U ECE525

I Power Systems Protection Lecture 1

 What exactly are we protecting?

»A
»B
»C
»D
»E
»F

Introduction Fall 2018

U Impacts on the Power ECE525

I System Lecture 1

 Local protection
» Protection of immediate equipment
» Minimize disruption of loads
– Duration or interruption or abnormal condition
 Larger system issues?
» Impacts on stability of larger system
» Potential for distant impact
 Power Quality
Introduction Fall 2018

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U Some Consequences To Avoid: ECE525

I Substation Fire … Evening News Lecture 1

Introduction Fall 2018

U The Aftermath
ECE525

I Lecture 1

Introduction Fall 2018

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U ECE525

I Results of Transformer Fire Lecture 1

Introduction Fall 2018

U Generator Fault
ECE525

I Lecture 1

Introduction Fall 2018

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U Expensive Consequences for ECE525

I Protection Failure Lecture 1

Introduction Fall 2018

U What Events Require ECE525

I Protective Actions Lecture 1

 Faults

 Abnormal operation

Introduction Fall 2018

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U ECE525

I What Actions Taken? Lecture 1

1
2
3

Introduction Fall 2018

U What is a ECE525

I Protection System? Lecture 1

 Current and voltage transformers

 Relay
 Circuit breaker
 Control wiring or substation network
 Communication system
 Coordinate with: Other relays, fuses,
active controls
Introduction Fall 2018

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U ECE525

I Protective Relay Lecture 1

 Piece of equipment whose function is to:

» Detect defective or abnormal system
conditions or detect defective apparatus
» Initiate proper control response
 Common responses
» Trip circuit breaker
» In some cases close breaker
» In some cases only issues alarm
 Generally a reactionary device
Introduction Fall 2018

U ECE525

I Relay Types? Lecture 1

 Legacy Relays:
» Electromechanical (1900-present)
– Single function and mission
» Discrete digital and analog electronics
(1970-1990s)
– Multifunction, single mission
 Modern Relays
» Microprocessor based
– Multiple function and mission

Introduction Fall 2018

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U ECE525

I Constraints Lecture 1

 Must be able to detect faulted or abnormal

conditions—sensitivity
 Accurately identify it a problem, and only
react if there is a problem—selectivity
 Must also be operate for a long time without
acting, and then act properly—reliability
 React quickly to minimize damage—speed
 Tradeoff with—cost
Introduction Fall 2018

U ECE525

I Typical Response Lecture 1

 Detect that something has changed

 Identify what has happened
» Local measurements
» Communicated data
 Make decision (is this a problem or not)
» Generate trip signal
» 1-3 cycles to get to this point
 Breaker response (2-10 cycles)
Introduction Fall 2018

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U ECE525

I Impact of Response Lecture 1

 Faster response implies:

» Less disruption of loads
» Less energy at the point of fault --less damage
– Smaller fireball
» Faster reclosing -- Improved stability
 Coordination with other devices
» Intentional delay

Introduction Fall 2018

U ECE525

I What are the inputs? Lecture 1

 Voltage
» Step down for relay input
 Current
» Step down for relay input
 Accuracy and Transient Response
 All three phases?
 GPS time stamp?
» Synchronized phasor measurements
Introduction Fall 2018

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U ECE525

I Modern Relays Lecture 1

 Microprocessor based relays

CT o r VT Signal Sampling and

Conditioning Conversion
M agnitude
Phase Calc

Circuit Trip Logic Relay

Breaker Algorithm

Introduction Fall 2018

U ECE525

I Modern Relays Lecture 1

 Microprocessor based relays

 Sample measured data and compute:
» RMS voltage or current
» Travelling wave current or voltage
» Sequence components (especially 0 or 2)
» Phase Angle
» Impedance or Admittance
» Frequency
» Torque
Introduction Fall 2018

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U Evaluate Measured Data ECE525

I Based on Algorithm Lecture 1

 Time-overcurrent/Inverse time-overcurrent
 Over/under voltage
 Real or reactive power
 Impedance (distance protection)
 Frequency
 Reverse power
 Positive, Negative or Zero Sequence?
Introduction Fall 2018

U ECE525

I Additional Calculations Lecture 1

 Harmonic content (often used for blocking)

 In some cases transient responses used
 Direction to fault
 Fault location
 Breaker failure
 Series faults (line open)
 Combined series/ground faults
Introduction Fall 2018

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U ECE525

I Redundancy Lecture 1

 Overlapping zones of protection are

common

Introduction Fall 2018

U ECE525

I Overlapping Zones Lecture 1

 Backup in case relay or breaker fails

 Time delay if out of primary zone
 Often more sensitive in secondary zone
 Coordination is a key issue

Introduction Fall 2018

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U ECE525

I Role of Communication Lecture 1

 Line protection far faster when can

compare with other end of line
 Can locate fault zone
 Need to have adequate back-up in case
communication is lost
 Redundancy--does communication go
as a result of the fault?

Introduction Fall 2018

U ECE525

I Cybersecurity Lecture 1

 Information technology (IT)

 Operation technology (OT)
» Industrial control systems
» Referred to as CS in Table 1.1
 Very different priorities
 NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection

Introduction Fall 2018

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U ECE525

I Future Directions Lecture 1

 IEC 61850 Process Bus

» Measurements processed at measurement
devices and broadcast on substation bus
» Relays (possibly more general purpose)
– Subscribe to measurements
– Provides more flexibility and speed
– Design concerns for reliability and security
 Phasor measurement based schemes
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