CONNECTONS:

1. Grzejda, R. (2014). Study of the Distribution of Normal Contact Pressure Between Parts Joined in a Multi-Bolted System
under Operational Loads.

In a multi-bolted connection treated as a system, it is possible to distinguish the contact layer at the interface of the joined
parts. The contact layer at the interface of the joined parts in the multi-bolted connection is usually operated after its early
preloading conditions. The subject of modelling preloaded multi-bolted system on the operational state has been initiated.
The aim of this study is to promote a systematic approach to modelling of multi-bolted connections and compare the normal
contact pressure at the interfrace of the joined parts. Based on the results, the use of partially rigid bolt models instead of
flexible bolt models may cause the overestimation of the normal contact pressure by 41% in a case of a nonlinear multi-
bolted system connection and by 45% in a case of linear bolted connection.

doi: 10.24423/EngTrans.982.20190222

2. Tao, Z et. al. (2017). Experimental Study on Blind Bolted Connections to Concrete-Filled Stainless Steel Columns.

Beam-column connections are critical in transferring loads from beam and floor to columns. In regions with high seismicity
like China and Japan, rigid connections are widely used since they are effective in transferring bending moment between
beams and columns. However, this type of connection is expensive due to the need of heavy welding. To avoid heavy
welding, bolted connections are preferred to use than welded connections.

In using this type of connection, we can conclude that: 1) the initial stiffness and flexural resistance significantly increased
but the failure became brittle. The amount of reinforcement may be optimised and adjusted to achieve desired rotaional
capacity. 2) Binding bars increase the contact between the steel and concrete as well as the joint stiffness and strength. The
ultimate moment capacity increased by 10.7% and initial stiffness increased by 62.5%. 3) The steel type of column has very
minor influence on the joint behaviour. 4) With the presence of floor slab, the joint nearly reached its full strength and
stiffness.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.10.016

3. Sutherland, B. (2015). Analysis of Bolted Beam-Column Connections with Multiple Bolts per Row and Column Web
Stiffeners.

Bolted beam-column connections are a common connection used in steel buildings. Simply adding additional bolts to the
connection may offer a potential economical solution with little fire risk, as additional welding is not required. It is also
possible that this solution could be useful for connection design.

In this study, beam-column configurations were analyzed to investigate the performance by adding bolts to beam-column
connection having column web stiffeners and thick end plates. Acquiring the data and results from this study, we can
conclude that: 1) The innermost bolt of each row experiences highest demand even with the presence of column web
stiffeners. Addition of column web stiffeners reduces the column web distortions. 2) For extremely large connections, outer
bolts are engaged due to flange stiffness. 3) Additional bolts or stiffeners have the same effect for strong-beam-weak-column
and strong-beam-column connections. 4) Additional outer bolts increases the moment capacity of the beam-column
connections.

https://scholarworks.uark.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=cveguht

4. Zhu, Q. (2014). Fire Behavior of Bolted Connections.

Bolted connections are widely used in steel buildings. However, the behavior of bolted connections can be more complex
due to degradation of material properties and fire-induced forces. Shear strength of bolts varies with temperature. A325 bolts
are produced with tempering temperature of 427°C to reach required strength level, as per ASTM standard A325-04b.
Therefore when the temperature of an A325 bolt exceeds 400°C, its strength degrades fast. Shear retention factors are
defined as the shear strength of the bolt at each elevated temperature level divided by its shear strength at ambient
temperature.

From the study, we can conclude that: 1) The strength of joint increase but the ductility decrease with a thicker plate at 400
deg. C. 2) The failure mode of single bolted lap joints tends to change from plate bearing to bolt shear when temperature
increases from 400 to 600 deg. C. 3) At both 400 and 600 deg. C., the connection resistance decreases when the connection
is loaded at an angle of greater than 30 deg. 4) Elevated temperature shows little influence on the resistance of a joint when
temperature is below 300°C. The connection resistance decreases gradually as temperature increases gradually from 300°C
to 600°C. Bolt shear failure occurs at 700°C and 800°C and the connection has almost no resistance at these two
temperatures.

https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1431&context=open_access_theses

5. Mei, C.Z. & Guo, Q.L. (2017). Behavior of beam-to-column welded connections in steel structures after fire.

Steel structures are easy to lose strength and stiffness under fire exposure, but inspection reports from fire incidents indicate
that in most cases fire exposed steel structures retain much of their load bearing capacity after cooling. Bolted and welded
connections are widely used in steel framed buildings and are of great importance to fire resistance of steel structures.
Therefore, in many cases fire exposed steel structures can be reused after structural safety appraisal and retrofit. So it is
imperative to ascertain the post-fire residual capacity of steel structures.

Two types of failure modes are present after the fire, failure mode of specimen at ambient temperature and failure mode of
post-fire specimens. It can be inferred that butt weld is the weakest link of beam-to-beam welded connections in steel
structures. The values of the residual bearing capacity of post-fire specimens decrease with the increase of exposure
temperature in the range of 500-700℃; after 700℃, a rebound in the residual bearing capacity is noted. This may be
because, at about 725℃, the microstructure of metal changes significantly and the lattice structure is rearranged in the
process of cooling. ) Post-fire beam-to-column welded connections fail in cracking of butt weld which connects the flanges of
the beam and column. This is different from connection at ambient temperature that fails in buckling of beam compression
flange. The process of heating and cooling influences the residual bending bearing capacity and rotation ability of beam-to-
column welded connections. A 20% reduction in the residual bending bearing capacity of beam-to-column welded
connections is recommended in post-fire appraisal when the exposure temperature is higher than 400℃.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.11.113

6. Maranani, J.A. et. al. (2013). Seismic Behavior Studies of Welded Flange Plate in Steel Structures Connections.

Damage in the weld is the most common cause of brittle failure in welded connections. Of all parameters examined in this
study, the weld electrode type had the most significant effect on the performance of welded flange plate connections. Using
high toughness electrodes prevent stress concentration at weld joint and develop stable inelastic behavior in the beam
flange. Using welding detail similar to specimen RC1, will lead to plasticization of weld and connection’s brittle fracture which
is not recommended. It is critical to control the welding process precisely in the case of using double fillet weld for joining the
flange plate to column, as existing any imperfection in welding process will lead to plasticization ofweld before forming a
plastic hinge in beam and failure of connection.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263199783_Seismic_Behavior_Studies_of_Welded_Flange_Plate_in_St
eel_Structures_Connections

7. Hedayat, A. et.al. (2017). Flexural Strength Prediction of Welded Flange Plate Connections Based on Slenderness Ratios
of Beam Elements Using ANN.
This study was aimed to investigate the effects of the beam flanges and web slenderness and the beam length to the beam
overall depth ratio on the strength and ductility of the welded flange plate (WFP) connections. Concluding, 1) Fragility curves
obtained on basis of the numerical and the experimental results indicated that the probabilities of achieving adequate
strength and ductility for a WFP connection are 49% and 92%, respectively. For WFP connections, strength is more of a
concern than ductilty.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8059190

8. Jost, S.M. (2013). Behavior of Riveted Connections in Steel Truss Bridges.

In the present day, riveted connections are rarely used in the field or in machine shops, but they are still of interest. To
install a rivet, it is inserted into matching holes that are 1/16 in. greater than the nominal diameter of the un-driven-rivet. The
rivet head is formed on the projecting end of the shank, and the opposite head is formed by either squeezing with a pressure
riveter (often done in the shop) or by accelerated pounding with a pneumatic hammer (in the shop or field). As a result, the
hole clearance decreases due to the increase in the diameter of the driven-rivet.

The strength of the riveted connection did not vary significantly between the test specimens of different lengths, which is
contrary to current AASHTO design recommendations. For each test, the average rivet shear stress and Estimate Rivet Yield
(ERY) were calculated. The average rivet shear strength for all of the tests was 62 ksi with a standard deviation of 2.1 ksi
and the ERY varied from 30 – 40 ksi.

https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/20740/Jost_washington_0250O_10212.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y