RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

TECHNICAL ASPECTS

A. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A.1 PVC pipe

Plastic pipe has gained widespread acceptance after it has in many ways

proven itself to be superior as sewer pipe line material. Test indicated that plastic

pipe will last for more than 50 years under normal condition.

The plastic pipe offers the following advantages:

 Plastic pipe is more resistant to rust and corrosion

 With its smooth interior, there is no turbulence, therefore has a

minimum resistance to water flow

 Comparatively, the plastic pipe weigh about 1/5 of the metal pipe

 Plastic pipes are cast in longer length and easy to cut as well as

easy to install

A.2 Design of Sewage Reservoir

General Conditions in the Construction of Septic Tank:

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

1. The concrete septic tank is usually constructed in a rectangular

form. The reason is to retard the even flow of the waste and to

avoid disturbing the decomposition processes inside the tank.

2. 120 centimeters depth of the liquid content in the tank is adequate

for effective decomposition of the organic materials. It is not

impractical however to construct a tank of greater depth provided

that the depth should not be deeper than the natural ground water

table.

3. The bottom of the digestion chamber must be sloped to one low

point. The purpose is to gather the settled organic materials into

one mass to favor the propagation of the anaerobic bacteria.

4. The septic tank is provided with a manhole extended a few

centimeters above the surface of the soil to overcome infiltration

of surface water. The manhole also serves the purpose of cleaning,

inspection and repair.

Technical Data in Determining the Volume of Septic Tank:

1. Minimum width= 90 cm

2. Minimum length= 150 cm

3. Minimum depth= 120 cm

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

4. For residential buildings to serve larger number of people allocate

0.14 to 0.17 cu.m. of liquid per person

Referring from the technical data, the researchers computed and

determined the volume of the sewage reservoir to serve 434 persons.

Based on the computed volume, the proponents come up for the

dimensions of the sewage reservoir. The dimensions are 12 meters in

length, 6 meters in width, and 1.8 meters in depth.

The main material to be use for constructing the sewage reservoir is

plastered concrete hollow blocks.

See Figure 2: Reservoir Design

A.3 Cost Estimate Basis for Construction

BASIC ASSUMPTION

1. The unit costs contained are for normal and customary installations. If

unusual circumstances exist, the unit cost must be adjusted to account for

additional anticipated costs.

2. The unit costs are for materials and installation.

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Table shows the detailed cost estimate for construction of a Low Pressure

System.

Table 2: Cost Estimate Basis for Construction

DESCRIPTION UNIT UNIT COST

MOBILIZATION AND DEMOBILIZATION

Site clearing / Hauling of debris Sq. M. P200.00

Temporary Site Fence L. M. P500.00

Utilities Consumption (Electricity And Water

LOT P400,000.00
Supply)

EARTHWORKS

Excavation Cu. M P250.00

Filling Materials Cu. M P350.00

FORMWORKS & SCAFFOLDINGS

1/4" X 4' X 8' Marine Plywood PCS. P380.00

2" X 2" X 8" Rough Lumber PCS. P123.00

2" X 2" X 10" Rough Lumber PCS. P153.00

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

2" CW Nails KGS. P60.00

Scaffold SET P350.00

MASONRY WORKS

Concrete Hollow Blocks 6" PCS. P12.00

Cement BAGS P230.00

Sand Cu. M P300.00

3/4 Gravel Cu. M P850.00

REINFORCEMENT WORKS

RSB 16mm x 6m PCS. P350.00

RSB 12mm x 6m KGS. P172.00

RSB 10mm x 6m KGS. P126.00

GA16 GI wire KGS. P65.00

PLUMBING INSTALLATION AND FIXTURES

6” PVC Sewer Main L. M. P1780.00

Sewer line rough-in LOT P3,749,000.00

PAVING
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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

 Flowable Fill  Cu. M P1500.00

SIGNAGE

Caution Tape ROLL P250.00

10’ Breakaway Pedestal Pole EA P56,000.00

B. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

LAND USE

From Purok 8 street to service area is approximately 2 hectares in size, the

majority of which are Low Density Residential (LDR) area. The area consists of

approximately 75 households. The land-use map for the area is provided in Figure

3.

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

FIGURE 3

LAND USE MAP OF PUROK 8, BARANGAY TAUGTOG

Total Land Area More or Less 15 Hectares

Land Use
2 Hectares
(Residential)
(Agricultural) None
(Commercial) None
Total Population
275 Estimated
Male
Female 301 Estimated
Total 576 Estimated
Total # of Households 158 Estimated

Source: Barangay Taugtog, Purok 8 Data

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

C. SEWER PIPE INSTALLATION

C.1 LOCATION AND DEPTH OF COVER

All sewer mains should be constructed to a minimum depth of 760 mm (30

inches) or as required and as measured from the final ground surface to the top of

the barrel of the pipe.

The septic system site plan is typically drawn right on top of the property

survey showing the septic tank 'setbacks' with tank 5-10 feet from the house, the

leach field at least 20 feet from the house, at least 100 feet away from wells and

streams, 25 feet away from dry gulches, and 10 feet away from the property lines or

whatever the local regulatory officials require, so always check with the county first

for minimum setbacks.

The home's sewer line drain pipe needs to slope 1/4 inch per foot downhill

to the inlet side of the septic tank and the outlet pipe needs to flow at least 1/8 inch

per foot downhill to the leach field, where the septic tank effluent enters a manifold

or distribution D box. Beyond the manifold or D box the leach field trenches (for an

Infiltrator chamber system) are excavated perfectly level at a depth of at least seven

inches below the grade of the manifold pipes or D box (for chambers) and covered

with at least one foot of soil atop the trench or chamber. Trenches can be deeper, if

the site dictates, but rarely more than three feet below finish grade.

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

C.2 EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL

a) General

Excavations shall comply with all Local rules, regulations and ordinances

applicable to sheeting and bracing of open-cut trenches as required protecting life,

property, or the installation. The minimum protection to be provided must conform

to the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards for

Construction (OSHA).

b) Trench Excavation

The width of trenches must provide adequate space for workmen to place,

joint and backfill the sewer pipe properly, but should be kept to a minimum. If

unsuitable pipe bedding material is exposed within the sewer pipe zone of the

trench excavation, it should be excavated to such additional depth and width as

required and should be replaced with suitable fill materials. The material used to

backfill the trench is referred to as flowable fill. This is a cementious material with a

low water/cement ratio that is delivered to the jobsite by a ready-mix truck.  The

material flows straight from the truck chute into the trench

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

c) Rock Excavation

Where rock is encountered in the trench at the level where the sewer pipe is

to be installed it should be excavated to a minimum depth of 150mm (6 inches)

below the sewer pipe line and the over-excavation refilled with a suitable pipe

bedding material. Over-excavations in rock below pipelines and manholes exceeding

the depths specified above should be refilled with concrete, crushed stone or other

suitable material.

d) Excavation Backfill

All excavations should be backfilled to the original surface of the ground or to

such other grades as may be required. Backfilling, unless otherwise specified, should

be done with materials free from waste, objectionable organic matter, rubbish,

boggy, frozen or other unsuitable materials.

Estimate the excavated stuff to be re-utilized in filling, gardening, preparing

roads, etc. As far as possible try to carry excavation and filling simultaneously to

avoid double handling. Select and stack the required material in such a place that it

should not obstruct other construction activities. The excess or unwanted material

should immediately be carried away and disposed of by employing any of the

following methods: Labor, Tractors, and Trucks.

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

 After completion of the compaction under blinding, tie beams and ground

slab. Back filling shall commence using similar excavated material. Care shall be

taken to remove bolder, vegetation’s and any other deleterious materials. But prior

to back filling, the compacted surface shall be accepted by the Engineer. The

thickness of the back fill shall not be greater than 300mm. The sub-grade once

approved, the excavated materials or any material source approved by the Engineer

shall be placed in layers not more than 300 mm thick followed by compaction test

when surface level is ready. In-situ dry density test (compaction test) shall be

performed at the rate indicated in the specification. Back filling followed with

compaction shall continue till final level is achieved.

C.3 SEWER PIPE LAYING AND JOINTING

a) General

Sewer main installation shall be in accordance with the approved

manufacturers written installation instructions. Fittings and connections used

where grade or alignment changes require offsets greater than those recommended

by the sewer pipe manufacturer should be certified by the fitting or connection

manufacturer for compatibility with the sewer pipe. Prior to installation sewer pipe

and fittings should be cleaned, inspected, and examined for defects. All

imperfections on the face of the spigot, tongue end or the shoulder should be cut

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

away or repaired. Cracked, broken, or defective pressure sewer main pipe, or

ancillary items should be rejected or removed from the jobsite.

During the sewer main construction all open sewer main pipelines should be

sealed with appropriate plugs when actual construction is not in progress. Mud, silt,

gravel and other foreign material shall be kept out of the pipe and off the jointing

surface. All pipe laid shall be retained in position so as to maintain alignment and

joint closure until sufficient backfill has been completed to adequately hold the pipe

in place.

The sewer pipe, unless otherwise approved by the city, shall be laid up grade

from point of connection on the existing sewer or from a designated starting point.

The sewer pipe shall be installed with the bell end forward or upgrade. When pipe

laying is not in progress the open end of the pipe shall be kept tightly closed with an

approved temporary plug. Pressure sewer main installation will be approved only in

dry trenches having a stable bottom. Where groundwater is encountered, every

effort should be made to secure a trench bottom free of water.

b) Jointing

All pipes shall be installed to the homing mark on the spigot. The city shall

be given an opportunity to check all joints in this manner before backfilling. Unless

otherwise specified, all joints of all drainage pipes are generally required to be soil
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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

tight. Joints that will permit the transport of soil at any time during its service life

must be expected to cause problems related to erosion of invert and spring line

support.

C.4 SYSTEM INSPECTION AND FIELD TESTING

a) System Inspection

Pipe installation, like any other engineered system, can benefit from frequent

inspections to ensure that the pipe is installed according to specification. Timely

inspections are required during construction to insure compliance. Performance

inspections are required after completion of the work.

Attaining the specified degree of compaction is essential for the satisfactory

performance of the pipe. Standard ASTM tests define the materials, processes and

procedures for determining in-place field density tests by the following methods:

sand cone, nuclear, sand replacement, water replacement, rubber balloon, drive

cylinder and sleeve. During construction, an experienced inspector can visually

detect departures from proper alignment, grade, permissible deflections and

unexpected deformations, as well as faulty joints, taps and other connections.

b) Field Testing

The engineer may require additional testing of the pipe’s deflection performance.

For pipes large enough for entry of personnel, diameter changes may be determined

by direct measurement. For smaller diameter pipes, a mandrel may be pulled from
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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

manhole to manhole. As long as the deflection does not exceed the mandrel

dimensions, it will go through the pipe.

In the event of isolated areas of deflection greater than specification limits, re-

rounding of the pipe with special equipment, without any excavation, should be

considered. Long lengths of pipe with deflection levels greater than permitted are

most likely due to compaction deficiencies. Material around the pipe may have to be

excavated and replaced with proper material, properly compacted. A pipe that has

not deflected to the point of reverse curvature can be re-rounded and reused.

To assure watertight joints in sanitary sewers and some storm sewers in

environmentally sensitive areas, joints may need to be pressure tested after

installation. Air or water can be used, although air is the most common because of

safety considerations. Test requirements may vary from region to region, but most

require the pipe to be pressurized to at least 3.5 psi (24.1 kPa) and held for a period

of time based on the length and diameter of pipe. A small drop in pressure is usually

permitted. (ASTM F 1417)

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

C.5 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION PROVISIONS

a) Roadway crossings

All required permits and construction requirements shall be obtained prior

to construction.

b) Potable water supply crossing

Under normal conditions, sewer lines crossing under potable water supply

mains shall be constructed to provide a separation of at least 457 mm (18 inches)

between the bottom of the water main and the top of the pressure sewer.

When local conditions are such that pressure sewer mains crossing under

water mains will have less than 457 mm (18 inches) of vertical separation the

pressure sewer main shall be concrete encased or installed within a carrier pipe for

a distance of about 3 m (10 feet) measured perpendicularly on either side of the

potable water supply main. When pressure sewer mains cross over potable water

supply mains, additional protection of the potable water supply shall be achieved by

either providing adequate structural support for the pressure sewer main to

prevent excessive deflection of joints and settlement and centering the pressure

sewer main pipe at the crossing such that the joints will provide about 3 m (10 feet)

of clear distance from the potable water supply main. Under normal conditions all

pressure sewer mains shall be located with at least a 3 m (10 foot) horizontal

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

clearance from potable water supply mains or be provided with an approved

method of installation.

D.OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

Operation and Maintenance costs for the reservoir have been broken down

into five categories as follows:

1. Operations Labor –includes the normal daily visits to the site to perform

operational controls and minor preventive maintenance. Based on input from

the Bureau of Utilities, this has been assumed as 6 hrs/d, 6 d/wk, 52 wks/yr.

2. Maintenance Labor – includes the labor required more infrequently than

operations labor to work on specific equipment issues or malfunctions. Under

normal conditions, pumping of tanks should be every 1-3 years based upon the

number of people using the reservoir. Generally, pumping will take around 30-

45 minutes.

3. Materials and Equipment costs – without specifically identifying equipment

life and replacement needs, the estimated costing of materials to be used and

costing for maintenance are broken down on the Financial Analysis.

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 RAMON MAGSAYSAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
IBA, ZAMBALES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

4. Administrative Costs – this category is intended to pick up support like

planning, capital projects, etc. it is the costs of general services such as

accounting, contracting and industrial relations.

5. Contingency – this category is included to account for the margin of error

associated with estimating costs at this level of project development.

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