Capacitor

There are many different types of capacitor that are used in electronic
equipment. Check out the differences and which ones are applicable for different
applications.

Capacitors are used in virtually every electronics circuit that is built today. Capacitors are
manufactured in their millions each day, but there are several different capacitor types that are
available.

Each type of capacitor has its own advantages and disadvantages can be used in different
applications.

Accordingly it is necessary to know a little about each capacitor type so that the correct one can
be chosen for any given use or application.

There are many variations including whether the capacitor is fixed or variable, whether it is
leaded or uses surface mount technology, and of course the dielectric: aluminium electrolytic,
tantalum, ceramic, plastic film, paper and more.

Polar & non-polar

One of the main distinctions between various types of capacitor is whether they are polarised.

Essentially a polarised capacitor is one that must be run with the voltage across it in a certain
polarity.

Some of the more popular types of polarised capacitor include the aluminium electrolytic and
tantalums. These are marked to indicate the positive or negative terminal and they should only be
operated with a voltage bias int his direction - reverse bias can damage or destroy them. As
capacitors perform many tasks like coupling and decoupling, there will be a permanent DC
voltage across them, and they will pass only any AC components.

The other form of capacitor is a non-polarised or non-polar capacitor. This type of capacitor has
no polarity requirement and it can be connected either way in a circuit. Ceramic, plastic film,
silver mica and a number of other capacitors are non-polar or non-polarised capacitors.

Leaded and surface mount capacitors

Capacitors are available as leaded varieties and surface mount capacitors. Virtually all types of
capacitor are available as leaded versions: electrolytic, ceramic, supercapacitors, plastic film,
silver mica, glass and other specialist types.
SMD capacitors are a little more limited. The SMD capacitors must be able to withstand the
temperatures used in the soldering process. As the capacitor has no leads and also as a result of
the soldering processes used, SMD components including capacitors are exposed tot he full
temperature rise of the solder itself. As a result, not all varieties are available as SMD capacitors.

The main surface mount capacitor types include: ceramic, tantalum, and electrolytic. All of these
have been developed to withstand the very high temperatures of soldering.

Variable & fixed capacitors

Another type distinction for capacitors is whether they are fixed or variable.

The greatest majority of capacitors by far are fixed capacitors, i.e. they do not have any
adjustment. However in some instances it may be necessary to have an adjustable or variable
capacitor where the value of the capacitor may need to be varied. Typically these capacitors are
relatively low in value, sometimes having maximum values up to 1000pF.

A variable capacitor as used for tuning

within radios

Variable capacitors may also be classified as variable and preset. The main variable ones may be
adjusted by a control knob and may be used for tuning a radio, etc. Preset variable capacitors
normally have a screw adjustment and are intended to be adjusted during setup, calibration and
test, etc. They are not intended to be adjusted in normal use.

Fixed capacitor types

There are very many different fixed value capacitor types that can be bought and used in
electronics circuits.

These capacitors are generally categorised by the dielectric that is used within the capacitor as
this governs the major properties: electrolytic, ceramic, silver mica, metallised plastic film and a
number of others.
While the list below gives some of the major capacitor types, not all can be listed and described
and there are some less well used or less common types that can be seen. However it does
include most of the major capacitor types.

 Ceramic capacitor:   As the name indicates, this type of capacitor gains its name from
the fact that it uses a ceramic dielectric. This gives the many properties including a low
loss factor, and a reasonable level of stability, but this depends upon the exact type of
ceramic used. Ceramic dielectrics do not give as high a level of capacitance per unit
volume as some types of capacitor and as a result ceramic capacitors typically range in
value from a few picofarads up to values around 0.1 µF.

For leaded components, disc ceramic

capacitors are widely used. This type of ceramic capacitor is extensively for applications
like decoupling and coupling applications. More highly specified capacitors, especially
used in surface mount types of capacitor often have specific types of ceramic dielectric
specified. The more commonly seen types include:
o COG: Normally used for low values of capacitance. It has a low dielectric
constant, but gives a high level of stability.
o X7R: Used for higher capacitance levels as it has a much higher dielectric
constant than COG, but a lower stability.
o Z5U: Used for even higher values of capacitance, but has a lower stability than
either COG or X7R.

Ceramic capacitors are available as traditional leaded devices as well feedthrough

variants. The most widely used format for ceramic capacitors is as a surface mount
capacitor - the format is a multilayer ceramic capacitor also shortened to MLCC. These
 MLCCs are used in billions every day as they form the most used type fo capacitor for
mass production.

 Electrolytic capacitor:   This type of capacitor is the most popular leaded type for values
greater than about 1 microfarad, having the one of the highest levels of capacitance for a
given volume. This type of capacitor is constructed using two thin films of aluminium
foil, one layer being covered with an oxide layer as an insulator. An electrolyte-soaked
paper sheet is placed between them and then the two plates are wound around on one
another and then placed into a can.

Electrolytic capacitors are polarised, i.e. they can

only be placed one way round in the circuit. If they are connected incorrectly they can be
damaged, and in some extreme instances they can explode. Care should also be taken not
to exceed the rated working voltage. Normally they should be operated well below this
value.

This capacitor type has a wide tolerance. Typically the value of the component may be
stated with a tolerance of -50% +100%. Despite this they are widely used in audio
applications as coupling capacitors, and in smoothing applications for power supplies.
They do not operate well at high frequencies and are typically not used for frequencies
above 50 - 100 kHz.

Electrolytic capacitors are available as traditional leaded devices. Some even have
terminals for soldering or even screw terminals although these are typically reserved fr
the higher current and capacitance versions often used in power supplies. Electrolytics
are also available as surface mount capacitors. Originally they had not been available in a
surface mount format because of the difficulties encountered as a result of the high
temperatures experienced by the capacitors in soldering. Now these have been overcome
and electrolytics are widely available as surface mount capacitors.
 Plastic film capacitors:   There are two main formats for the construction of plastic film
capacitors:
o Metallised film:   In this type of film capacitor the plastic film has a very thin
layer of metallisation deposited into the film. This metallisation is connected to
the relevant connection on one side of the capacitor or the other.
 o Film foil:   This form of film capacitor has two metal foil electrodes that are
separated by the plastic film. The terminals are connected to the end-faces of the
electrodes by means of welding or soldering.

Plastic film capacitors can use a variety of dielectrics. Polycarbonate, polyester and
polystyrene are some of the most common. Each has its own properties, allowing them to
be used in specific applications. Their values may range anywhere from several
picofarads to a few microfarads dependent upon the actual type.

Polyester film capacitor

Normally they are non-polar. In general they are good general-purpose capacitors that
may be used for a variety of purposes, although their high frequency performance is not
usually as good as that of the ceramic types. Some of the more common types include:

o Mylar - Can introduce noise when used in applications where there is vibration.
o Polycarbonate - Moderate level of loss which can increase with frequency. Very
high insulation resistance.
o Polyester - Moderate level of loss which can increase with frequency. Very high
insulation resistance.
o Polystyrene - tend to be very low loss but bulky. Have a temperature coefficient
of around -150 ppm / C

Film capacitors are available as traditional leaded devices, but are seldom seen as surface
mount capacitors. The reason for this is the high temperatures experienced by the whole
SMT capacitor during the soldering processes used in surface mount manufacture.

Read more about . . . . plastic film capacitors.

 Tantalum:   Ordinary aluminium electrolytic capacitors are rather large for many uses. In
applications where size is of importance tantalum capacitors may be used. These are
much smaller than the aluminium electrolytics and instead of using a film of oxide on
aluminium they us a film of oxide on tantalum. They do not normally have high working
voltages, 35V is normally the maximum, and some even have values of only a volt or so.
 Leaded tantalum capacitor Like
electrolytic capacitors, tantalums are also polarised and they are very intolerant of being
reverse biased, often exploding when placed under stress. However their small size
makes them very attractive for many applications.

Tantalums have long been available in a surface mount capacitor format. Before SMT
electrolytics became available, these capacitors formed the mainstay for high value
surface mount capacitors. Nowadays they are still widely used, although electrolytic
surface mount capacitors are also available.

Read more about . . . . tantalum capacitors.

 Silver Mica:   Silver mica capacitors are manufactured by plating silver electrodes
directly on to the mica film dielectric. To achieve the required capacitance, several layers
are used. Wires for the connections are added and then the whole assembly is
encapsulated. The values of silver mica capacitors range in value from a few picofarads
up to two or three thousand picofarads.

Silver mica capacitor This type

of capacitor is not as widely used these days. However they can still be obtained and are
used where stability of value is of the utmost importance and where low loss is required.
In view of this one of their major uses is within the tuned elements of circuits like
oscillators, or within filters.
 Supercap   Super capacitors with capacitance levels of a Farad or more are now
becoming more commonplace. These super capacitors are generally used for applications
 like memory hold up and the like.

Super capacitor or supercap

They are too large for use in most circuits and their frequency response is limited, but
they make ideal hold up capacitors, being able to provide residual current and voltage to
retain memory for periods when power may be removed.

Capacitor types overview

The approximate ranges for different types of capacitor

It can be seen from even the selection of the most commonly used types of capacitor, that many
forms are available. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages, and if the right one is
chosen for each job, then it can perform very well in a circuit. It is for this reason when building
circuits that it is important to use the right type of capacitor. If the wrong sort is used, then its
performance many not be to the standard needed for the circuit.