GROUNDWATER
FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
Ir WAN MOHD ZAMRI
P.Eng.,P.Geol.
Topics:
Introduction
Technology Evolution in GW use
Roadmap for GW in Public Water Supply
Conclusion
CURRENT STATS
KELANTAN MALAYSIA
GROUNDWATER TOTAL PLANT GROUNDWATER TOTAL PLANT
PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION
299 mld 474 mld ~300 mld ~16,900 mld
(63%) (1.8%)
WATER PRODUCTION WATER PRODUCTION
GROUND GROUND
WATER WATER
SURFACE SURFACE
WATER WATER
CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO
Presented By
Harry Mills / PRESENTATIONPRO
El-Nino Episodes Droughts in Malaysia
1998 - Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, 2005 - N.Sembilan Water Crisis
P.Pinang, Melaka, Kedah, Kelantan,
Sabah & Sarawak El-Nino
2010 - Sabah, Johor, Kedah, Perlis
El-Nino
1991 - Melaka & Johor
Water Crisis (Durian 2014 - Selangor, Kuala
Tunggal Dam)
Lumpur, Johor, Kelantan,
Perak Dry and Drought
Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)
2016 - Perlis, Kedah,
P.Pinang, Johor, Perak,
Kelantan El-Nino
Kedah, 2010
Durian Tunggal Dam , 1991
Sg.Selangor Dam, 2014
Source: Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, 2016 5
Too Little Water Droughts
6
WATER RATIONING BY OPERATORS
DRY RIVERS & WATER SHORTAGE
8
Rainfall Event Trend More Extreme Wet Spells
No. of Wet Spells (Rainfall > 100mm/day) for 3
Consecutive Days
16
14
12 Increasing Trend
No. of Occurrences
10
8
6
4
2
0
Decade Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 2014
Increasing number of wet spells;
Leads to severe floods.
Source: Disaster and Climate Change Projection for Malaysia, 2016 9
THE YELLOW FLOOD 2014
CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS
Durian Tunggal dam at Melaka - 1991
WATER CRISIS: RIVERS DRYOUT
14
Shortage of Water
Increasing Water Demand
Growing Population
Growing Industrial Activities
Growing Agricultural Activities
Less Rainfall Within Catchment Area
Polluted River
No proper water resources management
No buffering effect due to deforrestration
Looking For Answers…
DIVINE GUIDELINE S
ۖ ِ نز ۡل َنا ِم َن ٱل َّس َمآ ِء َمآ َۢ َء ِب َقدَ ٍ۬ر َفأ َ ۡس َك َّن ٰـ ُه فِى ۡٱۡلَ ۡر
ض َوإِ َّنا َ ََوأ
َ ب ِب ِهۦ َل َق ٰـ ِدر
ُون ِ ِۭ َع َل ٰى َذ َها
WATER CYCLE
“And We sent down
water from the sky in
measure, and We
lodged it in the earth,
and verily We are able
to take it away”
(Qs. Al-Mu’minûn [23]: 18),
The word ‘fi’ (within) in the Qur’anic phrase /fil’ard / (within the ground), points to the BUFFER
or STORAGE in the underground for sources of water, not sources that are above the ground.
The evolution of groundwater technology in
Kelantan/Malaysia.
TECHNOLOGY
DUG WELL Bank Infiltration MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE
WTH UNDERGROUND DAM
1930’s 1950’s 1970’s 1990’s 2000’s ADVANCING YEARS
WATER RESOURCE PLANNING
1. Subsurface storage dams
(Underground / Groundwater Dam)
for storage and buffering function
2. River Barrage for Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)
3. Riverbank Filtration System (RBF)
for raw water abstraction
GROUNDWATER DAM
22
GROUNDWATER DAM
GROUNDWATER DAM IN KELANTAN
(CONCEPTUAL DESIGN)
GROUNDWATER DAM IN KELANTAN
SEA
WATER LEVEL
CUT-
OFF
WALL
AQUIFER
LAYER
27
Long series of tubes are inserted and the
water glass is injected in an uninterrupted
series of pumping operations.
Sodium Silicate “Bulbs” are
vertically spaced at 90cm to build
up an impermeable wall
OBSERVATION STATION
AN EXAMPLE OF RIVER BARRAGE STRUCTURE
MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE (MAR)
RESERVOIR IN THE CITY CONCEPT
32
ARTIFICIAL WATERFALL
OXIDATION OF LENTIC WATER
BY AERATION OVER
ARTIFICIAL WATERFALL.
Riverbank Filtration System
(RBF)
a. Simple and cheap to treat raw water to good
drinking water
b. Stable quality and quantity all year
c. Localized availability, means decentralized
infrastructure and short transmission costs
d. Far better protection than surface water
intake system
e. Little impact on nature and environment
Horizontal Collector Well Method :
a groundwater engineering application for
RBF system
Refers to the one of the
groundwater system
being abstracted from
aquifers in the alluvium
such as sand and gravel
layer through radial wells
which are drilled and
installed horizontally
inside concrete caisson.
HORIZONTAL COLLECTOR WELL
Construction of Lateral Screen Pipes
RIVERBANK FILTRATION SYS (RBF):
JELI WTP INTAKE (1st in Malaysia)
OLD
SURFACE
NEW RBF
WATER
SYS
INTAKE
COMPLETELY DRY RIVERBED
39
GROUNDWATER TREATMENT PROCESS
OZONE SYSTEM
Ozone (Disinfection) O3 (Oxidation)
„Chemical-free“ water treatment
„
Use of enhanced natural powers“ – sunlight and lightning
Conversion of electrical energy
One central piece of conversion – lamp and electrode
NEWS: The government plans to map and tap sources
of underground water, says Water, Land and Natural
Resources Minister Dr Xavier Jayakumar.
The moves comes after it was revealed that the nation
is relying on only 5% of water sources available
although 95% of the country's water remain untapped
underground.
"We have a large volume of underground water.
"We haven't actually tapped that source at all," he said
He said that plans would involve the use of 4D aerial digital
mapping of critical areas in the country.
"From there, we will know where the underground water is.
"Then we will decide how to use the underground water as a raw
water source," he added. Dr Xavier said that the mapping would
be carried out initially.
STRATEGI 2 : PENILAIAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN SUMBER
Bil Pelan Tindakan/ Program/Aktiviti Agensi Pelaksana Catatan
Program Utama
5. Merancang dan 5.1 Menjalankan kajian di kawasan lembangan aluvium utama seperti: Peneraju: o Memberi keutamaan
melaksanakan kajian i. Lembangan Sg. Langat, Selangor, NRE/JMG terhadap satu-satu
sumber air tanah. ii. Lembangan Sg. Bernam, Selangor dan Perak Sokongan: lembangan sungai
iii. Lembangan Sg. Perak, Perak JPS, JKR, JAS, utama dalam negeri
iv. Lembangan Sg. Kelantan, Kelantan IPT, KTTHA, tertentu.
v. Lembangan Sg. Melaka, Langkawi, Kedah LUAS, Kerajaan
vi. Lembangan Sg. Pahang, Pahang Negeri, Agensi o Melibatkan pelbagai
vii. Lembangan Sg. Muar, Johor Swasta agensi yang
viii. Lembangan Sg. Rajang, Sarawak berkepentingan
ix. Lembangan Sg. Padas, Sabah (Kelebihan: Sumber
(JMG akan menilai semula senarai penuh lembangan untuk kajian kewangan dan data
berdasarkan kepada keperluan negeri masing-masing) boleh dikongsi
5.2 Menjalankan kajian air tanah di batuan keras di kawasan tanah bersama. Mengelak
tinggi seperti : daripada pertindihan
i. Bukit Tinggi, Bentong kerja/projek)
ii. Kg. Janda Baik, Bentong
iii. Cameron Highland
iv. Bukit Fraser
v. Tanah Tinggi Kundasang di Sabah
vi. Tanah Tinggi Bario di Sarawak
vii. Tanah Tinggi Lojing, Kelantan
(Berdasarkan kepada permintaan kawasan tersebut)
5.3Menjalankan kajian air tanah di pulau-pulau (aluvium dan batuan
keras) seperti :
i. Pulau Tioman, Pahang
ii. Pulau Redang, Terengganu
iii. Pulau Sibu, Johor
iv. Pulau Bum-bum, Sabah
v. Pulau Banggi, Sabah
vi. Pulau Bruit, Sarawak
(Berdasarkan kepada permintaan kawasan tersebut)
GOAL 6.6: WATER-RELATED ECOSYSTEMS
GROUNDWATER PROVIDES DRINKING WATER TO AT LEAST 50% OF THE GLOBAL POPULATION.
THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBANISATION WILL IMPACT THE WATER-CYCLE
Opportunity Maps: Groundwater in Kelantan
Example of the approach: Overlay with built up areas
Map showing combination of locations
with sufficient unsaturated zone
thickness and required slope (green),
with built up areas overlaid (black);
Storage of water preferably near the
location of water demand;
Groundwater quality & flooding could be
a concern if an underground dam is built
immediately downstream of a built up
area.
KELANTAN RIVER
BASIN
Aquavisualiser – 4D aerial digital mapping of critical
areas in the country.
47
CONCLUSION
TO REALISE SDG GOAL 6.6: WATER-RELATED ECOSYSTEMS:
GROUNDWATER PROVIDES DRINKING WATER TO AT LEAST 50% OF THE
GLOBAL POPULATION.
THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBANISATION WILL IMPACT THE
WATER-CYCLE
1. Groundwater Dam for storage and buffering function
2. River Barrage for Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR)
3. Riverbank Filtration System (RBF) for
abstraction of raw water source.
To create a sustainable and reliable groundwater
system for public water supply.
