Network+ 2009 Odds and Ends

• At which levels of the OSI model does a wireless access point operate? - Physical and Data Link
• Print services operate at which of the following layers of the OSI model? – Application
• Which layer of the OSI do SMTP, FTP, SNMP and Appletalk protocols operate? - Application
• Ping and Tracert use which protocol - ICMP
• Ipconfig /flushdns, and what shows in ARP, and set up DNS - Secondary
• Which of the following is a high-speed, packet-switching technique using short fixed length packets
called cells & can transmit voice, video, & data over a variable-speed LAN and WAN connections? ATM
• SMF is more expensive than MMF. (Single mode fiber, Multimode fiber)
• Which security protocol utilizes cryptographic keys and "shared secrets"? - Kerberose
• Which Windows 2000/2003 service provides NAT, dial-up, routing, & other network functions? - RRAS
• An ISDN adapter is able to connect to a workstation using which of the following interfaces?
- Serial, Expansion, Parallel
• Which of the following is a newer and smaller type of fiber connector? - LC
• Which of the following items will allow a UNIX server to run a program for several users at the same
time, but only sends the changes to the user interface of the client? - ICA
• Which of the following protocols is responsible for dynamic routing? – RIP
• Which protocols commonly provide secure communications on a VPN? - L2TP, IPSEC, PPTP
• Your company wishes to set up a VPN between 2 branch offices and requires that the link supports non-
IP protocols and authentication. Which protocols are required? LT2P/IPSEC
• PPTP can use - NetBeui, IPX, and IP to connect
• The UNIX security method is based on - Object Model
• The Auto-Negotiation function of the Ethernet standard is - optional
• Only after how many consecutive collisions for a given transmission attempt will a network interface
finally discard an Ethernet packet? -16
• You need to create a reverse lookup zone on your DNS server for your network of 199.230.50.0. What
would be the appropriate zone name? - 50.230.199.in-addr arpa
• Auto-Negotiation on Ethernet takes place using FLP signals. What FLP stand for? -Fast Link Pulse
• CIFS is a file system that can be used by Macintosh clients to share files. SAMBA is an application
service that, when loaded on a Windows computer, can make the process of connecting to file shares
on a UNIX system transparent.
• VLANs can be used to logically isolate and secure computers attached to network switch ports.
• 100 BASE-FX specification requires the use of Mulitmode fiber optic cables.
• 100 BASE-TX is based on a published physical specifications - ANSI TP-PMD
• 100 BASE-FX link uses MDI interface. Medium Dependent Interface
• 100 BASE-FX specification requires 2 strands of fiber optic cable per link. And 2 repeaters
• 10 Base-T - 328ft (100m)
• 100 Base-FL - 2000m (6,562 feet)
• 1000 Base-T - 100m (CAT-5, CAT-5e, CAT-6, or CAT-7) same as 1000Base-TX (CAT6 & CAT7)
• 100 Base-FX - 2000m in full duplex
• 1000 Base-CX - 25m - longest copper cable
• 1000 Base-LX - 5km MMF
• 1000 Base-SX - 220m SMF
• 1000 BASE-ZX - 70 Km
• 10G Base-ER - 40Km/25mi SMF
• 10G Base-LR - 9.7Km/6mi SMF
• 10G Base-SR - 300m (900ft) MMF
• Traffic Shaping/QoS is used to slow or limit traffic to other kinds
• VoIP calls are discarded - use QoS and if down check firewall updated UDP settings
• VoIP uses SIP and RTP (Session Initiation Protocol and Routing Information Protocol)
• WPA PEAP (Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol) developed jointly by Microsoft, RSA Security
and Cisco
• WAP beacon transmits SSID and MAC packets
• WEP key length is not 32bit but 40/64/104/128/256
• WPA2 - AES - Highest wireless encryption
• Packet Sniffer used for sniffing unencrypted passwords and network datagrams
• IPS (Intrusion-Prevention Systems) - avoid virus transmission, close ports, and fix security attacks
• Network Teaming on NIC for fault tolerance
• IDF -Intermediate Distribution Frame IDFs are used for telephone exchange central office, customer-
premise equipment, WAN’s, and LAN’s environments, to cross connect.
• Convergence time – RIP to Link-State lag time
• Converged network – routers agree about the routes
• Measure for hops – precise matching prefix
• LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) – dynamic port bonding increase the link speed
• SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) VPN -Tunneling protocol encapsulates different protocol
• TLS assure security of data transmission over IP Transport Layer Security succeeds SSL
• SCP (Service Control Point) transfer files to a network device safely
• SNMPv3 secure polling of network devices
• SMB (Server Message Block) Unix service for Windows File and Print Sharing
• AFP and SMB allow interoperability between Macintosh and Windows
• OSX permission uses standard Unix permission
• T3 is the equivalent of how many T1 carrier lines? – 28 or 672 DS0’s. T1 has 24 DS0’s.
• OC-3 155.52Mbps, 45Mbps over TDM – T3 E-1 uses 30 -64Kbps channels
• Frame Relay is able to provide a maximum transmission rate of - 55mbps
• DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing in WAN) is SONET
• UDP transfers over TFTP
• ICMP is unicast and error reporting, IGMP is multicast for group memberships
• CSU/DSU translating Synchronous serial to TDM and connects at the boundary point
• VLAN trunking permit two switches to transfer network information.
• Connect different broadcast domains use a Multilayer switch (Layer 3)
• Gateway - Connect dissimilar networks
• Switches relieves network traffic jams Reroute traffic on a router – static route
• DMZ (Demilitarized Military Zone) created by Network Based Firewall
• 110 punch block - high speed structured wiring & 66/25pair legacy & 100pair cable is for telephny
• NIC card has 48 bits
• ISDN line is 5500Meters (18,000ft)
• Time out of database – packet analyzer
• Caching engine hasten repeated access requests for static web content
• Logical Topology – Signal Topology uses P2P authentication
• Fox and Hound is called a Tone Locator.
• ZEROCONF – simplify network config and admin
 • STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) permit loops in switched topology while blocking broadcast storms
• Interface counter – monitor major collisions on network
• 802.1x authenticate user prior to access network
• Thinnet is 802.3a standard
• PPTP VPN protocol port 1723
• NTP (Network Time Protocol.) is on Port 123
• NTS (network time server)- synchronize Kerberos clocks with
• TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) 802.11i vary encryption key after set period
• NFS vs LPD vs LPR
• Upgrade firmware on switch – do also baseline and configuration documents
• RAS (Remote Access Services) and RRAS (Routing and Remote Access)
• RADIUS maintains user data in a central database, and IAS is Microsoft’s implementation of it.
• IAS Internet Authentication Service (IAS) been replaced by NPS (Network Policy Server) in W2K8
• NAT and PAT (Port Address Translation)
• CIDR & Hosts /24=256, /25=128, /26=64, /27=32 (/22=1024 hosts) Equation is 2n-2. Sub/Host/Last

The Internet Protocol Suite

Application Layer: BGP • DHCP • DNS • FTP • GTP • HTTP • IMAP • IRC • Megaco • MGCP • NNTP • NTP •
POP • RIP • RPC • RTP • RTSP • SDP • SIP • SMTP • SNMP • SOAP • SSH • Telnet • TLS/SSL • XMPP
Transport Layer: TCP • UDP • DCCP • SCTP • RSVP • ECN • OSPF
Internet Layer: IP (IPv4, IPv6) • ICMP • ICMPv6 • IGMP • IPsec
Link Layer: ARP/InARP • NDP • Tunnels (L2TP) • PPP • Media Access Control (Ethernet, DSL, ISDN, FDDI)

Fiber Optics (10GBASE-R)

A Router with 10 Gigabit Ethernet Optical Interfaces.
The yellow cables are for potentially long range, single mode fiber
connections
There are two classifications for optical fiber: single-mode (SMF) and multi-
mode (MMF).
In SMF light follows a single path through the fiber while in MMF it takes
multiple paths resulting in differential mode delay (DMD).
SMF is used for long distance communication and MMF is used for
distances of less than 300 m.

10GBASE-ER - SMF
10GBASE-ER ("extended range"). It delivers serialized data over single-mode fiber at a line rate of 10.3125
Gbit/s. 10GBASE-ER has a reach of 40 kilometres (25 mi).

10GBASE-SR - MMF
10GBASE-SR ("short range"). It delivers serialized data over multi-mode fiber at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s. it
has a range of between 26 metres (85 ft) and 82 metres (269 ft) depending on cable type. OM3 is now the
preferred choice for structured optical cabling within buildings. 10GBASE-SR delivers the lowest cost, lowest
power and smallest form factor optical modules.

10GBASE-LR - SMF
10GBASE-LR ("long range"). It delivers serialized data over single-mode fiber at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s
and has a specified reach of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), but 10GBASE-LR optical modules can often manage
distances of up to 25 kilometres (16 mi) with no data loss
10GBASE-LRM - MMF
10GBASE-LRM, (Long Reach Multimode). It delivers serialized data over multi-mode fiber at a line rate of
10.3125 Gbit/s and supports distances up to 220 metres (720 ft) on FDDI-grade 62.5 µm multi-mode fibre
originally installed in the early 1990s for FDDI and 100BaseFX networks and 260 metres (850 ft) on OM3
10GBASE-LRM uses electronic dispersion control (EDC) for receive equalization.

10GBASE-ZR
Several manufacturers have introduced 80 km (50 mi) range ER pluggable interfaces under the name
10GBASE-ZR. This 80 km PHY is not specified within the IEEE 802.3ae standard and manufacturers have
created their own specifications based upon the 80 km PHY described in the OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET
specifications. The 802.3 standard will not be amended to cover the ZR PHY.

10GBASE-LX4 - SMF
10GBASE-LX4 uses the IEEE 802.3 coarse WDM. It supports ranges of between 240 metres (790 ft) and 300
metres (980 ft) over legacy multi-mode cabling. This is achieved through the use of four separate laser sources
operating at 3.125 Gbit/s in the range of 1300 nm on unique wavelengths. 10GBASE-LX4 also supports 10
kilometres (6.2 mi) over SMF.

Until 2005 10GBASE-LX4 optical modules were cheaper than 10GBASE-LR optical modules. 10GBASE-LX4 is
used by people who want to support both MMF and SMF with a single optical module. Because 10GBASE-LX4
uses four lasers it has a potential cost, size and power disadvantage compared to 10GBASE-LRM.

Copper (10GBASE-X/10GBASE-T)
10G Ethernet can also run over twin-ax and cat 6a cabling as well as backplanes.

10GBASE-CX4
10GBASE-CX4 — was the first 10G copper standard published by 802.3 (as 802.3ak-2004). It uses the XAUI 4-
lane PCS (Clause 48) and copper cabling similar to that used by InfiniBand technology. It is specified to work up
to a distance of 25 m . Each lane carries 3.125 G baud of signaling bandwidth. 10GBASE-CX4 offers the
advantages of low power, low cost and low latency, but has a bigger form factor than the newer single lane
SFP+ standard and a much shorter reach than fibre or 10GBASE-T.

SFP+ Direct Attach (10GSFP+Cu)

This uses a passive twin-ax cable assembly and connects directly into an SFP+ housing. It has a range of 10 m
and like 10GBASE-CX4 is low power, low cost and low latency with the added advantage of having the small
form factor of SFP+. SFP+ Direct Attach is expected to be the optimum solution for reaches of 10 m.[10]

10GBASE-KX4 and 10GBASE-KR

Backplane Ethernet — also known by its working group name 802.3ap — is used in backplane applications such
as blade servers and routers/switches with upgradable line cards. 802.3ap implementations are required to
operate in an environment comprising up to 1 metre (39 in) of copper printed circuit board with two connectors.