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Ali Salih: Al-Muthanna University Collage of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department

This document describes an experiment conducted by students to measure the density and specific gravity of crude oil and its derivatives. The objectives were to measure the density and classify the type of oil as light, medium, or heavy based on API gravity. Two methods were used - a hydrometer and pycnometer. Calculations and results are shown for four samples. Sources of error in the hydrometer method and a discussion of oil composition and impurities are also provided.

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Tariq D
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52 views

Ali Salih: Al-Muthanna University Collage of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department

This document describes an experiment conducted by students to measure the density and specific gravity of crude oil and its derivatives. The objectives were to measure the density and classify the type of oil as light, medium, or heavy based on API gravity. Two methods were used - a hydrometer and pycnometer. Calculations and results are shown for four samples. Sources of error in the hydrometer method and a discussion of oil composition and impurities are also provided.

Uploaded by

Tariq D
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Al- Muthanna University

Collage of engineering

Chemical engineering department

Name of exp:Density and specific gravity of crude oil and its


derivatives.
Objective of exp:To measure the density and specific gravity of
crude oil and its derivatives and the classification of the type of
oil.

By the student:

Alaa Rahim Ahlam shallal


Hassan Ali Zahraa Saad
Tariq Fareed Mustafa Saad
Shaker Saad

Supervised
by:

Ali Salih
Introduction

Density : It is the mass of the unit of volume of matter or the


density of the volumetric mass, and we express it in the laws of physics
with the symbol ρ .And in mathematical language, density is the product

of dividing mass (mass) by size (volume).


Direct relationship between mass and density (increase in mass by
increasing density) inverse relationship between density and volume
(increase in volume with decrease in density).since the mass is measured
in kilograms and volume in cubic meters, the unit that expresses the
density will be kg / m3. The density of any substance varies with
temperature and pressure. This change remains small in solids and
liquids, but remains very large in gases. By increasing the pressure, the
volume decreases and consequently the density increases, and by
increasing the temperature (with slight exceptions) the volume of the
material increases and consequently the density of the material
decreases. In most materials, heating the lower part of a liquid causes
the so-called convection waves, which form from the bottom of the
surface. As a result of the low density of the heated bottom, the surface
and the surface are exposed to its high density. It descends below, heats,
rises, and so on. One of the simplest examples is tea tea (boiling water).

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Density measurement

For homogeneous materials or single substance


modification
The density of a homogeneous substance at any point of it
is one and its mass is equal to the total volume. The mass is
measured on a scale or scale, the volume may be measured
directly (by the geometry of the shape) or by the amount of the
fluid displaced. In order to determine the density of a liquid or
gas, we can use devices such as the hydrometer, the dacemeter
or the Chloros flow meter device, respectively. Likewise, the
hydrostatic scale uses the amount of water displaced from the
body to determine its density.
For heterogeneous materials, modification
If the body is not homogeneous (consisting of mixing more than
one substance with different densities), its density changes from region
to second. In this case, the density for any location in the body is
calculated by calculating the density of a small volume of this location.
At the lowest (infinitesimal) volume, the heterogeneous density remains:
ρ(r). dm / dV so that dV is the first volume in place r of the object. And

at that time, we express the mass of the body as:

2
Relative density, or specific gravity:is the ratio of the density
(mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given
reference material. Specific gravity for liquids is nearly always
measured with respect to water at its densest (at 4 °C or 39.2
°F); for gases, air at room temperature (20 °C or 68 °F) is the
reference. The term "relative density" is often preferred in
scientific usage. If a substance's relative density is less than one
then it is less dense than the reference; if greater than 1 then it
is denser than the reference. If the relative density is exactly 1
then the densities are equal; that is, equal volumes of the two
substances have the same mass. If the reference material is
water, then a substance with a relative density (or specific
gravity) less than 1 will float in water. For example, an ice
cube, with a relative density of about 0.91, will float. A
substance with a relative density greater than 1 will sink.
Temperature and pressure must be specified for both the
sample and the reference. Pressure is nearly always 1 atm
(101.325 kPa). Where it is not, it is more usual to specify the
density directly. Temperatures for both sample and reference
vary from industry to industry. In British brewing practice, the
specific gravity, as specified above, is multiplied by
1000.Specific gravity is commonly used in industry as a simple
means of obtaining information about the concentration of
solutions of various materials such as brines,
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sugar solutions (syrups, juices, honeys, brewers wort, must,
etc.) and acids.
It is calculated according to the following formula

The American Petroleum Institute gravity, or (API) : It is a measure of


the classification of crude oil into heavy, medium and light based on
specific gravity and density
It can be calculated by the formula API= (141.5/SP)-131.5
where (SP) : specific gravity for oil
if (API) more than 29 it is mean that heavy crude oil
if (API) value between 20 to 29 it is mean that medium crude oil if
(API) value less than 20 it is mean that light crude oil.

We will using two methods to measure density :


1 – Hydrometer
2- pycnometer

First method Hydrometer


Hydrometer :an instrument for determining the specific gravity of a liquid,
commonly consisting of a graduated tube weighted to float upright in the
liquid whose specific gravity is being measured.

Tools
1 – Hydrometer
2- cylinder
4
Procedure
To measure the density by hydrometer method , we fill the cylinder with a
liquid then the hydrometer must immersion in petroleum product directly at a
certain temperature , the density read when corresponding liquid face with
included measure at eye level record the density

5
Second method
Pycnometer a container Glass used for determining the density of a liquid or
powder, having a specific volume.

Tools
1 – pycnometer
2 - Digital balance

Procedure
1 – weight the clean dry pycnometer on the leading balance to record the
pycnometer weight only (W1)
2 – fill pycnometer with liquid and record it (W2)
3 – calculate the density according to the formula : P = (W1 _ W2 ) /V

6
Discussion
1-what are the compounds of crude oil and what are the impurities present?
Fraction No.Carbon
gases 2-4
Light naphtha 5-7
Heavy naphtha 6-10
kerosene 10-15
Light gas oil 17-18
Heavy gas oil 16-40
Residuum >40

The impurities
Sultur 2.44% by weight
Nitrogen 0.14% by weight
Nickel 77 ppm
Uanadlium 28 ppm
Napthfraction 22.7% by weight
Boiling (20-205) 77.3% by weight
High boiling fraction 23.3% by weight
Boiling above (205) 20.9% by weight
Aromatics 3.5% by weight
Paraffins
Insolubles

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2. Compare between the methods (hydrometer and pycnometer)?

The hydrometer : is a glass body which is dipped into the sample.


After a short equilibration time it will swim at a certain level (when
the mass of the hydrometer is equal to the buoyancy effect).the
higher the density of the sample the less the aerometers will sink.
The level of equilibration reads the density on the calibrated scale.

The pycnometer: is a glass beaker of defined volume. It is weighted


without sample(M1),then filled with the sample and weighed again
(M2). The difference between M1 and M2 divided by the volume of
the beaker is the density of the sample.

3.What are the causes error in hydrometer experiment?


1. error in measurement.
2.error in device .

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Calculation

1-Mass=20 mg ,vol=30ml

light product

2-Mass=14 mg ,vol=20ml

light product
3-Mass=61 mg ,vol=92ml

light product
4-Mass=43mg ,vol=57ml

light product

9
References

1. ^ Standard conditions for temperature and pressure


- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2. h t t p :/ / en . m . wi k i p ed i a . o r g/ wi k i / fi r e_ p oi n t

3 . 1 Dana, Edward Salisbury (1922). A text-book of mineralogy: with an


extended treatise on crystallography...
(https://books.google.com/books?id=rCwaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA156)
New York, London(Chapman Hall): John Wiley and Sons. pp. 195–200,
316.
2 ^ Schetz, Joseph A.; Allen E. Fuhs (1999-02-05). Fundamentals of fluid
mechanics
(https://books.google.com/books?id=YCSSolzuu9IC&pg=PP1). Wiley,
John & Sons, Incorporated. pp. 111, 142, 144, 147, 109, 155, 157, 160,
175. ISBN (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-471-
34856-2 (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-
34856-2).
3 ^ a b c Hough, J.S., Briggs, D.E., Stevens, R and Young, T.W. Malting
and Brewing Science, Vol. II Hopped Wort and Beer, Chapman and Hall,
London, 1991, p. 881

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