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Frequency-Shift Keying: Modulating and Demodulating

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a modulation technique where digital data is represented by discreet changes in the frequency of a carrier signal. The simplest form is binary FSK which uses two frequencies to represent 1s and 0s. Variations include continuous-phase FSK which uses a single oscillator to switch frequencies smoothly, and Gaussian FSK which applies a Gaussian filter to make frequency transitions even smoother, reducing interference. FSK has applications in communications systems and is commonly used to transmit caller ID and meter reading data over telephone lines.

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30 views

Frequency-Shift Keying: Modulating and Demodulating

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a modulation technique where digital data is represented by discreet changes in the frequency of a carrier signal. The simplest form is binary FSK which uses two frequencies to represent 1s and 0s. Variations include continuous-phase FSK which uses a single oscillator to switch frequencies smoothly, and Gaussian FSK which applies a Gaussian filter to make frequency transitions even smoother, reducing interference. FSK has applications in communications systems and is commonly used to transmit caller ID and meter reading data over telephone lines.

Uploaded by

محمد حيدر انعيم
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Frequency-shift keying

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which


digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of
a carrier signal.[1] The technology is used for communication systems such
as telemetry, weather balloon radiosondes, caller ID, garage door openers,
and low frequency radio transmission in the VLF and ELF bands. The
simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete
frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information. [2] With this scheme, the
"1" is called the mark frequency and the "0" is called the space frequency.

Modulating and demodulating[edit]


Reference implementations of FSK modems exist and are documented in
detail.[3] The demodulation of a binary FSK signal can be done using
the Goertzel algorithm very efficiently, even on low-power microcontrollers.[4]

Variations[edit]
Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying[edit]
In principle FSK can be implemented by using completely independent free-
running oscillators, and switching between them at the beginning of each
symbol period. In general, independent oscillators will not be at the same
phase and therefore the same amplitude at the switch-over instant, causing
sudden discontinuities in the transmitted signal.
In practice, many FSK transmitters use only a single oscillator, and the
process of switching to a different frequency at the beginning of each symbol
period preserves the phase. The elimination of discontinuities in the phase
(and therefore elimination of sudden changes in amplitude)
reduces sideband power, reducing interference with neighboring channels.
Gaussian frequency-shift keying[edit]
Rather than directly modulating the frequency with the digital data symbols,
"instantaneously" changing the frequency at the beginning of each symbol
period, Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) filters the data pulses with
a Gaussian filter to make the transitions smoother. This filter has the
advantage of reducing sideband power, reducing interference with
neighboring channels, at the cost of increasing intersymbol interference. It is
used by Improved Layer 2 Protocol, DECT, Bluetooth,[5] Cypress
WirelessUSB, Nordic Semiconductor,[6] Texas Instruments LPRF, IEEE
802.15.4, Z-Wave and Wavenis devices. For basic data rate Bluetooth the
minimum deviation is 115 kHz.
A GFSK modulator differs from a simple frequency-shift keying modulator in
that before the baseband waveform (levels −1 and +1) goes into the FSK
modulator, it is passed through a Gaussian filter to make the transitions
smoother so to limit its spectral width. Gaussian filtering is a standard way for
reducing spectral width; it is called pulse shaping in this application.
In ordinary non-filtered FSK, at a jump from −1 to +1 or +1 to −1, the
modulated waveform changes rapidly, which introduces large out-of-band
spectrum. If the pulse is changed going from −1 to +1 as −1, −0.98, −0.93, ...,
+0.93, +0.98, +1, and this smoother pulse is used to determine the carrier
frequency, the out-of-band spectrum will be reduced.[7]
Minimum-shift keying[edit]
Minimum frequency-shift keying or minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a particular
spectrally efficient form of coherent FSK. In MSK, the difference between the
higher and lower frequency is identical to half the bit rate. Consequently, the
waveforms that represent a 0 and a 1 bit differ by exactly half a carrier period.
The maximum frequency deviation is δ = 0.25 fm, where fm is the maximum
modulating frequency. As a result, the modulation index m is 0.5. This is the
smallest FSK modulation index that can be chosen such that the waveforms
for 0 and 1 are orthogonal.
Gaussian minimum-shift keying[edit]
A variant of MSK called Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) is used in
the GSM mobile phone standard.
Audio frequency-shift keying[edit]
Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) is a modulation technique by
which digital data is represented by changes in the frequency (pitch) of
an audio tone, yielding an encoded signal suitable for transmission
via radio or telephone. Normally, the transmitted audio alternates between two
tones: one, the "mark", represents a binary one; the other, the "space",
represents a binary zero.
AFSK differs from regular frequency-shift keying in performing the modulation
at baseband frequencies. In radio applications, the AFSK-modulated signal
normally is being used to modulate an RF carrier (using a conventional
technique, such as AM or FM) for transmission.
AFSK is not always used for high-speed data communications, since it is far
less efficient in both power and bandwidth than most other modulation
modes.[citation needed] In addition to its simplicity, however, AFSK has the advantage
that encoded signals will pass through AC-coupled links, including most
equipment originally designed to carry music or speech.
AFSK is used in the U.S.-based Emergency Alert System to notify stations of
the type of emergency, locations affected, and the time of issue without
actually hearing the text of the alert.
Continuous 4-level modulation[edit]
Phase 1 radios in the Project 25 system use continuous 4-level FM (C4FM)
modulation.[8][9]
Applications[edit]
1200 baud AFSK signal

0:00
Listen to an example of a
1200 baud AFSK-modulated
signal.

Problems playing this file? See media


help.

In 1910, Reginald Fessenden invented a two-tone method of transmitting


Morse code. Dots and dashes were replaced with different tones of equal
length.[10] The intent was to minimize transmission time.
Some early CW transmitters employed an arc converter that could not be
conveniently keyed. Instead of turning the arc on and off, the key slightly
changed the transmitter frequency in a technique known as
the compensation-wave method.[11] The compensation-wave was not used at
the receiver. Spark transmitters used for this method consumed a lot of
bandwidth and caused interference, so it was discouraged by 1921. [12]
Most early telephone-line modems used audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK)
to send and receive data at rates up to about 1200 bits per second. The Bell
103 and Bell 202 modems used this technique.[13] Even today, North
American caller ID uses 1200 baud AFSK in the form of the Bell 202 standard.
Some early microcomputers used a specific form of AFSK modulation,
the Kansas City standard, to store data on audio cassettes[citation needed]. AFSK is
still widely used in amateur radio, as it allows data transmission through
unmodified voiceband equipment.
AFSK is also used in the United States' Emergency Alert System to transmit
warning information[citation needed]. It is used at higher bitrates for Weathercopy used
on Weatheradio by NOAA in the U.S.
The CHU shortwave radio station in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada broadcasts an
exclusive digital time signal encoded using AFSK modulation.[citation needed]

Caller ID and remote metering standards[edit]


Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is commonly used over telephone lines for caller
ID (displaying callers' numbers) and remote metering applications. There are
several variations of this technology.
European Telecommunications Standards Institute[edit]
In some countries of Europe, the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) standards 200 778-1 and -2 – replacing 300 778-1 & -2 –
allow 3 physical transport layers (Telcordia Technologies (formerly
Bellcore), British Telecom (BT) and Cable Communications
Association (CCA)), combined with 2 data formats Multiple Data Message
Format (MDMF) & Single Data Message Format (SDMF), plus the Dual-tone
multi-frequency (DTMF) system and a no-ring mode for meter-reading and the
like. It's more of a recognition that the different types exist than an attempt to
define a single "standard".
Telcordia Technologies[edit]
The Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore) standard is used in the United
States, Canada (but see below), Australia, China, Hong Kong and Singapore.
It sends the data after the first ring tone and uses the 1200 bits per
second Bell 202 tone modulation. The data may be sent in SDMF – which
includes the date, time and number – or in MDMF, which adds a NAME field.
British Telecom[edit]
British Telecom (BT) in the United Kingdom developed their own standard,
which wakes up the display with a line reversal, then sends the data
as CCITT v.23 modem tones in a format similar to MDMF. It is used by BT,
wireless networks like the late Ionica, and some cable companies. Details are
to be found in BT Supplier Information Notes (SINs) 227 and 242; another
useful document is Designing Caller Identification Delivery Using XR-2211 for
BT from the EXAR website.
Cable Communications Association[edit]
The Cable Communications Association (CCA) of the United Kingdom
developed their own standard which sends the information after a short first
ring, as either Bell 202 or V.23 tones. They developed a new standard rather
than change some "street boxes" (multiplexors) which couldn't cope with the
BT standard. The UK cable industry use a variety of switches: most
are Nortel DMS-100; some are System X; System Y; and Nokia DX220. Note
that some of these use the BT standard instead of the CCA one. The data
format is similar to the BT one, but the transport layer is more like Telcordia
Technologies, so North American or European equipment is more likely to
detect it.

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