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Navel: The Navel (Clinically Known As The

The navel is a scar on the abdomen where the umbilical cord was attached in fetuses and infants. It is usually located between the L3 and L4 vertebrae. The navel comes in various shapes, either protruding out (outie) or sunken in (innie). Disorders involving the navel include hernias, infections, and rare conditions like endometriosis. The navel is also significant in some cultures and used as a surgical site.

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محمد ناصر عليوي
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94 views20 pages

Navel: The Navel (Clinically Known As The

The navel is a scar on the abdomen where the umbilical cord was attached in fetuses and infants. It is usually located between the L3 and L4 vertebrae. The navel comes in various shapes, either protruding out (outie) or sunken in (innie). Disorders involving the navel include hernias, infections, and rare conditions like endometriosis. The navel is also significant in some cultures and used as a surgical site.

Uploaded by

محمد ناصر عليوي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Navel

The navel (clinically known as the


umbilicus, colloquially known as the
belly button) is a protruding, flat, or
hollowed area on the abdomen at the
attachment site of the umbilical cord.[1]
All placental mammals have a navel.
Navel

The navel is a protruding, flat or hollowed


scar left after the umbilical cord detaches.

Details

Precursor Umbilical cord


Ductus venosus

Artery Umbilical artery

Vein Umbilical vein

Identifiers

Latin Umbilicus

MeSH D014472

TA A01.2.04.005

FMA 61584
Anatomical terminology

Structure

The navel is the centre of the circle in this drawing


of the Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci

The umbilicus is used to visually


separate the abdomen into quadrants.[2]

The umbilicus is a prominent scar on the


abdomen, with its position being
relatively consistent among humans. The
skin around the waist at the level of the
umbilicus is supplied by the tenth
thoracic spinal nerve (T10 dermatome).
The umbilicus itself typically lies at a
vertical level corresponding to the
junction between the L3 and L4
vertebrae,[3] with a normal variation
among people between the L3 and L5
vertebrae.[4]

Parts of the adult navel include the


"umbilical cord remnant" or "umbilical
tip", which is the often protruding scar
left by the detachment of the umbilical
cord. This is located in the center of the
navel, sometimes described as the belly
button. Around the cord remnant, is the
"umbilical collar", formed by the dense
fibrous umbilical ring. Surrounding the
umbilical collar is the periumbilical skin.
Directly behind the navel is a thick fibrous
cord formed from the umbilical cord,
called the urachus, which originates from
the bladder.[5]

Forms …

Wikimedia Commons has media


related to Navels.

The navel is unique to each individual


due to its being a scar, and various
general forms have been classified by
medical practitioners.[6][7]

Outie: A navel consisting of the


umbilical tip protruding past the
periumbilical skin is an outie.
Essentially any navel which is not
concave.
Swirly/Spiral: A rare form in which
the umbilical cord scar literally
forms a swirl shape.
Split: The protruding umbilical
cord scar extends outwards, but is
cleft in two by a fissure which
extends part or all the way through
the umbilical cord scar. This form
is similar in appearance to a
coffee bean.
Protrusion: The umbilical cord
remnant is completely divulged,
exposing the full umbilical scar.
Circlet: Although the entirety of
the umbilical cord remnant sits
out with the umbilical collar, the
centre of the knot is inset by a
deep fissure. Unlike a split outie, in
this form the fissure is contained
centrally and does not extend past
the umbilical cord remnant in any
direction, much akin to a 'donut'
shape.[8]
Innie: A navel in which the umbilical tip
does not protrude past the
periumbilical skin. Any navel which is
concave.
Round shaped: Round navels are
completely circular with no
hooding.
Vertical shaped: Some navels
present in the form of a more
elongate hollow parallel with the
linea alba.
Oval: This form consists of three
variants; superior hooding, inferior
hooding, no hooding.
T-shaped: As the name states, the
scar is in the shape of a T, and
may have superior hooding to
various extent.
Horizontal: The scar is least
visible as the natural lines of the
tendinous intersection fold over
the scar.
Distorted: Any navel which does not fit
well into any of the other categories.
Both Carlson twins have swirly navels

A t-shaped navel
One of many variations of an outie

An innie navel

Clinical significance
The navel of an adult male a few days after a
laparoscopic procedure to remove the appendix.

Disorders …

Outies are sometimes mistaken for


umbilical hernias; however, they are a
completely different shape with no health
concern, unlike an umbilical hernia. The
navel (specifically abdominal wall) would
be considered an umbilical hernia if the
protrusion were 5 centimeters or more.
The diameter of an umbilical hernia is
usually 1/2 inch or more.[9] Navels that
are concave are nicknamed "innies".[10]
While the shape of the human navel may
be affected by longterm changes to diet
and exercise, unexpected change in
shape may be the result of ascites.[11]

In addition to change in shape being a


possible side effect from ascites and
umbilical hernias, the navel can be
involved in umbilical sinus or fistula,
which in rare cases can lead to
menstrual or fecal discharge from the
navel. Menstrual discharge from the
umbilicus is a rare disorder associated
with umbilical endometriosis.[12][13]
Other disorders …

Omphalitis, an inflammatory condition


of the umbilicus in the newborn,
usually caused by a bacterial
infection.[14][15]
Omphalophobia is the fear of belly
buttons. People suffering from
Omphalophobia are terrified of belly
buttons—their own or, in some cases,
those of others. They do not like
touching their belly buttons (or even
other people touching it). Sometimes
just seeing a belly button is enough to
make them feel disgusted or terrified.

Surgery …
To minimize scarring, the navel is a
recommended site of incision for various
surgeries, including transgastric
appendicectomy,[16] gall bladder
surgery,[17] and the umbilicoplasty[18]
procedure itself.

Fashion, society and culture


The public exposure of the male and
female midriff and bare navel was
considered taboo at times in the past in
Western cultures, being considered
immodest or indecent. Female navel
exposure was banned in some
jurisdictions, but community perceptions
have changed to this now being
acceptable.[19] The crop top is a shirt that
often exposes the belly button and has
become more common among young
men and women.[20] Exposure of the
male navel has rarely been stigmatised
and has become particularly popular in
recent years, due to the strong
resurgence of the male crop top and
male navel piercing.[21] The navel and
midriff are often also displayed in bikinis,
or when low-rise pants are worn.

While the West was relatively resistant to


navel-baring clothing until the 1980s, it
has long been a fashion with Indian
women,[22] often displayed with Saris or
Lehengas.
The Japanese have long had a special
regard for the navel. During the early
Jōmon period in northern Japan, three
small balls indicating the breasts and
navel were pasted onto flat clay objects
to represent the female body. The navel
was exaggerated in size, informed by the
belief that the navel symbolized the
center where life began.[23]

In Arabic-Levantine culture, belly dancing


is a popular art form that consists of
dance movements focused on the torso
and navel.[24]

Buddhism refers to the chakra of the


navel as the manipura. In qigong, the
navel is seen as the main energy centre,
Umbilical microbiome
Omphalos hypothesis

References
1. "Definition of NAVEL" . www.merriam-
webster.com.
2. "Anatomy & Physiology" . Openstax
college at Connexions. Retrieved
16 November 2013.
3. Ellis, Harold (2006). Clinical
Anatomy: Applied Anatomy for
Students and Junior Doctors. New
York: Wiley. ISBN 1-4051-3804-1.
4. O'Rahilly, Ronan; Müller, Fabiola;
Carpenter, Stanley; Swenson, Rand
(2004). "Abdominal walls" . Basic
Human Anatomy: A Regional Study
of Human Structure. Dartmouth
Medical School.
5. Khati, Nadia J.; Enquist, Erik G.;
Javitt, Marcia C. (1998). "Imaging of
the Umbilicus and Periumbilical
Region". Radiographics. 18 (2): 413–
4.
doi:10.1148/radiographics.18.2.953
6487 . PMID 9536487 .
2016. Retrieved 15 April 2020.

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