CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

Introduction 1 Introduction 2

CE 6121: Advanced Structural Steel Design

3.00 Credits, 3 hrs/week

Marks Distribution
CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design Mid-term exam 30%
Term final exam 30 %
Assignments 24 %
Total 100%
Term Papers 16 %
Introduction Grade Description % Marks Grade Point

A+ Excellent 90 and above 4.0

A Very Good 80 ~ <90 3.5
B+ Good 70 ~ <80 3.0
B Average 60 ~ <70 2.5
C Pass 50 ~ <60 2.0
F Failure < 50 0.0
I Incomplete ----- -----

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Introduction 3 Introduction 4

CE 6121: Advanced Structural Steel Design

3.00 Credits, 3 hrs/week
Syllabus Reference text book
ŽǤ ‡•…”‹’–‹‘
ͳ ‘’”‡••‹‘‡„‡”•Ǧ ‹‡Žƒ•–‹…„—…Ž‹‰ǡ”‡•‹†—ƒŽ•–”‡••ǡŽƒ––‹…‡†…‘Ž—• Steel Structures: Design and
ʹ ‘”•‹‘Ȃ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ††‡•‹‰‘ˆǦ•Šƒ’‡†ƒ†…Ž‘•‡†–Š‹Ǧ™ƒŽŽ‡†•‡…–‹‘•ˆ‘”–‘”•‹‘Ǥ Behavior, 5th Ed., 2009
͵ Žƒ–‡„—…Ž‹‰Ȃ „—…Ž‹‰–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡•ǡŽ‘…ƒŽ„—…Ž‹‰‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡‡Ž‡‡–•
Authors:

‹†Ǧ ‡”
Ͷ Žƒ–‡‰‹”†‡”•Ȃ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘‹‰‰‹”†‡”•‡…–‹‘ǡ–‡•‹‘ˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ…–‹‘ƒ††‡•‹‰‘ˆ•–‹ˆˆ‡‡”• Salmon, Johnson and
Malhas,
‘‡…–‹‘•Ȃ •Ž‹’…”‹–‹…ƒŽ…‘‡…–‹‘•ǡ•‹’Ž‡ƒ†”‹‰‹†ˆ”ƒ‹‰‘ˆ•–‡‡Ž‡„‡”•ǡ
ͷ
…‘Ž—„ƒ•‡••—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘ƒš‹ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†ƒ†‘‡–
Publisher:
Ž‡š—”ƒŽ‡„‡”•Ȃ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ˆ‘”Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ–‘”•‹‘ƒŽ„—…Ž‹‰ǡ†‡•‹‰‘ˆŽƒ–‡”ƒŽ„”ƒ…‹‰ǡ„‹Ǧ
͸ Pearson – Prentice Hall
ƒš‹ƒŽ„‡†‹‰Ǥ

‹ƒŽ
͹ ‡ƒǦ‘Ž—•Ȃ ‘‡–ƒ‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡•‹‰‘ˆ‘Ǧ•™ƒ›ƒ†•™ƒ›ˆ”ƒ‡•Ǣ
‡‹•‹…†‡•‹‰Ȃ †‡•‹‰‘ˆ•–‡‡Ž‘‡–ˆ”ƒ‡•ǡ…‘…‡–”‹…ƒ†‡……‡–”‹…„”ƒ…‡†ˆ”ƒ‡•ǡ
ͺ
•–‡‡Ž’Žƒ–‡•Š‡ƒ”™ƒŽŽ•Ǥ Recommended by AISC
ͻ ‘Ž†ˆ‘”‡†•–‡‡Ž•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016
 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Introduction 5 Introduction 6

Reference text book Reference text book

Specification for Structural Steel Construction Manual,

Steel Buildings 14th Edition, 4th Print.

Authors: Authors:
American Institute of Steel American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC) Construction (AISC)

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Introduction 7 Residual Stress in Columns 8

CE 6121: Advanced Structural Steel Design RESIDUAL STRESS IN STEEL SECTIONS

Term Papers: 1. Fire protection of steel structures Residual stresses are self balancing stresses that remain in a member
2. Repair, retrofitting and strengthening of steel structures without application of load after it has been formed/rolled into a
ƒ ˜‡”›•–—†‡–•ŠƒŽŽ’”‡’ƒ”‡ƒ–‡”’ƒ’‡”‘Š‹•ȀŠ‡”‘™™‹–Š‘—––Š‡Š‡Ž’ˆ”‘ƒ›‘–Š‡”’‡”•‘•‘ finished product.
–Šƒ–‹–”‡ˆŽ‡…–•Š‹•ȀŠ‡”…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›ƒ†•–›Ž‹‰ǤEvidence of duplicating from other
students shall cause outright cancellation of the term paper. Sources of residual stresses:
ƒ ‡”’ƒ’‡”••ŠƒŽŽ„‡™”‹––‡‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘—†‘•–ƒ†ƒ”†–‡š–„‘‘•ǡŒ‘—”ƒŽ•ƒ•™‡ŽŽ ‰ Uneven cooling which occurs after hot rolling of structural shapes
ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘—†‹‹–‡”‡–Ǥ ‰ Cold bending or cambering during fabrication
ƒ ‡”’ƒ’‡”••ŠƒŽŽ„‡…‘’—–‡”…‘’‘•‡†‘Ͷ•‹œ‡†’ƒ’‡”™‹–Š‹‡•‘ƒȋͳʹ’–Ȍ‘””‹ƒŽ ‰ Punching of holes and cutting operations during fabrication
ȋͳͳ’–Ȍˆ‘–ǡ•‹‰Ž‡•’ƒ…‡†Ž‹‡•ǡŒ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•ǡʹͷƒ”‰‹‘ƒŽŽˆ‘—”•‹†‡•‘ˆ’ƒ’‡”Ǥ‘–ƒŽ ‰ Welding
˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š–‡”’ƒ’‡”•ŠƒŽŽ‘–„‡‘”‡–ŠƒͳͲͲ’”‹–‡†’ƒ‰‡•‹…Ž—†‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ…‘–‡–•ǡ–‡š–ǡ
ˆ‹‰—”‡•ǡ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‰”ƒ’Š•ǡŽ‹•–‘ˆ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•‡–…Ǥ‘Ž—‡‘ˆ’—”‡–‡š–•ŠƒŽŽ‘–„‡Ž‡••–Šƒ͸ͲΨ‘ˆ
–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ’ƒ’‡”Ǥ Under ordinary conditions those residual stresses resulting from uneven
ƒ Š‡–‡”’ƒ’‡”••ŠƒŽŽ„‡…‘’‘•‡†‹•–ƒ†ƒ”†•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…†‘…—‡–•–›Ž‡Šƒ˜‹‰…Šƒ’–‡”•ǡŠ‡ƒ†‹‰•ǡ cooling and welding are the most important.
•—„ǦŠ‡ƒ†‹‰•‡–…ǤŠ‡”‡—•–„‡ƒƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‘–‡–•ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”’ƒ’‡”ƒ†ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ In wide-flange or H-shaped sections, after hot rolling, the flanges, being the
”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ƒ––Š‡‡†ǤŽŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ǡˆ‹‰—”‡•ƒ†–ƒ„Ž‡••ŠƒŽŽ„‡’”‘’‡”Ž›—„‡”‡†ƒ†”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡†Ǥ thicker parts, cool more slowly than the web region. Furthermore, the
ƒ ŽŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•‹…Ž—†‹‰™‡„’ƒ‰‡•—•–„‡’”‘’‡”Ž›…‹–‡†‹–Š‡–‡š–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ flange tips having greater exposure to the air cool more rapidly than the
—•–„‡‹…Ž—†‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”’ƒ’‡”‹ƒŽ’Šƒ„‡–‹…ƒŽ‘”†‡”‹•–ƒ†ƒ”†ƒ†—‹ˆ‘”ˆ‘”ƒ–Ǥ
region at the junction of flange to web. Consequently, compressive residual
ƒ ‡”’ƒ’‡”••ŠƒŽŽ„‡’”‹–‡†‹‘‘…Š”‘‡Žƒ•‡”’”‹–‡”•‘„‘–Š•‹†‡•‘ˆ’ƒ’‡”ƒ†•ŠƒŽŽ„‡
stress exists at flange tips and at mid-depth of the web (the regions that
•—„‹––‡†‹•‘ˆ–…‘˜‡”’Žƒ•–‹…ˆ‹Ž‡•ǤŠ‡…‘˜‡”’ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š–‡”’ƒ’‡”—•–‹…Ž—†‡…‘—”•‡—„‡”ǡ
–‡”’ƒ’‡”–‹–Ž‡ǡ•–—†‡–ǯ•ƒ‡ƒ†•–—†‡–—„‡”ƒ†–Š‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—”•‡ǤAll pages of the cool fastest), while tensile residual stress exists in the flange and the web
term papers shall be signed/initialed by the student. at the regions where they join.
ƒ Submission deadline: One week after the end of term final exam.
Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016
 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Residual Stress in Columns 9 Residual Stress in Columns 10

RESIDUAL STRESS IN ROLLED FLAT BAR DEVELOPMENT RESIDUAL STRESS IN ROLLED FLAT BAR
Faster cooling zone + Stress
Slower Cool and shrunk − − distribution
cooling

Hot, Hot, Cool,

soft soft hard
section
Just rolled out, Faster Faster
Hot and soft cooling zone cooling zone
Two edges of the bar shall cool faster and shrink. The middle part, being
still hot and soft, shall also shrink along without producing any stress.
Two edges of the flat bar shall
cool down faster due to radiation The middle part now starts to cool down and shrink further and will try to
of heat in three directions. The shrink down the edge part along. However, the edge portions are already
middle part shall cool slower due cool and hard and resist further shrinking. Thus compressive stress are
to radiation in two direction only. produced in the edge part and balancing tensile stress is produced in the
middle part.
Elevation
Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Residual Stress in Columns 11 Residual Stress in Columns 12

RESIDUAL STRESS IN ROLLED SECTIONS RESIDUAL STRESS IN WELDED SECTIONS

Typical residual stress distribution in rolled shapes Typical residual stress distribution in welded shapes

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016
 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Residual Stress in Columns 13 Residual Stress in Columns 14
Average tensile stress-strain relation of a 16”x1” x-section flat bar RESIDUAL STRESS IN STEEL SECTIONS
having residual stress.
Average tensile stress-strain relation of a 16”x1” x-section flat bar having residual
Distribution of residual stress and stain are shown in Fig. (A) when no external stress.
force acts. The bar is then gradually pulled. Without residual stress
favg = 0 ε =0 favg = 12 εavg = 0.0004138 40
1” -12 ksi -0.0004138 g e f Due to presence of residual
36 36 stress/strain the average stress-
4”
30 d strain behavior follows path
4” c

16”
+12 +24 a-b-c-d-e-f.

Stress
Stress

Strain
Strain
4” 24

+0.00041
+0.00083
4” 18

Stress, ksi
If there was no residual stress
0.0012414 -12 ksi -0.0004138 b
X-section 12 then the path would be
(a) (b)
6 a-b-c-g-e-f
favg = 24 εavg = 0.0008276 favg = 33 εavg = 0.0012414 favg = 36 εavg = 0.0016552
a
+0.0004138 +24 +0.0008276 +0.0012414
+12
4”

0.00041
0.00082
0.00124
0.00205

0.00166
4”

+48
+36

+36
+60

+36

Stress
Stress
Stress

Strain
Strain
Strain
4”
Strain

+0.00207

+0.0012414
+0.0016552
4”

(c) (d) (e)

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Residual Stress in Columns 15 Residual Stress in Columns 16
Equation of Stress-Strain Curve: Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members +30 ksi

Up to point c, the stress-strain relation is linear. After e, the curve is flat. The transition F
from c to e can be covered by one parabolic curve as follows: 5” 5” Top
f = k1ε 2 + k2ε + k3 Flange
ͳ͸dz 6”
The constants k1, k2 and k3 can be found from three conditions:
y ͳdz
-18 -18 ksi
1) At c, df/dε = E = 29000, when ε = 0.0008276 where E is the Young’s modulus. 36
2) At c, f = 24 when ε = 0.0008276 +30 3”
3) At e, f = 36 when ε = 0.0016552
5”
Now, df/dε = 2k1ε + k2 , ∴from (1), 2k1(0.0008276) + k2 = 29000 ----(1) x
ͳ͸dz -18 Web
From (2), k1(0.0008276)2 + k2 (0.0008276) + k3= 24.0 -----(2)
ͳȀ dz 5”
From (3), k1(0.0016552)2 + k2 (0.0016552) + k3= 36.0 ------(3) ʹ
Solving the above three, ε 3”
+30
k1 = -17520833.3, k2 = +58000.48, k3 = -12
Therefore, ͳdz 0.00124 +30
f = +29000ε for 0 ≤ ε ≤ 0.008276 [portion a-c]
f = − 17520833.3ε 2 + 58000.48 ε − 12 for 0.008276 ≤ ε ≤ 0.0016552 [portion c-d-e] 5” 5”
f = +36 for ε ≥ 0.0016552 Bottom
6”
Flange
Check, at d, f = − 17520833.3(0.0012414)2 + 58000.48(0.0012414) -12 = 33.0 ksi OK. -18 -18
Also, ideally at e, df/dε = 0 RESIDUAL STRESS
Check at e, df/dε = 2(− 17520833.3)(0.0016552)+58000.48
= -0.49 → very small compared to E = 29000 → OK. DISTRIBUTION
Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016
 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Residual Stress in Columns 17 Residual Stress in Columns 18

Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members
+30 ksi +0.00103 +12 ksi +0.000413 +12 ksi +0.000413 -0.000207

5” 5” 5” 5” 5” 5” 5” 5” -6 5” 5”
5” 5” Top 5” 5” Top Top Top Top
Flange Flange -18 Flange -0.000621 -18 Flange -0.000621 Flange -0.00124
6” 6”
2.4” 2.4” 2.4” 2.4”
-18 -18 ksi -0.000621 -36 6” -36 ksi 6” -0.00124 -36 6” -36 ksi 6” -0.00124 -36 -36 ksi 6” -0.00186
5” 6” 5”

-0.000207
+30 3” +0.00103 3” +12 3” +0.000413 3” +12 3” +0.000413 3” 3” 3”
-0.000621 -0.000621 -0.00124
5” 5” 5” 5” 5” 5” 5” 5”
-18 Web -0.000621 -36 Web -0.00124 -36 Web -0.00124 -36 Web -0.00186
5” 5” Web 5” 5” 5” 5” 5” 5”
-18 -18
+30 3” 3” +12 3” 3” +12 3” 3” 3” 3”
-6 ksi
1.2” 1.2” 1.2” 1.2”

+12 ksi +0.000413 +12 ksi +0.000413

+30 +0.00103 -0.000207

5” 5” 5” 5” 5” 5” 5” 5” -6 5” 5”
5” 5” 5” 5”
Bottom Bottom Bottom
Bottom Bottom -18 -0.000621 -18 -0.000621 -0.00124
6” 6” Flange Flange Flange
Flange Flange 2.4” 2.4” 2.4” 2.4”
-18 -18 -0.000621 6” -36 ksi 6” -0.00124 6” -36 ksi 6” -0.00124 -36 -36 ksi -0.00186
5” 6” 5” 6”

RESIDUAL STRESS RESIDUAL STRAIN STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION Favg = -18 ksi εavg = -0.000621 Favg = -18 ksi εavg = -0.000621 Favg = -30.375 ksi εavg = -0.00124
Favg = 0.0 εavg = 0.0
(a) (b), Elastic (b), Elastic (c), Inelastic
Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Residual Stress in Columns 19 Residual Stress in Columns 20

Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members
-0.000207 -0.00124
Up to point b, the stress-strain relation is ͶͲ
-6 5” 5” 5” 5” linear. After d, the curve is flat. The transition
Top Top
Flange -0.00124 Flange -0.00227 b-c and c-d can be covered by two parabolic
curves of the form:
d
-36 -36 ksi 6” -0.00186 -36 ksi 6” -0.00289 F = k1ε 2 + k2ε + k3 ∴ Et = dF/dε = 2k1ε + k2 ͵Ͳ
5” 6” 5” 5” 6” 5” c
Portion b-c:
-0.000207 -0.00124 The constants k1, k2 and k3 can be found from
3” 3” 3” 3” three conditions: ʹͲ
-0.00124 -0.00227 1) At b, dF/dε = 29000, ε = -0.000621
5” 5” 5” 5” b
-36 Web -0.00186 -36 Web -0.00289 2) At b, F = -18 , ε = -0.000621
Stress, -Favg

5” 5” 5” 5” 3) At c, F = -30.375 , ε = -0.00124
The above three conditions yield
ͳͲ
3” 3” 3” 3”
1) 2k1(-0.000621) + k2 = 29000
-6 ksi
2) k1(-0.000621) 2 + k2(-0.000621) + k3= -18
Ͳ
a
3) k1(-0.00124) 2 + k2(-0.00124) + k3= -30.375
-0.000207 -0.00124 Solving the above three, Ͳ ͲǤͲͲͲͷ ͲǤͲͲͳ ͲǤͲͲͳͷ ͲǤͲͲʹ ͲǤͲͲʹͷ
-6 5” 5” 5” 5” k1= +14552629.3, k2= +47074.36, k3= +5.621 Strain, -ε
Bottom Bottom
Flange -0.00124 Flange -0.00227 ∴ At c, dF/dε = 2(14552629.3)(-0.00124) + 47074.36 = 10983.1 ksi
-36 -36 ksi -36 ksi
Portion c-d:
5” 6” 5” 6” -0.00186 5” 6” 5” -0.00289
6” 1) At c, dF/dε = 10983.1, ε = -0.00124 Ÿ 2k1(-0.00124) + k2 = 10983.1
STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION 2) At c, F=-30.375, ε = -0.00124 Ÿ k1(-0.00124) 2 + k2(-0.00124) + k3= -30.375
Favg = -30.375 ksi εavg = -0.00124 Favg = -36 ksi εavg = -0.00227 3) At d, F=-36, ε = -0.00227 Ÿ k1(-0.00227) 2 + k2(-0.00227) + k3= -36
Solving the above three,
(c), Inelastic (d), Inelastic, Fully yielded k1= +5361101.9, k2= +24278.6, k3= -8.513

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016
 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Residual Stress in Columns 21 Residual Stress in Columns 22

Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members Euler’s buckling formula for critical stress:
ͶͲ

d Replacing E with Et we can have: ….. (1)

͵Ͳ
c
‰ Now, we have equations for stress F and tangent modulus Et all as
ʹͲ functions of strain ε.
b
The stress-strain relation and tangent modulus equations are,

Stress, -Favg
ͳͲ
F = 29000ε , Et= 29000 for 0 ≤ ε ≤ -0.000621
F = 14552629.3ε 2 +47074.36ε +5.621 , Et= 29105258 ε +47074.36 for -0.000621 ≤ ε ≤ -0.00124
a F = 5361101.9ε 2 +24278.6ε -8.513, Et= 10722204ε +24278.6 for -0.00124 ≤ ε ≤ -0.00227
Ͳ
F = -36, Et = 0 for -0.00227 ≤ ε
Ͳ ͲǤͲͲͲͷ ͲǤͲͲͳ ͲǤͲͲͳͷ ͲǤͲͲʹ ͲǤͲͲʹͷ
Strain, -ε
The stress-strain relation and tangent modulus equations are, ‰ For various values of strain ε, we calculate F, Et etc.
‰ Using eqns (1) we can find L/r.
F = 29000ε , Et= dF/dε = 29000 for 0 ≤ ε ≤ -0.000621 ‰ Then we can plot the column curves F vs. L/r
F = 14552629.3ε 2 +47074.36ε +5.621 , Et= dF/dε = 29105258 ε +47074.36 for -0.000621 ≤ ε ≤ -0.00124
F = 5361101.9ε 2 +24278.6ε -8.513, Et= dF/dε = 10722204ε +24278.6 for -0.00124 ≤ ε ≤ -0.00227
F = -36, Et= dF/dε = 0 for -0.00227 ≤ ε

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Residual Stress in Columns 23 Residual Stress in Columns 24
5” 5”
Data Table Transition b-c:
–”ƒ‹ǡ –”‡••ǡ L/r L/r -0.000621 ≤ ε ≤ -0.00124
ε F Et ȋEtȌ ȋ—Ž‡”Ȍ +12 ksi
5”
ǦͲǤͲͲͲ͵Ͳ ǦͺǤ͹Ͳ ʹͻͲͲͲ ͳͺͳ ͳͺͳ 5” 5” -6
Top
ǦͲǤͲͲͲͶͲ ǦͳͳǤ͸Ͳ ʹͻͲͲͲ ͳͷ͹ ͳͷ͹ -18 Flange 5”
ǦͲǤͲͲͲͷͲ ǦͳͶǤͷͲ ʹͻͲͲͲ ͳͶͲ ͳͶͲ 2.4”
40 -36 -36 ksi -36 -36 ksi
6”
ǦͲǤͲͲͲ͸ʹ ǦͳͺǤͲͲ ʹͻͲͲͲ ͳʹ͸ ͳʹ͸ 5” 6” 5” 5” 5”
ǦͲǤͲͲͲ͹Ͳ ǦʹͲǤʹͲ ʹ͸͹Ͳͳ ͳͳͶ ͳͳͻ 35
ǦͲǤͲͲͲͺͲ ǦʹʹǤ͹ʹ ʹ͵͹ͻͲ ͳͲʹ ͳͳʹ (b), Elastic (c), Inelastic
+12 3” 3”
ǦͲǤͲͲͲͻͲ ǦʹͶǤͻ͸ ʹͲͺͺͲ ͻͳ ͳͲ͹ 30 a a
ǦͲǤͲͲͳͲͲ Ǧʹ͸ǤͻͲ ͳ͹ͻ͸ͻ ͺͳ ͳͲ͵ Et 5”
ǦͲǤͲͲͳͳͲ ǦʹͺǤͷͷ ͳͷͲͷͻ ͹ʹ ͳͲͲ 25 -36 Web -36
5”
a
ǦͲǤͲͲͳʹͶ Ǧ͵ͲǤ͵ͺ ͳͲͻͺ͵ ͸Ͳ ͻ͹
-18
ǦͲǤͲͲͳ͵Ͳ Ǧ͵ͳǤͲͳ ͳͲ͵ͶͲ ͷ͹ ͻ͸ 20
+12 3” 3”
ǦͲǤͲͲͳͶͲ Ǧ͵ʹǤͲͲ ͻʹ͸ͺ ͷ͵ ͻͷ -6 ksi b
15 1.2”
ǦͲǤͲͲͳͷͲ Ǧ͵ʹǤͺ͹ ͺͳͻͷ ͷͲ ͻ͵
+12 ksi
5
ǦͲǤͲͲͳ͸Ͳ Ǧ͵͵Ǥ͸͵ ͹ͳʹ͵ Ͷ͸ ͻʹ
ǦͲǤͲͲͳ͹Ͳ Ǧ͵ͶǤʹͻ ͸Ͳͷͳ Ͷʹ ͻͳ 10
5” 5” -6
a a ε
ǦͲǤͲͲͳͺͲ Ǧ͵ͶǤͺͶ Ͷͻ͹ͻ ͵ͺ ͻͳ Bottom

Column Compressive Stress, ksi

5 -18 -0.00124 -0.000621
ǦͲǤͲͲͳͻͲ Ǧ͵ͷǤʹͻ ͵ͻͲ͸ ͵͵ ͻͲ Flange
2.4”
ǦͲǤͲͲʹͲͲ Ǧ͵ͷǤ͸͵ ʹͺ͵Ͷ ʹͺ ͻͲ -36 ksi -36 -36 ksi (b)-(c)
0 6” 5” 6” 5”
ǦͲǤͲͲʹͳͲ Ǧ͵ͷǤͺ͸ ͳ͹͸ʹ ʹʹ ͺͻ
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
ǦͲǤͲͲʹʹ͸ Ǧ͵͸ǤͲͲ Ͷ͸ Ͷ ͺͻ STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRESS DISTRIBUTION
Slenderness Ratio, L/r
ǦͲǤͲͲʹ͵Ͳ Ǧ͵͸ǤͲͲ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Favg = -18 ksi, Favg =-30.375 ksi,
εavg = -0.000621 εavg= -0.00124

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016
 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Residual Stress in Columns 25 Residual Stress in Columns 26
ͳ͸dz
Transition b-c: ͳdz 5” 5” Transition c-d: 5” p 5”
y
-0.000621 ≤ ε ≤ -0.00124 -0.00124 ≤ ε ≤ -0.00227
q
-6 Top
5” Flange 5”
x
Ix,eff = 2[(16-2a) ×13/12+(16-2a) ×1×8.52] ͳ͸dz
5” -36 -36 ksi -36 ksi 5”
+ 0.5×163/12 – 0.5×b3/12 ͳȀ dz 5” 6” 5” 5” 6” 5”
ʹ
5” 5” 5” q
= 2[{16+16155.1(ε +0.000621)}/12
3” 3”
+{16+16155.1(ε +0.000621)}72.25]
(b), Elastic ͳdz (c), Inelastic 5” (c), Inelastic (d), Fully plastic
-{16155.1 (ε +0.000621)}3/24 a a -36
-36 Web
+170.667 5” p
3” 3”
Iy,eff = 2(16-2a)3/12+(16-b)(1/2)3/12
-6 ksi

b
= [16+16155.1(ε + 0.000621)]3/6
6”
+ [16+16155.1(ε + 0.000621)]/96 -6
a a Bottom ε
Flange
-0.00227 -0.00124
-36 -36 ksi -36 ksi
5” 6” 5” 5” 6” 5”
(b)-(c)
p = 5825.24ε +13.22
STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRESS DISTRIBUTION
Favg =-30.375 ksi, Favg = -36 ksi q = 2912.62ε +6.61
εavg= -0.00124 εavg = -0.00227

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Residual Stress in Columns 27 Residual Stress in Columns 28

Transition c-d: 5” p 5”
Euler’s buckling formula for critical stress:
-0.00124 ≤ ε ≤ -0.00227
q
Replacing E with Et we can have: ….. (1)
Ix,eff = 2[p×13/12+p ×1×8.52] 5”
+ 0.5×163/12 – 0.5(16-2q)3/12
5”
Euler’s buckling formula for critical load:
= 2[(5825.24ε +13.22)/12
5” q
+ (5825.24ε +13.22) 8.52]
- (16-5825.24ε -13.22)3/24+170.667 Replacing I with Ieff we can have:
(c), Inelastic (d), Fully plastic
Iy,eff = 2p3/12+2q(1/2)3/12
p
= (5825.24ε + 13.22)3/6
Thus using Ix,eff or Iy,eff in place of Ieff
+ (2912.62 ε + 6.61)/48

6” ‰ Now, we have equations for stress F, tangent modulus Et ,

….. (2)
effective moment of inertias Ix,eff and Iy,eff , all as functions
ε of strain ε.
-0.00227 -0.00124 ‰ For various values of strain ε, we calculate F, Et , Ix,eff , Iy,eff
….. (3) etc.
p = 5825.24ε +13.22 ‰ Using eqns (1), (2) or (3) we can find L/r.
q = 2912.62ε +6.61 ‰ Then we can plot the column curves F vs. L/r

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016
 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Residual Stress in Columns 29 Residual Stress in Columns 30

Data Table Column Curves

–”ƒ‹ǡ –”‡••ǡ L/r L/r L/r L/r
ε F Et Ix,eff Iy,eff ȋEtȌ ȋIx,effȌ ȋIy,effȌ ȋ—Ž‡”Ȍ 40

ǦͲǤͲͲͲ͵Ͳ ǦͺǤ͹Ͳ ʹͻͲͲͲ ʹͶͺͷ ͸ͺ͵ǤͲͲ ͳͺͳ ͳͺͳ ͳͺͳ ͳͺͳ 35

ǦͲǤͲͲͲͶͲ ǦͳͳǤ͸Ͳ ʹͻͲͲͲ ʹͶͺͷ ͸ͺ͵ǤͲͲ ͳͷ͹ ͳͷ͹ ͳͷ͹ ͳͷ͹ Et
ǦͲǤͲͲͲͷͲ ǦͳͶǤͷͲ ʹͻͲͲͲ ʹͶͺͷ ͸ͺ͵ǤͲͲ ͳͶͲ ͳͶͲ ͳͶͲ ͳͶͲ
ǦͲǤͲͲͲ͸ʹ ǦͳͺǤͲͲ ʹͻͲͲͲ ʹͶͺͷ ͸ͺʹǤͺ͵ ͳʹ͸ ͳʹ͸ ͳʹ͸ ͳʹ͸
30
ǦͲǤͲͲͲ͹Ͳ ǦʹͲǤʹͲ ʹ͸͹Ͳͳ ʹ͵Ͳͳ ͷ͵ʹǤͳͶ ͳͳͶ ͳͳͷ ͳͲͷ ͳͳͻ
ǦͲǤͲͲͲͺͲ ǦʹʹǤ͹ʹ ʹ͵͹ͻͲ ʹͲ͸ͺ ͵͹ͷǤͷ͵ ͳͲʹ ͳͲʹ ͺ͵ ͳͳʹ 25 Ix,eff
ǦͲǤͲͲͲͻͲ ǦʹͶǤͻ͸ ʹͲͺͺͲ ͳͺ͵͹ ʹͷ͵Ǥͳʹ ͻͳ ͻʹ ͸ͷ ͳͲ͹
ǦͲǤͲͲͳͲͲ Ǧʹ͸ǤͻͲ ͳ͹ͻ͸ͻ ͳ͸Ͳͻ ͳ͸ͲǤ͹ͳ ͺͳ ͺ͵ ͷͲ ͳͲ͵ 20
ǦͲǤͲͲͳͳͲ ǦʹͺǤͷͷ ͳͷͲͷͻ ͳ͵ͺͷ ͻͶǤͲ͹ ͹ʹ ͹ͷ ͵͹ ͳͲͲ
ǦͲǤͲͲͳʹͶ Ǧ͵ͲǤ͵ͺ ͳͲͻͺ͵ ͻͻ͸ ͵͸ǤͲͲ ͸Ͳ ͸ͳ ʹʹ ͻ͹
Iy,eff
15
ǦͲǤͲͲͳ͵Ͳ Ǧ͵ͳǤͲͳ ͳͲ͵ͶͲ ͻͶͳ ͵ͲǤͲ͹ ͷ͹ ͷͻ ʹͲ ͻ͸
ǦͲǤͲͲͳͶͲ Ǧ͵ʹǤͲͲ ͻʹ͸ͺ ͺͶͻ ʹͳǤ͹Ͳ ͷ͵ ͷͷ ͳ͹ ͻͷ
ǦͲǤͲͲͳͷͲ Ǧ͵ʹǤͺ͹ ͺͳͻͷ ͹ͷͷ ͳͷǤͲͷ ͷͲ ͷͳ ͳͶ ͻ͵ 10
ǦͲǤͲͲͳ͸Ͳ Ǧ͵͵Ǥ͸͵ ͹ͳʹ͵ ͸͸ͳ ͻǤͻʹ Ͷ͸ Ͷͺ ͳͳ ͻʹ

Column Compressive Stress, ksi

ǦͲǤͲͲͳ͹Ͳ Ǧ͵ͶǤʹͻ ͸Ͳͷͳ ͷ͸ͷ ͸Ǥͳʹ Ͷʹ ͶͶ ͻ ͻͳ 5
ǦͲǤͲͲͳͺͲ Ǧ͵ͶǤͺͶ Ͷͻ͹ͻ Ͷ͸ͻ ͵ǤͶͶ ͵ͺ ͵ͻ ͸ ͻͳ
ǦͲǤͲͲͳͻͲ Ǧ͵ͷǤʹͻ ͵ͻͲ͸ ͵͹ͳ ͳǤ͸ͺ ͵͵ ͵ͷ Ͷ ͻͲ
0
ǦͲǤͲͲʹͲͲ Ǧ͵ͷǤ͸͵ ʹͺ͵Ͷ ʹ͹ʹ ͲǤ͸͸ ʹͺ ͵Ͳ ͵ ͻͲ
ǦͲǤͲͲʹͳͲ Ǧ͵ͷǤͺ͸ ͳ͹͸ʹ ͳ͹ʹ ͲǤͳ͹ ʹʹ ʹͶ ͳ ͺͻ 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
ǦͲǤͲͲʹʹ͸ Ǧ͵͸ǤͲͲ Ͷ͸ ͻ ͲǤͲͲ Ͷ ͸ Ͳ ͺͻ Slenderness Ratio, L/r
ǦͲǤͲͲʹ͵Ͳ Ǧ͵͸ǤͲͲ Ͳ Ͳ ͲǤͲͲ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Shear Effect in Column / Latticed Column 31 Shear Effect in Column / Latticed Column 32

Lattice Column: Lattice Column:

A built-up compression member made by symmetrically placing rolled A built-up compression member made by symmetrically placing rolled
sections at some distance and connecting them with short members sections at some distance and connecting them with short members
called lacing or batten plates. called lacing or batten plates.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016
 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Shear Effect in Column / Latticed Column 33 Shear Effect in Column / Latticed Column 34

Lattice Column:
A built-up compression member made by symmetrically placing rolled When built-up members are
sections at some distance and connecting them with short members connected together by means of
called lacing or batten plates. lacing bars, the objective is to make
all of the components act as a unit. As
a compression member bends, a
shearing component of the axial load
arises.

Shear in columns is caused by:

‰ Lateral load, resulting from wind,
earthquake gravity, or other cause.
‰ Slope, with respect to the line of
thrust, due both to unintentional
initial curvature and added
curvature developed during the
buckling process.
‰ End eccentricity of load.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Shear Effect in Column / Latticed Column 35 Shear Effect in Column / Latticed Column 36

P
y ௗమ ௬ ௉
—Ž‡”ǯ•…‘Ž—„—…Ž‹‰‡“—ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘—–•Š‡ƒ”‡ˆˆ‡…–ǣ  ൅ ‫ݕ‬ ൌͲ
P ௗ௭ మ ாூ
Mz
—Ž‡”ǯ•…‘Ž—„—…Ž‹‰‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹…Ž—†‹‰•Š‡ƒ”‡ˆˆ‡…–ǣ
݀ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ܲ ͳ
൅ ‫ݕ‬ൌͲ
Ž‘’‡θ †—‡–‘•Š‡ƒ” ݀‫ ݖ‬ଶ ‫ ͳ ܫܧ‬െ ܲߚ௩ Ȁ‫ܩܣ‬
Š‡ƒ”•–”‡•• ఉೡ ௏Ȁ஺ ఉೡ ௏
ߠൌ α α ߨ ଶ ‫ܫܧ‬ ͳ
Š‡ƒ”‘†—Ž—• ீ ஺ீ ‘Ž˜‹‰ˆ‘”…”‹–‹…ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†ǣ ܲ௖௥ ൌ
Š‡”‡ǡߚ௩ αƒˆƒ…–‘”–‘ƒ……‘—–ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—‹ˆ‘”•Š‡ƒ” ‫ܮ‬ଶ ߚ௩ ߨ ଶ ‫ܫܧ‬
Curvature due to flexure ͳ൅
•–”‡••†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘˜‡”–Š‡•‡…–‹‘Ǥ ‫ܮ ܩܣ‬ଶ
݀ଶ‫ݕ‬ ‫ܯ‬௭ ܲ‫ݕ‬ ௗఏ ఉೡ ௗ௏ ఉೡ ௉ ௗ మ ௬
ൌ െ ൌെ α α G ƒ†E …ƒ„‡”‡’Žƒ…‡†„›–Š‡–ƒ‰‡–‘†—Ž—•˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡGt ƒ†Etǡƒ†EtȀGt αʹȋͳΪμȌǡ
݀‫ ݖ‬ଶ ‫ܫܧ‬ ‫ܫܧ‬ ௗ௭ ஺ீ ௗ௭ ஺ீ ௗ௭ మ ƒ†L …ƒ„‡”‡’Žƒ…‡†„›–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž‡‰–ŠKLǤ —”–Š‡”ǡ…‘„‹‹‰–Š‡•Š‡ƒ”‡ˆˆ‡…–
ௗమ ௬ ௉௬ ‘–ƒŽ…—”˜ƒ–—”‡ ™‹–ŠKL ‰‹˜‡•ǡ
 ൅ ൌ Ͳ
ௗ௭ మ ாூ ௗమ ௬ ௉௬ ఉೡ ௉ ௗ మ ௬ ܲ௖௥ ߨ ଶ ‫ܧ‬௧
ൌ െ ൅ ‫ܨ‬௖௥ ൌ ൌ ǡ™Š‡”‡ ߙ௩ ൌ ͳ ൅ ʹ ͳ ൅ ߤ ߨ ଶ ߚ௩ Ȁ ‫ܮܭ‬Ȁ‫ ݎ‬ଶ
ௗ௭ మ ாூ ஺ீ ௗ௭ మ ‫ܣ‬ ሺߙ௩ ‫ܮܭ‬Ȁ‫ݎ‬ሻଶ
Also
ௗమ ௬ ௉ ଵ Š—•–Š‡•Š‡ƒ”‡ˆˆ‡…–ƒ›„‡ƒ……‘—–‡†ˆ‘”„›ƒƒ†Œ—•–‡––‘–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž‡‰–ŠǤ
Š‹…Š‰‹˜‡•ǡ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ൌͲ
ௗ௭ మ ாூ ଵି௉ఉೡ Ȁ஺ீ

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016
 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1 CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Shear Effect in Column / Latticed Column 37 Shear Effect in Column / Latticed Column 38

‘”•Šƒ’‡•™Š‡„‡†‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡™‡ƒƒš‹•ǡ βv ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•ƒ„‘—–ʹǤ•‹‰μ αͲǤ͵ Lacing bars

ˆ‘”•–‡‡Žǡ–›’‹…ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”αv ƒ”‡ǡ Design of Lacing Bars:
‰ An arbitrary shear resistance (in
KL/r αͷͲ αv αͳǤͲͳ addition to any computable shear) of 2%
α͹Ͳ αͳǤͲͲͷ of the compressive strength of the
αͳͲͲ αͳǤͲͲ͵ member for lacing bars in latticed
columns.
‘”•Ž‡†‡”‡••”ƒ–‹‘•Ž‡••–Šƒƒ„‘—–ͷͲǡ›‹‡Ž†‹‰…‘–”‘Ž•ǡ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡•Š‡ƒ”‡ˆˆ‡…– ‰ Solid-webbed sections, such as W shapes,
‘•‘Ž‹†Ǧ•Šƒ’‡†…‘Ž—•‹•‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆŽ‡••–Šƒ have less shear deformation than do
ͳΨǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡•ƒˆ‡Ž›‡‰Ž‡…–‡†Ǥ latticed columns using lacing bars
and/or batten plates.
Š‡–”—…–—”ƒŽ–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘—…‹ŽȋȌ”‡’‘”–•–Šƒ–a conservative estimate ‰ Furthermore, shear has an insignificant
of the influence of 60° or 45° lacing, as generally specified in bridge design practice, can effect on reducing column strength for
be made by modifying the effective length factor K –‘ƒ‡™ˆƒ…–‘”αv Kǡƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ solid-webbed shapes and may safely be
neglected. The shear effect should not,
however, be neglected for latticed
columns.

—…Š‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘†‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ”ƒ”‡Ž›ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ•Š‘”–…‘Ž—•‹
„”ƒ…‡†•›•–‡•Ǥ
Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016 Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2016