Cell Cycle & Cell Division

Class 10
Session 2020-2021
Virtual Class 1
Concept of Cell Cycle
 The life cycle of a cell and the series of stages by which
genetic materials are duplicated and partitioned to produce
two daughter cells with the same genetic component as the
parent cell is termed as CELL CYCLE.
 Cell division is necessary for reproduction, growth, and
repair of an organism.
 Cell division must be initiated by three steps: DNA
replication, DNA separation, and then division of the
cytoplasm.
 In microbes, microbes, cellular DNA is a single cellular DNA
is a single molecule, or chromosome. Bacteria &
ArchaeaBacteria reproduce by binary fission fission.
 In eukaryotes, nuclei divide by either mitosis or meiosis.
The illustrated represantation of the
events of the Cell Cycle

 The events are as follows: two gap phases (G1

and G2); an S (for synthesis) phase, in which the
genetic material is duplicated; and an M phase, in
which mitosis partitions the genetic material and
the cell divides.
Interphase
 The period between mitotic divisions - that
is, G1, S and G2 - is known as interphase.
 G1 phase: Metabolic changes prepare the cell
for division. At a certain point - the
restriction point - the cell is committed to
division and moves into the S phase.
 S phase: DNA synthesis replicates the
genetic material. Each chromosome now
consists of two sister chromatids.
 G2 phase: Metabolic changes assemble the
cytoplasmic materials necessary for mitosis
and cytokinesis.
Mitosis
 The M Phase represents the phase when the actual cell
division or mitosis occurs and the interphase represents the
phase between two successive M phases.
 After DNA is replicated during S phase, After DNA is
replicated during S phase, the first sign of mitosis is the
duplication of the centrosome, which initiates microtubule
formation for the spindle.
 The M Phase starts with the nuclear division, corresponding
to the separation of daughter chromosomes (karyokinesis)
and usually ends with division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
 This is the most eventful period of the cell cycle, involving a
major reshuffling of virtually all components of the cell.
 Since the number of chromosomes in the parent and
progeny cells is the same, it is also called as equational
division.
Stages of Mitosis
 For the sake of proper understanding,
mitosis has been divided into four stages
of nuclear division, it is imperative to
understand that cell division is a
progressive process and very distinct lines
cannot be drawn between various stages
 With all of that said, mitosis can be
divided into four stages: Prophase,
Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.
 Prophase
 Prophase occupies over half of mitosis, becoming the
longest phase.
 The nuclear membrane breaks down to form a
number of small vesicles and the nucleolus
disintegrates.
 A structure known as the centrosome duplicates itself
to form two daughter centrosomes that migrate to
opposite ends of the cell.
 The centrosomes organise the production of
microtubules that form the spindle fibres that
constitute the mitotic spindle.
 The chromosomes condense into compact structures.
Each replicated chromosome can now be seen to
consist of two identical chromatids (or sister
chromatids) held together by a structure known as
the centromere.
 Metaphase
 The chromosomes, led by their
centromeres, migrate to the equatorial
plane in the midline of cell - at right-angles
to the axis formed by the centrosomes.
 This region of the mitotic spindle is known
as the metaphase plate.
 The chromosomes align themselves along
the metaphase plate of the spindle
apparatus.
 The spindle fibres bind to a structure
associated with the centromere of each
chromosome called a kinetochore.
 Anaphase
 The shortest stage of mitosis.
 The centromeres divide, and the
sister chromatids of each
chromosome are pulled apart and
move to the opposite ends of the
cell, pulled by spindle fibres attached
to the kinetochore regions.
 The separated sister chromatids are
now referred to as daughter
chromosomes.
 It is the alignment and separation in
metaphase and anaphase that is
important in ensuring that each
daughter cell receives a copy of
every chromosome.
 Telophase
 The final stage of mitosis, and a
reversal of many of the processes
observed during prophase.
 The nuclear membrane reforms
around the chromosomes grouped
at either pole of the cell.
 The chromosomes uncoil and
become diffuse.
 There is a disappearance of the
spindle fibres.
Cytokinesis
 The final cellular division to form two
new cells occurs with this porcess.
 In plants a cell plate forms along the line
of the metaphase plate; in animals there is
a constriction of the cytoplasm.
 The cell then enters interphase - the
interval between mitotic divisions.
Meiosis
 Cell division in sex cells
 Two part process leading to making of
gametes
 Results in four genetically unique haploid
daughter cells or gametes
 Differences Mitosis Meiosis
1 Type of Reproduction Asexual Sexual
2 Genetically Similar Different
Yes, mixing of
No, crossing over
3 Crossing Over chromosomes can
cannot occur.
occur.
4 Number of Divisions One Two
Number of Daughter Cells produced 2 diploid cells 4 haploid cells

5 Chromosome Number Remains the same. Reduced by half.

Chromatids of two
Two chromatids of a
homologous
chromosome do not
6 Exchange of Segments chromosome
exchange segments
exchange segments
during prophase.
during crossing over.
7 Discovered by Walther Flemming Oscar Hertwig
Cellular reproduction Genetic diversity
8 Function and general growth through sexual
and repair of the body. reproduction.
 Homologous pair of chromosomes
 Matched pair of
chromosomes
 One from each of two
different parents which
are slightly different
 Contain the same array
of genes - 23 pairs of
chromosomes in
humans
Crossing Over
 Exchange of genetic material between
homologous non-sister chromatids is
known as Crossing Over.