VTP process?

Answer: No , Transparent does not participate in VTP process. But it passes the vlaan information to

client act as transit device.

Q124) What is vlan.dat file?

Answer: Vlan.dat file contain all information of created vlan. If we delete vlan.dat file from Device

then we will lose all instance of vlan.

Q125) What do you mean by STP ?

Answer: Spanning tree protocol is used to avoid loop in switching environment. By this mechanism

we we block port to avoid loop in switches.

Q126) What all types of STP we use?

Answer: STP (spanning tree protocol)

RSPT ( Rapid spanning tree protocol)

CST(common spaning tree protocol)

PVST (per vlan spanning tree protocol)

RPVST (Rapid per vlan spanning tree protocol)

Q127) What is all states of port we have in STP?

 Answer:

 Blocking
 Listening
 Learning
 Forwarding

Q128) How to elect Root bridge in STP?

Answer: STP elect Root bridge based on Priority and mac address. Lower the priority wins the race.

If we have same priority configured then we have other option as MAC address as tie breaker.

Q129) What is designated and  root port?

Answer: All prot on Root bridge is called Designated port. Which send BPDU from Root bridge.

While port directly connected to other switch is root port. It Receive BPDU sent by Root bridge.

Q130) What is RSTP?

Answer: Rapid spanning tree protocol I advance version of STP. As STP converge time I too low. As

per Rapid spanning tree we get fast convergence.

Q131) What is CST?

Answer: It is common spanning tree protocol. It create one instance of spanning tree.

Q132) What Is PVST ?

Answer: Per-vlan spanning tree protocol. We can utilized our Distribution router by creating per vlan

STP. Every vlan have its own instance of STP.

Q133) What is Routing ?

 Answer: Routing is path to reach source to destination. It give entire view through with path our

packet travel from source to detination.

Q134) What all Routing protocol we use?

Answer: We have two routing protocol

 IGP (interior gateway protocol)

 EGP ( exterior gateway protocol)

Q135) What all protocol comes in IGP?

Answer: We have 3 types of IGP

 Distance vector ( RIP )

 Link state ( OPF, ISIS)
 Hybrid distance vector ( Eirgp)

Q136) What is RIP?

Answer: RIP stand for Routing information protocol. It is classfull protocol as it send complete

routing  table every 30 min. It have 2 version. RIP ver 1 and RIP ver 2. IT is outdated protocol.

Q137) What is Eigrp ?

Answer: Eigrp stands for Enhanced interior gateway protocol. IT have both distance vector and link

state functionality. It was cisco priority protocol. EIRGP protocol number is 88

Q138) what is multicast ip for OSPF

Answer: 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6

Q139) What is purpose of Area in ospf?

 Answer: It reduce overhead on routing table and we can implement Area as per customer demand.

Q140) What all LSA we have is OSPF?

Answer: We have 7 LSA

 LSA 1 router LSA

 LAS 2 network LSA
 LSA 3 ssummary LSA
 ASBR summary LSA
 ASBR LSA
 Reserved for Future Use
 LSA 7 NSSA LSA

Q141) What are condition for neibour ship for OSPF?

 AREA type
 Area
 Network
 Authentication
 hello/dead interval

Q142) What Is backbone area ?

Answer: Area 0 in Ospf I called as Backbone area as to avoid loop mechanism every are must pass

traffic from backbone area.

Q143) What is ABR / ASBR ?

Answer: ABR is Area boarder router and ASBR is autonomus system boarder router.

Q144) What is unicast , multicast and broad cast ?

Answer:
Unicast mean one way communication. Device A sending packet to device B.

Multicast when a group of people want update on multicast ip.

Broadcast when all device receive packet is called broadcast.

Q145) How to configure telnet password  in router ?

Answer: Confg #Lin VTY 0

Confg #Password Cisco

Confg #Login

Q146) How to config IP on interface ?

Answer: Confg # interface fa 1/0

Confg(int-if) #ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

Confg #no shutdown

Q147) How to configure osp ?

Answer: Confg #Router ospf 10

Netowrk 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.255 area 0

Q148) What is the first layer of the OSI model called?

Answer: Physical Layer

Q149) What are the 2 protocols of the transport layer?

Answer: TCP and UDP

Q150)Where are public IP addresses used?

Answer: Internet

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Q151) What does ARP stand for?

Answer: Address Resolution Protocol

Q152) Which layer protocol is NTP?

Answer: Application Layer

Q153) What are the various RIP loop prevention technologies?

Answer: Split Horizon, Route poisoning, Holddown timer

154) What is the multicast IP RIPv2 uses to send routing updates?

Answer: 0.0.9

Q155) What is the maximum hop count for RIP?

Answer: 15

Q156) Which EIGRP table stores the best routes?

Answer: Routing table

Q157) Once how many seconds EIGRP WAN interfaces sends Hello?
Answer: 60

Q158) What are the 2 components an SNMP managed network consists

of?

Answer: Network management station and Agent

Q159) What is the command to see only connected routes in a router’s

routing table?

Answer: Show ip route connected

Q160) How many packets are used by EIGRP’s RTP protocol?

Answer: 5

Q161) What does OSPF stand for?

Answer: Open shortest path first

Q162) What is the administrative distance for EIGRP?

Answer: 90

Q163) Give an example for a link state routing protocol?

Answer: OSPF

Q164) Is OSPF a Cisco proprietary protocol?

Answer: No

Q165) What is the protocol used by network devices to find out the MAC
address of neighboring devices?
Answer: ARP

Q166) All ports of a switch by default are in which VLAN?

Answer: VLAN 1

Q167) Which is Cisco proprietary’s VLAN tagging protocol?

Answer: Inter-Switch link

Q168) What are the three types of NAT

Answer: Static NAT, Dynamic NAT and Port address translation

Q169) What are the different types of IPv6 addresses?

Answer: Unicast, Anycast and Multicast addresses

Q170) What are the different types of memory on a Cisco device?

Answer: RAM, ROM, Flash and NVRAM

Q171) Which memory stores the IOS software image?

Answer: Flash memory

Q172) Where is the startup config file stored on a Cisco device?

Answer: NVRAM

Q173) Can a Cisco router be configured as a DHCP server?

Answer: Yes
Q174) Which layer in the OSI stack does the DHCP belong to?

Answer: Application layer

Q175) What is the command used to configure a Cisco router as an NTP

server?

Answer: Ntp master

Q176) Which protocol is used by Cisco devices to discover information

about the locally attached Cisco equipment?

Answer: CDP

Q177) What is the command to view the contents of the flash memory?

Answer: Show flash

Q178) How do you check the IOS version running on a Cisco device?

Answer: Using the show version command

Q179) What are the three packets which make up the 3-way handshake
process?

Answer: SYN, SYN/ACK, ACK

Q180) What is the Ethernet standard?

Answer: IEEE 802.3

Q181) How many bits long is a MAC address?

Answer: 48
Q182) How do you find the MAC address of a computer?

Answer: By using the ipconfig /all command

Q183) A hub is an example of which layer device?

Answer: Physical layer

Q184) What does “C” denote in a routing table?

Answer: Directly connected networks

Q185) To which class does 192.168.1.1 IPv4 address belong to?

Answer: Class C

Q186) What are the different protocols http uses for encryption?

Answer: TLS or SSL

Q187) Which port does FTP use to send control commands?

Answer: 21

Q188) Which port does TFTP use to send data?

Answer: UDP 69

Q189) What is the length of an IPv4 header?

Answer: 20 bytes

Q190) Which type of cable is used to connect 2 computers together to

transfer data?
Answer: Crossover cable

Q191) To which layer does the NetBIOS protocol belong to is the OSI
model?

Answer: Session layer

Q192) What is the APIPA range?

Answer: 254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254

Q193) What is the combination of IP address and a port number called?

Answer: Socket

Q194) What is the ethernet broadcasts on which ARP request packets

are sent on?

Answer: FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF

Q195) What are the port numbers the DHCP server uses?

Answer: UDP 67 and 68

Q196) What is the prefix of an IPv6 link-local address?

Answer: FE80::/10

Q197) What are the types of Ethernet cables?

Answer: Straight-through and crossover

Q198) What is TCP/IP Layer in OSI Layer?

 Answer: TCP/IP Layer in OSI is used to mainly transport packets from one machine to another

machine via seven types of layer. These seven types of layers are:

 Application layer: ex: Browser in the operating system

 Presentation layer: It will create a session for a particular packet
 Session Layer: Session time out
 Transport Layer
 Network layer
 Data link Layer
 Physical layer

Q199) What is the main difference between switch and router?

Answer: Switch can pass single broadcast domain whereas router can pass Multicast or Unicast

address. Switch sends Frames and Router sends Packet or IP address.

Q200) What is Broadcast address in Networking?

Answer: FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF –MAC 255.255.255.255

Become an CCNA Certified Expert in 25Hours

Q201) Why do we need a subnet mask in Networking?

Answer:  The main reason for having a subnet mask in Networking is to avoid IP wastage in the

Network.

Q202) What is Ethernet channel? Which protocols are used in the

Etherchannel?

Answer: Ethernet Channel increases the bandwidth which is done by combining the links. PAGP

AND LACP are the protocols used in Ethernet Channel.

Q203) What you meant by Single broadcast?

Answer: Single broadcast is the address which has same subnets.

Q204) What is Subnet Mask?

Answer: Subnet Mask is used for identifying network portion.

Q205) What is the range of public IP address?

Answer: The range of public IP Address is as follows:

FROM TO
0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255
248.0.0.0 251.255.255.255
252.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
Q206) What is Private address range and Class?

Answer:

Private address Class

10.0.0.0 —-10.255.255.255 Class A IP address
172.16.0.0—172.31.255.255 Class B IP Address
192.168.0.0 —192.168.255.255 Class C IP Address
Q207) Enlist the types of Subnettinng.

Answer: The types of Subnetting are as follows:

VLSM- Variable Length Subnet Mask

FLSM-Fixed Length Subnet Mask

Q208) What is VLAN?

 Answer: VLAN is used to isolate the network or it can divide the network into single broadcast to

multiple broadcasts.

Q209) What is VTP?

Answer: VTP can be used for transferring VLAN information from one switch to other switches.

Q210) What are the different types of VTP Version?

Answer: The different types of VTP version are:

1. VTP v1
2. VTP v2
3. VTP v3
Q211) What is the difference between VTP Version 1, VTP version 2 and
VTP version 3?

Answer: VTP version 2 is same as VTP version 1 only difference comes with the support of Token

Ring Topology. VTP Version 3 can support Extended VLAN 0-4094, Private VLAN, and MSTP.

Q212) What do you mean by Revision number in VTP?

Answer: Revision number is used for changing or editing in the VLAN, it will be incremented by 1.

For the security reason while adding new switches we should always check the revision number.

Q213) What is the use of STP?

Answer: To avoid loop in network we generally take the help of STP.

Q214) How to elect Root Bridge in switch?

Answer: These are the steps to choose Root Bridge in switch:

 Lowest priority value
 Lowest MAC address
 Lowest port in the switch

Q215) What are the various states in STP?

Answer: The various states in STP are Listening, Learning, Forwarding, Blocking and Disable.

Q216) What is Root Port?

Answer: Best path to reach from Root bridge to the destination is known as Root Port.

Q217) Define the term Designated port?

Answer: The port which is sending the BPDU packet is called Designated port.

Q218) What is BPDU Guard?

Answer: When an attacker is trying to send a BPDU packet with ‘0’ priority values by any tool then

port will consider it as error invisible state. This is the working of BPDU Guard.

Q219) What is Uplink fast?

Answer: When the root port undergoes down alternate link up without any delay it is known as Uplink

fast.

Q220) What is the port number used for FTP, TELNET and SMTP?

Answer: These are the port number for their corresponding protocols:

21-FTP

23-TELNET
25-SMTP

Q221) What is native VLAN?

Answer: Untagged VLANS are knows as native VLANS.

Q222) What is the default priority value for the switch?

Answer: The default priority value for the switch is 32768.

Q223) What is the range of Switch priority value?

Answer: The range of switch priority value is 0-614040.

Q224) By how much value the priority is incremented?

Answer: The priority is incremented by 4096.

Q225) What is redundancy?

Answer: Redundancy can be explained as if one network device goes down then the backup will

work without any delay.

Q226) Which protocol is used in redundancy?

Answer: The protocols used in Redundancy are HSRP, VRRP and GLBP.

Q227) What is active and standby in HSRP?

Answer: Active: The Router that owns the virtual IP and MAC address is in active. Standby: It is the

backup for active router.

Q228) What is PREMPT in HSRP?

 Answer: If the active router goes down then backup router will become active and when the active

router comes up by PREMPT command it will remain in active state.

Q228) What is the multicast address which is used in HSRP?

Answer: The multicast addresses which is used in HSRP is 224.0.0.2.

Q229) What do you mean by RSTP?

Answer: RSTP is CISCO proprietary, used for fast convergence.

Q230) Define the term MSTP?

Answer: MSTP is open standard for fast convergence and to avoid load.

Q231) What is AD value of static routing, RIP, EIGRP AND OSPF?

Answer: Value of static routing, RIP, EIGRP AND OSPF are:

 1-STATIC
 120-RIP
 90 EIGRP INTERNAL
 170 EIGRP EXTERNAL
 OSPF 110

Q232) What is the multicast address for RIP?

Answer: The multicast address for RIP is 224.0.0.9.

Q233) what is the multicast address for EIGRP?

Answer: The multicast address for EIGRP is 224.0.0.10.

Q234)What is the multicast address OSPF?

 Answer: The multicast addresses for OSPF are 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6.

Q235) Why OSPF uses two multicast address?

Answer: OSPF uses two multicast address for DR and BDR communication and other router

communications.

Q236) What are the types Network?

Answer: The types of Network are:

 Point to point
 Broad cast
 Non broadcast

Q236) What is EIGRP stuck in active state?

Answer: When successor goes down there is no feasible successor to reset the connection it will

take 3 min. This is called EIGRP stuck in active state.

Q237) Write about the difference between OSPF AND EIGRP.

Answer: OSPF is link state routing protocol whereas the EIGRP is an advanced vector protocol.

Q238) What is the role of successor in EIGRP?

Answer: Best path to reach the destination is decided by the successor in EIGPR.

Q239) What is Feasible successor in EIGRP?

Answer: Feasible successor in EIGRP is the backup path for the successor.

Q240) What is meant by feasibility condition EIGRP?

 Answer: FD of the Successor is greater than AD value of the other path. This is called feasibility

condition in EIGRP.

Q241) What is AS?

Answer: AS: Routers having same administration and policy are in same autonomous system and it

indicates the same number.

Q242) What are the various states in the EIGRP?

Answer: The states in EIGRP are as follows:

 Hello
 Update
 Query
 Request
 Ask

Q243) What are the types LSA in ospf

Answer: The types of LSA are 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 which are mostly used.

Q244) What is Router ID in OSPF and why is it used?

Answer: Router ID is used to identify the routers and to avoid loop in the OSPF network.

Q245) What is Root Guard?

Answer: Root guard is a feature which receives BPDU in the port it will consider as an inconsistent

state.

Q246) What is the default hold-down timer for EIGRP?

Answer: The default hold-down timer for EIGRP is 15s.

Q247) Which router generates LSA type 7 in OSPF?

Answer: Router that generates LSA type 7 in OSPF is ASBR.

Q248) What LSA type does the DR generate is OSPF?

Answer: LSA type 2 is the LSA type which DR generate is OSPF.

Q249) What is the multicast IP address of the DR is listening on?

Answer: The multicast IP address of the DR is listening on is 224.0.0.6.

Q250) What is a Router ID with respect to OSPF?

Answer: Unique ID for the Router in the OSPF topology is known as Router ID.

Q251) What is the ratio of Hello timer to Dead timer in the OSPF
topology?

Answer: 1:4 is the ratio of Hello timer to Dead timer in the OSPF topology.

Q252) In an OSPF topology what is the numbering given to the backbone

area?

Answer: Area 0 is the numbering given to the backbone area in an OSPF topology.

Q253) What is the default priority of a router running OSPF?

Answer: 1 is the default priority of a router running OSPF.

Q254) What is the protocol number for OSPF?

Answer: The protocol number for OSPF is 89.

Q255) What will a DROTHER router state is in a BMA OSPF network?

Answer: A DROTHER router state will be in 2-way in a BMA OSPF network.

Q256) Can a router within the Backbone area be configured with OSPF
summarization?

Answer: Router within the Backbone area can’t be configured with OSPF summarization.

Q257) Which type of LSA is not allowed in a Stub OSPF area?

Answer: Type 5 of LSA is not allowed in a Stub OSPF area.

Q258) What is CEF?

Answer: CEF stands for Cisco Express Forwarding.

Q259) What is the External AD value for EIGRP?

Answer: The External AD value for EIGRP is 170

Q260) What is the timer value for EIGRP SIA Reply?

Answer: The timer value for EIGRP SIA Reply is 1.5minutes.

Q261) What is the significance of AD value 5 in EIGRP?

Answer: EIGRP Summary.

Q262) If your AS is a transit AS, IBGP should be configured on all the

routers within the AS. True or False?
Answer: True.

Q263) What is BGP’s loop prevention mechanism?

Answer: If you see your own AS number in the AS path you don’t accept it since you have a loop.

Q264) What is BGP split horizon?

Answer: When a BGP router receives an update from another internal BGP router, then it will not

forward this information to another internal BGP router, it is called BGP split horizon.

Q265) Which BGP attribute is CISCO proprietary?

Answer: Weight is the BGP attribute of CISCO proprietary.

Q266) What is the default Local Preference value of a BGP router?

Answer: 100 is the default Local Preference value of a BGP router.

Q267) What is the multicast address for RIPnG?

Answer: FF02::9 is the multicast address for RIPnG.

Q268) What is the multicast IPv6 address for EIGRP?

Answer: FF02::10 is the multicast IPv6 address for EIGRP.

Q269) What protocol does DMVPN use for security?

Answer: IPSec is the DMVPN used for security.

Q270) Where is the VLAN configuration stored on a CISCO switch?

Answer: The VLAN configuration is stored on a CISCO switch in “VLAN.DAT” file.

Q271) What is the difference between ISL and Dot1q?

Answer: ISL is a CISCO proprietary.

Q272) What is the native VLAN ID by default on a CISCO switch?

Answer: VLAN 1 the native VLAN ID by default on a CISCO switch.

Q273) What are the different trunking protocols?

Answer: Different trunking protocols are ISL and DOT1q.

Q274) What is the VLAN range supported by VTP version 3?

Answer: 1-4094 is the VLAN range supported by VTP version 3.

Q275) Does VTP version 2 support Private VLANs?

Answer: No, VTP version 2 doesn’t support Private VLANs.

Q276) What is the port in a Private VLAN which can communicate with
all other Ports?

Answer: Promiscuous Port the port in a Private VLAN which can communicate with all other Ports.

Q277) What is the forward delay timer for STP?

Answer: 15s is the forward delay timer for STP.

Q278) STP elects the root bridge on a basis of what?

Answer: Bridge priority is the basis to select Root Bridge.

Q279) What is the STP cost of a 1000Mbit link?

Answer: The STP cost of a 1000Mbit link is 4.

Q280) What is the BPDU timer value?

Answer: The BPDU timer value is 2s.

Q281) How many seconds is the blocking period of a switch port?

Answer: 20s is the blocking period of a switch port.

Q282) What is port fast?

Answer: Switch port without the forward delay and blocking timer is known as port fast.

Q283) What is the Aging timer of the MAC address table?

Answer: The Aging timer of the MAC address table is 300s.

Q284) With what does Backbone fast deals with?

Answer: Backbone fast deals with indirect link failure.

Q285) What is the CISCO proprietary protocol for link aggregation?

Answer: PAgP is the CISCO proprietary protocol for link aggregation.

Q286) What is the standard protocol for link aggregation?

Answer: LACP is the standard protocol for link aggregation.

Q287) What is the multicast IP for HSPRv1?

Answer: 224.0.0.2 is the multicast IP for HSPRv1.

Q288) What is the multicast IP for HSRPv2?

Answer: 224.0.0.102 is the multicast IP for HSRPv2.

Q289) What is the virtual MAC address range for HSRPv2?

Answer: The virtual MAC address range for HSRPv2 is 0000.0c9f.fxxx.

Q290) Are HSRPv1 and v2 compatible?

Answer: HSRPv1 and v2 are not compatible.

Q291) What are the different load balancing methods for VRRP?

Answer: The different load balancing methods for VRRP are as follows: Round-Robin, Host-

dependant and weighted.

Q292) Which protocol is used for Load balancing and high availability?

Answer: The protocol used for Load balancing and high availability is GLBP.

Q293) What is AAA?

Answer: AAA stands for Authentication, Authorization and Accounting.

Q294) What is the default value for RIP holddown timer?

Answer: The default value for RIP holddown timer is 180s.

Q295) What protocol does EIGRP use for reliability?

 Answer: RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol) is the protocol which EIGRP uses for reliability.

Q296) State the two types of address available.

Answer: The two types of address available are:

 IPV4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)

 IPV6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)

Q297) What is the Loop Address used for local testing purpose?

Answer: The Local Loop Address used for local testing purpose is 127.0.0.1

Q298) Expand OSI.

Answer: OSI is the short form of Open System Interconnection.

Q299) Enlist the major functions of Transport Layer.

Answer: The major functions of Transport layer are as follows:

 Segment Fragmentation
 Numbering Segment
 Multi Tasking
 Flow control

Q300) What do you mean by DHCP?

Answer: DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is based on the DORA concept.

Q301) What are the two types of cables?

Answer: The two types of cables are:

 Straight Cable
 Cross Cable

Q302)  Expand the term CDP.

Answer: CDP stands for CISCO Discovery Protocol.

Q303)  What are the two types of Routes available?

Answer: The two types of routes are Static Route and Dynamic Route.

Q304)  What do you mean by Distance Vector?

Answer: Distance vector is the protocol used for sending Periodic updates after every 30 seconds.

Q305) What is the Administrative distance of RIP?

Answer: The Administrative distance of RIP is 120.

Q306) What is the Administrative distance of OSPF?

Answer: The Administrative distance of OSPF is 110.

Q307) What is SWITCH?

Answer: SWITCH is the process to use the hardware of MAC address for understanding.

Q308) Name the two ports of Switches.

Answer: The two ports of Switches are:

 Access Port
 Trunk Port

Q309)  What does VTP stands for?

 Answer: VTP stands for Virtual Trunk Protocol.

Q310) What are the types of VTP?

Answer: The types of VTP are:

 SERVER MODE
 CLIENT MODE
 TRANSPARENT MODE

Q311) What do you mean by STP?

Answer: STP is the short form of Spanning Tree Protocol, which is used to understand the Loop

Address.

Q312)  Expand the term EUI.

Answer: EUI stands for Extended Unique Identifier.

Q313) Define the term ACL.

Answer: ACL stands for Access List Control. It is the list of commands used to filter the packets in a

router.

Q314) What are the types of ACL?

Answer: The types of ACL are as follows:

 STANDARD ACL
 EXTENDED ACL
 NAMED ACL

Q315) Define the term Frame Relay.

Answer: Frame Relay: It is a type of Packet Switching technology used when there are two or more

routers in a single interface.

Q316) Expand the term LMI.

Answer: LMI stands for Local Management Interface.

Q317) Expand the terms PAP and CHAP.

Answer: PAP stands for Password Authentication Protocol.

CHAP stands for Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol.

Q318) Write the Router command used for displaying the RAM contents.

Answer: The Router command used for displaying the RAM contents is-

SHOW RUN/SHOW RUNNING –CONFIG

Q319) Write the command used for displaying the NVRAM contents.

Answer: The Router command used for displaying the NVRAM contents is-

SHOW START/SHOW START –CONFIG

Q320) What do you mean by the term APIPA?

Answer: APIPA stands for Automatic Private IP Addressing. The range of APIPA is from 169.254.0.1

to 169.255.255.254.

Q321) What do you mean by the term SYSLOG?

 Answer: SYSLOG is used for storing log files for popular servers.

Q322) Write the expanded form of NTP.

Answer: NTP stands for Network Time Protocol.

Q323) What is SNMP?

Answer: SNMP is a Network Management Application which runs inside the management service

i.e. MIB (Management Information Base).

Q324) Write the expanded form of OSPF.

Answer: OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First. Secondly Routing Tables is populated.

Q325) What are the major functions of SNMPV3?

Answer: The major functions of SNMPV3 are Authentication, Encryption and Message Integrity.

Q326) What are the ways to choose DR in OSPF?

Answer: These are the criteria for choosing DR in OSPF:

 Highest Priority
 Highest Router ID
 Highest IP Address

Q327) What do you mean by BPDU GUARD?

Answer: BPDU Guard is used for protecting the Switch port which is using the Port fast.

Q328)  What are the major states in Switch?

Answer: The major states in a Switch are as follows:

 Disabled
 Blocking
 Listening
 Learning
 Forwarding

Q329) What are the two types of protocols used in Ethernet Channel?

Answer: The two types of protocols used in Ethernet Channel are PAGP (Port Aggregation Protocol)

and LACP (Link Aggregation Protocol).

Q330) What are the modes in LACP?

Answer: There are two types of modes in LACP i.e. Active mode and Passive mode.

Q331) What are the modes in PAGP?

Answer: There are two types of modes in PAGP i.e. Auto mode and Desirable mode.

Q332) Expand the term HSRP?

Answer: HSRP stands for HOT Standby Router Protocol.

Q333) Expand the term VLSM?

Answer: VLSM stands for Variable Length Subnet Mask.

Q334) What is the subnet mask of /28?

Answer: The subnet mask of /28 is 255.255.255.240.

Q335) Which router command enables IPV6?

Answer: The router command used for enabling IPV6 is UNICASTING ROUTING.
 Q336) What is Administrative Distance?

Answer: Administrative Distance is used for finding a trusted routing protocol.

Q337) Expand the term ISATAP.

Answer: ISATAP stands for Intra Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol.

Q338) Expand the term EIGRP.

Answer: EIGRP stands for Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol.

Q339) When Network Congestion does occur?

Answer: Network Congestion takes place when two users try to use the same bandwidth.

Q340) What do you mean by the term Windows Networking Terms?

Answer: Windows networking terms refer to the number of segments that are allowed to the

destination.

Q341) Expand the term LAN.

Answer: LAN is the short form of Local Area Network.

Q342) What are the different types of memories in CISCO Router?

Answer: The different types of memories in CISCO Router are:

 NVRAM
 DRAM
 Flash Memory

Q343) Define the term BOOTP.

 Answer: BOOTP is the protocol to boot disk less workstations connected to a network.

Q344) What is 100 BASEFX?

Answer: It is the Ethernet to make use of Fiber optic cables in the main transmission medium.

Q345) Expand the term MTU.

Answer: MTU stands for Maximum Transmission Control Unit.

Q346) Write the states in HSRP.

Answer: The states in HSRP are as follows:

 Speaking
 Listening
 Disable
 Standby
 Active

Q347) What type of port is in the STP?

 Root port
 Designated Port
 Blocking port

Q348) What is a Window in networking terms?

Answer: A Window alludes to the quantity of sections that is permitted to be sent from source to goal

before an affirmation is sent back.

Conclusion
 
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