22.

E In the diagram, the shaded small equilateral triangles have

been divided into those which lie within the highlighted large
equilateral triangle and the twelve small equilateral triangles
which lie outside the large triangle.
Note that the unshaded star shape in the centre of the large
triangle is made up of twelve small equilateral triangles, so the small triangles
outside the large triangle could be moved into the large triangle so that the large
triangle is shaded completely and the rest of the hexagon is UK JUNIOR MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE
unshaded as in the lower diagram.
The lower diagram shows that the hexagon may be divided THURSDAY 30th APRIL 2015
into six congruent triangles, three of which are shaded and Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
three of which are unshaded. So the required fraction is 12 . from the School of Mathematics, University of Leeds

23. D The diagram shows some of the lengths of sides which 3 2 http://www.ukmt.org.uk
may be deduced from the information given in the
question. Note that the rectangle measures 5 cm by 5.5 cm. 3
The sum of the areas of the four glass squares is 2
(1 + 4 + 9 + 16) cm2 = 30 cm2. However, the total 2
region of the rectangle occupied by the four squares is 1.5
equal to (5 × 5.5 − 1.5) cm2 = 26 cm2. So the area 1 SOLUTIONS LEAFLET
of the overlap is (30 − 26) cm2 = 4 cm2. 1 4
This solutions leaflet for the JMC is sent in the hope that it might
24. B For a number to be a multiple of 45 it must be a multiple of 5 and also of 9. In
provide all concerned with some alternative solutions to the ones
order to be a multiple of 5, a number's units digit must be 0 or 5. However, the
units digit of a palindromic number cannot be 0, so it may be deduced that any they have obtained. It is not intended to be definitive. The
palindromic number which is a multiple of 45 both starts and ends in the digit 5. organisers would be very pleased to receive alternatives created
In order to make the desired number as large as possible, its second digit should
by candidates.
be 9 and for it to be as small as possible its second digit should be 0. So, if
possible, the numbers required are of the form ‘59x95’ and ‘50y05’. In addition,
both numbers are to be multiples of 9 which means the sum of the digits of both For reasons of space, these solutions are necessarily brief. There
must be a multiple of 9. For this to be the case, x = 8 and y = 8, giving digit are more in-depth, extended solutions available on the UKMT
sums of 36 and 18 respectively. So the two required palindromic numbers are website, which include some exercises for further investigation:
59895 and 50805. Their difference is 9090.
http://www.ukmt.org.uk/
25. E The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the V
sum of its two interior and opposite angles. U The UKMT is a registered charity
Applying this theorem to triangle U ZX:
∠VU W = z° + x°. W 1. A The values of the expressions are: A 6, B 4, C 2, D −4, E 0.
Similarly, in triangle WYX: y° = ∠XWY + x°, z° y° x° (Alternative method: since every expression contains the integers 1, 2, 3 and 4,
Z X the expression which has the largest value is that in which the sum of the
so ∠XWY = y° − x°. Y
As VU = VW , ∠VU W = ∠VWU and also ∠VWU = ∠XWY because they are integers preceded by a minus sign is smallest. This is expression A.)
vertically opposite angles. Therefore ∠VU W = ∠XWY . So z° + x° = y° − x° 2. E At 22:22, there are 60 − 22 = 38 minutes to 23:00. There are then a further 60
and hence x = 12 (y − z). minutes to midnight. So the number of minutes which remain until midnight is
38 + 60 = 98.
3. D 12 345 12 345 2469
The value of = = = 823.
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 15 3
4. A The calculations required to find the value of x are: 105 15. C Of the options given, 23 × 34, 56 × 67 and 67 × 78 are all not divisible by 5,
p = 105 − 47 = 58; q = p − 31 = 58 − 31 = 27; p 47 so may be discounted. Also 34 is not divisible by 4 and 45 is odd, so 34 × 45
r = 47 − q = 47 − 27 = 20; q r
may also be discounted as it is not divisible by 4. The only other option is
31
s = r − 13 = 20 − 13 = 7; t = 13 − 9 = 4; 45 × 56. As a product of prime factors, 45 × 56 = 23 × 32 × 5 × 7, so it is
x = s − t = 7 − 4 = 3. 13 s clear that it is divisible by all of the integers from 1 to 10 inclusive.
(Note that the problem may be solved without 9 t x
16. D The size of each interior angle of an equilateral triangle
finding the values of four of the numbers in the is 60°. As the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is
pyramid. Finding these is left as an exercise for the reader.) 180°, x + p + 60 = 180, so p = 120 − x.
5. B Let the required number be x. Then 3x − 4x = 3. Multiplying both sides by 12 Similarly, q = 120 − y. Each interior angle of a square
gives 4x − 3x = 36. So x = 36. is a right angle and the sum of the angles on a straight
6. B The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is line is 180°, so p + q + 90 = 180. x°
110° p° q° y°
360°. So y = 360 − (110 + 120) = 360 − 230 = 130. Therefore 120 − x + 120 − y + 90 = 180, that is
y°
The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°, so x° 330 − (x + y) = 180. So x + y = 330 − 180 = 150.
x = 180 − y = 180 − 130 = 50. 120°
17. B If the Knave of Hearts is telling the truth then the Knave of Clubs is lying, which
7. A The units digit of 123 456 789 × 8 is 2, since 9 × 8 = 72. So, if the statement means that the Knave of Diamonds is telling the truth, but the Knave of Spades
in the question is correct then the two digits which are in a different order are 1 is lying. Alternatively, if the Knave of Hearts is lying then the Knave of Clubs is
and 2, whose sum is 3. As a check, 123 456 789 × 8 is indeed 987 654 312. telling the truth, which means that the Knave of Diamonds is lying, but the
Knave of Spades is telling the truth. In both cases, we can determine that two of
8. C All of the options are odd and therefore give a remainder of 1 when divided by the Knaves are lying, although it is not possible to determine which two they are.
2. Two of the options, 3 and 9, give remainder 0 when divided by 3. Two other
5274 2637 1
options, 5 and 11, give remainder 2 when divided by 3, and 7 is the only option 18. B The fraction = = , as given in the question.
which gives remainder 1 when divided by 3. 36 918 18 459 7

9. D The man has rowed the equivalent of just over 25 000 miles in approximately 19. D The first six positive cubes are 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216. Clearly, 64 cannot be the
13 years. So the mean number of ‘miles’ rowed per year is approximately sum of three positive cubes as the sum of all the positive cubes smaller than 64
25 000 26 000 is 1 + 8 + 27 = 36. Similarly, 125 cannot be the sum of three positive cubes as
≈ = 2000. the largest sum of any three positive cubes smaller than 125 is 8 + 27 + 64 = 99.
13 13
However, we note that 27 + 64 + 125 = 216, so 216 is the smallest cube which is
10. E If m and n are positive integers, then mn > m + n unless at least one of m or n the sum of three positive cubes.
is equal to 1, or m = n = 2. So, to maximise the expression, we need to place
multiplication signs between 2 and 3 and between 3 and 4. However, we need to 20. C When the pyramid is viewed from above, it can be seen that the total area of the
place an addition sign between 1 and 2 because 1 + 2 × 3 × 4 = 25, whereas horizontal part of the surface of the pyramid (excluding its base) is the same as
1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24. that of a square of side 4 metres, that is 16 m2. The area of the base of the
pyramid is also 16 m2. Finally the total area of the vertical part of the pyramid is
11. D It can be established that 2 is not one of the three primes to be summed since the
equal to (4 × 1 + 4 × 2 + 4 × 3 + 4 × 4) m2 = 40 m2. So the total surface
sum of 2 and two other primes is an even number greater than 2 and therefore
area of the pyramid is (16 + 16 + 40) m2 = 72 m2.
not prime. The smallest three odd primes are 3, 5, 7 but these sum to 15 which is
not prime. The next smallest sum of three odd primes is 3 + 5 + 11 = 19, which 21. C The diagram shows part of the wall of width 4800
is prime. So 19 is the smallest prime which is the sum of three different primes. 4800 mm and the four equally spaced pictures,
12. B The question tells us that 2 kg is two-thirds of the weight of the fish. So one- each of width 420 mm. Let x be the required
distance, that is the distance from the centre of 2x x x 2x
third of its weight is 1 kg and therefore its weight is 3 kg. (all distances are in mm)
each of the two pictures in the middle of the
13. A We denote the label joining m and n as (m + n). The labels which are multiples wall to a vertical line down the centre of the wall (marked by a broken line).
of 3 are (1 + 2), (1 + 5), (1 + 8), (2 + 4), (2 + 7), (3 + 6), (4 + 5), (4 + 8), Then the distance between the centres of any two adjacent pictures is 2x.
(5 + 7), (7 + 8). So 10 of the labels are multiples of 3.
Note that the distance between the centres of the two pictures on the extremes of
14. E The primes and the number of illuminated bars which represent them are: the wall is (4800 − 2 × 210) mm = 4380 mm. Therefore 2x + x + x + 2x = 4380.
2 → 5, 3 → 5, 5 → 5, 7 → 3. So all four prime digits are represented by a So x = 4380 ÷ 6 = 730. Hence the required distance is 730 mm.
prime number of illuminated bars.
4. A The calculations required to find the value of x are: 105 15. C Of the options given, 23 × 34, 56 × 67 and 67 × 78 are all not divisible by 5,
p = 105 − 47 = 58; q = p − 31 = 58 − 31 = 27; p 47 so may be discounted. Also 34 is not divisible by 4 and 45 is odd, so 34 × 45
r = 47 − q = 47 − 27 = 20; q r
may also be discounted as it is not divisible by 4. The only other option is
31
s = r − 13 = 20 − 13 = 7; t = 13 − 9 = 4; 45 × 56. As a product of prime factors, 45 × 56 = 23 × 32 × 5 × 7, so it is
x = s − t = 7 − 4 = 3. 13 s clear that it is divisible by all of the integers from 1 to 10 inclusive.
(Note that the problem may be solved without 9 t x
16. D The size of each interior angle of an equilateral triangle
finding the values of four of the numbers in the is 60°. As the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is
pyramid. Finding these is left as an exercise for the reader.) 180°, x + p + 60 = 180, so p = 120 − x.
5. B Let the required number be x. Then 3x − 4x = 3. Multiplying both sides by 12 Similarly, q = 120 − y. Each interior angle of a square
gives 4x − 3x = 36. So x = 36. is a right angle and the sum of the angles on a straight
6. B The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is line is 180°, so p + q + 90 = 180. x°
110° p° q° y°
360°. So y = 360 − (110 + 120) = 360 − 230 = 130. Therefore 120 − x + 120 − y + 90 = 180, that is
y°
The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°, so x° 330 − (x + y) = 180. So x + y = 330 − 180 = 150.
x = 180 − y = 180 − 130 = 50. 120°
17. B If the Knave of Hearts is telling the truth then the Knave of Clubs is lying, which
7. A The units digit of 123 456 789 × 8 is 2, since 9 × 8 = 72. So, if the statement means that the Knave of Diamonds is telling the truth, but the Knave of Spades
in the question is correct then the two digits which are in a different order are 1 is lying. Alternatively, if the Knave of Hearts is lying then the Knave of Clubs is
and 2, whose sum is 3. As a check, 123 456 789 × 8 is indeed 987 654 312. telling the truth, which means that the Knave of Diamonds is lying, but the
Knave of Spades is telling the truth. In both cases, we can determine that two of
8. C All of the options are odd and therefore give a remainder of 1 when divided by the Knaves are lying, although it is not possible to determine which two they are.
2. Two of the options, 3 and 9, give remainder 0 when divided by 3. Two other
5274 2637 1
options, 5 and 11, give remainder 2 when divided by 3, and 7 is the only option 18. B The fraction = = , as given in the question.
which gives remainder 1 when divided by 3. 36 918 18 459 7

9. D The man has rowed the equivalent of just over 25 000 miles in approximately 19. D The first six positive cubes are 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216. Clearly, 64 cannot be the
13 years. So the mean number of ‘miles’ rowed per year is approximately sum of three positive cubes as the sum of all the positive cubes smaller than 64
25 000 26 000 is 1 + 8 + 27 = 36. Similarly, 125 cannot be the sum of three positive cubes as
≈ = 2000. the largest sum of any three positive cubes smaller than 125 is 8 + 27 + 64 = 99.
13 13
However, we note that 27 + 64 + 125 = 216, so 216 is the smallest cube which is
10. E If m and n are positive integers, then mn > m + n unless at least one of m or n the sum of three positive cubes.
is equal to 1, or m = n = 2. So, to maximise the expression, we need to place
multiplication signs between 2 and 3 and between 3 and 4. However, we need to 20. C When the pyramid is viewed from above, it can be seen that the total area of the
place an addition sign between 1 and 2 because 1 + 2 × 3 × 4 = 25, whereas horizontal part of the surface of the pyramid (excluding its base) is the same as
1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24. that of a square of side 4 metres, that is 16 m2. The area of the base of the
pyramid is also 16 m2. Finally the total area of the vertical part of the pyramid is
11. D It can be established that 2 is not one of the three primes to be summed since the
equal to (4 × 1 + 4 × 2 + 4 × 3 + 4 × 4) m2 = 40 m2. So the total surface
sum of 2 and two other primes is an even number greater than 2 and therefore
area of the pyramid is (16 + 16 + 40) m2 = 72 m2.
not prime. The smallest three odd primes are 3, 5, 7 but these sum to 15 which is
not prime. The next smallest sum of three odd primes is 3 + 5 + 11 = 19, which 21. C The diagram shows part of the wall of width 4800
is prime. So 19 is the smallest prime which is the sum of three different primes. 4800 mm and the four equally spaced pictures,
12. B The question tells us that 2 kg is two-thirds of the weight of the fish. So one- each of width 420 mm. Let x be the required
distance, that is the distance from the centre of 2x x x 2x
third of its weight is 1 kg and therefore its weight is 3 kg. (all distances are in mm)
each of the two pictures in the middle of the
13. A We denote the label joining m and n as (m + n). The labels which are multiples wall to a vertical line down the centre of the wall (marked by a broken line).
of 3 are (1 + 2), (1 + 5), (1 + 8), (2 + 4), (2 + 7), (3 + 6), (4 + 5), (4 + 8), Then the distance between the centres of any two adjacent pictures is 2x.
(5 + 7), (7 + 8). So 10 of the labels are multiples of 3.
Note that the distance between the centres of the two pictures on the extremes of
14. E The primes and the number of illuminated bars which represent them are: the wall is (4800 − 2 × 210) mm = 4380 mm. Therefore 2x + x + x + 2x = 4380.
2 → 5, 3 → 5, 5 → 5, 7 → 3. So all four prime digits are represented by a So x = 4380 ÷ 6 = 730. Hence the required distance is 730 mm.
prime number of illuminated bars.
22. E In the diagram, the shaded small equilateral triangles have
been divided into those which lie within the highlighted large
equilateral triangle and the twelve small equilateral triangles
which lie outside the large triangle.
Note that the unshaded star shape in the centre of the large
triangle is made up of twelve small equilateral triangles, so the small triangles
outside the large triangle could be moved into the large triangle so that the large
triangle is shaded completely and the rest of the hexagon is UK JUNIOR MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE
unshaded as in the lower diagram.
The lower diagram shows that the hexagon may be divided THURSDAY 30th APRIL 2015
into six congruent triangles, three of which are shaded and Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
three of which are unshaded. So the required fraction is 12 . from the School of Mathematics, University of Leeds

23. D The diagram shows some of the lengths of sides which 3 2 http://www.ukmt.org.uk
may be deduced from the information given in the
question. Note that the rectangle measures 5 cm by 5.5 cm. 3
The sum of the areas of the four glass squares is 2
(1 + 4 + 9 + 16) cm2 = 30 cm2. However, the total 2
region of the rectangle occupied by the four squares is 1.5
equal to (5 × 5.5 − 1.5) cm2 = 26 cm2. So the area 1 SOLUTIONS LEAFLET
of the overlap is (30 − 26) cm2 = 4 cm2. 1 4
This solutions leaflet for the JMC is sent in the hope that it might
24. B For a number to be a multiple of 45 it must be a multiple of 5 and also of 9. In
provide all concerned with some alternative solutions to the ones
order to be a multiple of 5, a number's units digit must be 0 or 5. However, the
units digit of a palindromic number cannot be 0, so it may be deduced that any they have obtained. It is not intended to be definitive. The
palindromic number which is a multiple of 45 both starts and ends in the digit 5. organisers would be very pleased to receive alternatives created
In order to make the desired number as large as possible, its second digit should
by candidates.
be 9 and for it to be as small as possible its second digit should be 0. So, if
possible, the numbers required are of the form ‘59x95’ and ‘50y05’. In addition,
both numbers are to be multiples of 9 which means the sum of the digits of both For reasons of space, these solutions are necessarily brief. There
must be a multiple of 9. For this to be the case, x = 8 and y = 8, giving digit are more in-depth, extended solutions available on the UKMT
sums of 36 and 18 respectively. So the two required palindromic numbers are website, which include some exercises for further investigation:
59895 and 50805. Their difference is 9090.
http://www.ukmt.org.uk/
25. E The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the V
sum of its two interior and opposite angles. U The UKMT is a registered charity
Applying this theorem to triangle U ZX:
∠VU W = z° + x°. W 1. A The values of the expressions are: A 6, B 4, C 2, D −4, E 0.
Similarly, in triangle WYX: y° = ∠XWY + x°, z° y° x° (Alternative method: since every expression contains the integers 1, 2, 3 and 4,
Z X the expression which has the largest value is that in which the sum of the
so ∠XWY = y° − x°. Y
As VU = VW , ∠VU W = ∠VWU and also ∠VWU = ∠XWY because they are integers preceded by a minus sign is smallest. This is expression A.)
vertically opposite angles. Therefore ∠VU W = ∠XWY . So z° + x° = y° − x° 2. E At 22:22, there are 60 − 22 = 38 minutes to 23:00. There are then a further 60
and hence x = 12 (y − z). minutes to midnight. So the number of minutes which remain until midnight is
38 + 60 = 98.
3. D 12 345 12 345 2469
The value of = = = 823.
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 15 3