Collation of Myanmar (Burmese) in Unicode

Sorting Myanmar in Unicode according to “Spelling Book Order”

Introduction
This document presents an algorithm for sorting text in the Myanmar language, which is sometimes
still referred to as Burmese. There are two main sorting orders that have been used with Myanmar:
“Pali Order” and “Spelling Book Order”. The former was used in older dictionaries, whereas
variations on the latter are used in most modern dictionaries.1
The algorithm presented here will focus on the “Spelling Book Order” as it is used in modern
Myanmar. There are some subtle variations to this order used by different dictionaries, but the order
used here will be based on the Myanmar Language Commission Spelling Dictionary.2
There are many different non-Unicode encodings for Myanmar text, however, these are based on
glyphs rather than linguistic symbols. It is possible to type the same word in different ways, using
the same encoding, whilst keeping the spelling the same. For example, trSL; or trª; (leader), both are
spelled in the same way but using a variation on the glyph for the uu vowel (typed as trSL; and trª;
respectively in the WinInnwa font). This makes collation hard because lots of combinations have to
be worked out.
Collation in Unicode is simpler because in most cases there is no variation in how the word is
spelled in terms of code points. The choice of which glyphs to use is made by the font, not the
typist. This document will assume that Myanmar is encoded according to Unicode 5.1.03 and
Unicode Technical Note 11 (revision 2).4
The notation used here is intended for the purposes of collation only and sometimes may not
represent the normal linguistic nomenclature.

Collation Elements
Myanmar is collated based on syllables. A Myanmar syllable encoded in Unicode can be broken
into 5 parts for collation:
<consonant><medial><vowel><final><tone>
Only the consonant is always present, one or more of the other parts may be empty in any given
syllable. In practice the vowel may be displayed before the consonant e.g. ေက, but it is encoded as
U+1000 (Myanmar letter KA က) U+1031 (Myanmar vowel sign E ေ).
The syllable needs to be reordered for collation, because the final has a higher priority than the
vowel:
<consonant>, <medial>, <final>, <vowel>, <tone>.

1 Burmese: An Introduction to the Script, John Okell, 1994, SOAS, Appendix 6: Alphabetic Order.
2 Myanmar Spelling Dictionary, Myanmar Language Commission, Second Edtion, 2003.
3 The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 5.1.0, defined by: The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0
(Boston, MA, Addison-Wesley, 2007. ISBN 0-321-48091-0), as amended by Unicode 5.1.0
(http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/).
4 Unicode Technical Note 11: Representing Myanmar in Unicode:
Details and Examples, Martin Hosken & Maung Tuntunlwin, 2007-01-25, http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn11/ .

Collation of Myanmar (Burmese) in Unicode 1 of 11

Each of these parts of the syllable may be composed of one or more characters as the following
tables show.

Consonant
Collation Order – read left to right and then down. The data is presented in the traditional layout of
the alphabet.
Code

Code

Code

Code

Code

Code
Glyph

Glyph

Glyph

Glyph

Glyph

Glyph
C1
က C2
ခ C3
ဂ C4
ဃ C5
င
U+1000 U+1001 U+1002 U+1003 U+1004

C6
စ C7
ဆ C8
ဇ C9
ဈ C9
ဉ C10
ည
U+1005 U+1006 U+1007 U+1008 U+1009 U+100A

C11
ဋ C12
ဌ C13
ဍ C14
ဎ C15
ဏ
U+100B U+100C U+100D U+100E U+100F

C16
တ C17
ထ C18
ဒ C19
ဓ C20
န
U+1010 U+1011 U+1012 U+1013 U+1014

C21
ပ C22
ဖ C23
ဗ C24
ဘ C25
မ
U+1015 U+1016 U+1017 U+1018 U+1019

C26
ယ C27
ရ C28
လ C29
ဝ C30
သ
U+101A U+101B U+101C U+101D U+101E

C31
ဟ C32
ဠ C33
အ
U+101F U+1020 U+1021

Note 1: The relative order is the same as the code points themselves. However, if the collation is
extended to the additional code points for Karen, Mon and Shan, then it will become significantly
more complicated, with several more consonants inserted.
Note 2: C33 is actually the A vowel, but it behaves in many ways like a consonant in regards to the
other parts of the syllable.
Note 3: It may be appropriate to append the “Various Signs” U+104C ... U+104F at the end of this
class – see comments in Other Myanmar Characters below.

Medials
The case where there is no medial is also included so that the relative sequence is clear.
Order Glyph(s) Unicode Sequence
M0 - -

M1 ◌ျ U+103B

M2 ြ◌ U+103C

M3 ◌ွ U+103D

M4 ။ ◌ှ U+103E
M5 ။ ◌ျ U+103B U+103D

Collation of Myanmar (Burmese) in Unicode 2 of 11

 Order Glyph(s) Unicode Sequence
M6 ။ ြ◌ U+103C U+103D
M7 ။ ◌ျ U+103B U+103E
M8 ။ ြ◌ှ U+103C U+103E
M9 ။◌
ွ U+103D U+103E
M10 ။ ◌ျ U+103C U+103D U+103E
M11 ။ ြ◌
ွ U+103B U+103D U+103E
Note 4: the combined medials are treated as one unit for collation not as a sequence of component
medials.

Vowels
Collation order for Vowels – read down, then left to right.
Unicode Sequence Unicode Sequence

Glyph(s)
Order

Glyph

Order

V0 - -
V6 ေ◌
U+1031

V1 ၊◌ါ/◌ာ
U+102B/U+102C
V7 ၊◌ဲ
U+1032

V2 ◌ိ U+102D
V8 ေ◌ါ/ ေ◌ာ
U+1031 U+102B / U+1031 U+102C

V3 ◌ီ U+102E
V9 ေ◌ါ/
U+1031 U+102B U+103A /
U+1031 U+102C U+103A

ေ◌ာ်
V4 ၊◌ု/ ု
U+102F
V10 ၊◌ံ U+1036 – see note below

V5 ၊◌ူ/ ူ
U+1030
V11 ၊◌ို
U+102D U+102F

Note 5: V9 is actually the low tone form of V8, but it is included here, because it does not use the
normal tone marks. There is never a final after V3, V5, V9 or V10.၊
Note 6: V10 is not really a vowel, however, when there is no other vowel it is treated as one for
collation. When it occurs in the sequence U+102D U+1036 or U+102F U+1036, then U+1036 is
collated as if it was a final U+1019 U+103A, which is what it is linguistically. It is slightly more
complicated than this – see below for the details.5

Finals
Finals are marked with a Myanmar Sign Asat U+103A or with Myanmar Sign Virama U+1039
when the consonant of the following syllable is to be displayed underneath the final. In a few rare
cases, a ligature of the final and the following consonant is used instead, but these are rendering
issues and are not relevant for collation.

5 This is in contrast to John Okell, who collates U+1036 as equivalent to U+1019 U+103A. e.g. Burmese/Myanmar
Dictionary of Grammatical Forms, John Okell & Anna Allott, 2001, Curzon Press.

Collation of Myanmar (Burmese) in Unicode 3 of 11

 Code

Code

Code

Code

Code

Code
Glyph

Glyph

Glyph

Glyph

Glyph

Glyph
F0
- - F1
က် U+1000 F2
U+1039/ ခ် U+1001 F3
U+1039/ ဂ် U+1002
U+1039/
F4
ဃ် U+1003 F5
U+1039/ င် U+1004
U+103A
U+1000 U+1001 U+1002 U+1003 U+1039/
U+103A U+103A U+103A U+103A U+1004
U+103A
F6
စ် U+1005 F7
U+1039/ ဆ် U+1006 F8
U+1039/ ဇ် U+1007 F9
U+1039/ ဈ် U+1008
U+1039/
F10
ဉ် U+1009 F11
U+1039/ ည် U+100A
U+1039/
U+1005 U+1000 U+1007 U+1008 U+1009 U+100A
U+103A U+103A U+103A U+103A U+103A U+103A
F11
ဋ် U+100B F12
U+1039/ ဌ် U+100C F13
U+1039/ ဍ် U+100D F14
U+1039/ ဎ် U+100E
U+1039/
F15
ဏ် U+100F
U+1039/
U+100B U+100C U+100D U+100E U+100F
U+103A U+103A U+103A U+103A U+103A
F16
တ် U+1010 F17
U+1039/ ထ် U+1011 F18
U+1039/ ဒ် U+1012 F19
U+1039/ ဓ် U+1013
U+1039/
F20
န် U+1014
U+1039/
U+1010 U+1011 U+1012 U+1013 U+1014
U+103A U+103A U+103A U+103A U+103A
F21
ပ် U+1015 F22
U+1039/ ဖ် U+1016 F23
U+1039/ ဗ် U+1017 F24
U+1039/ ဘ် U+1018
U+1039/
F25
မ် U+1019
U+1039/
U+1015 U+1016 U+1017 U+1018 U+1019
U+103A U+103A U+103A U+103A U+103A
F26
ယ် U+101A
U+1039/
F28
လ် U+101F
U+1039/
F30
သ် U+101E
U+1039/
U+101A U+101F U+101E
U+103A U+103A U+103A
F32
ဠ် U+1020
U+1039/
U+1020
U+103A

Note 7: ဿ U+103F is a special case and is collated as if it was U+101E U+1039 U+101E.
Note 8: Kinzi is encoded as U+1004 U+103A U+1039. U+1004 U+1039 on its own does not exist
in modern day Myanmar.
The difference between a normal final or killed consonant (KC) with U+103A and a stacked
consonant (SC) with U+1039 can be treated at a secondary level.

Tones
Order Glyph Unicode
T0 - -
T1 ◌့ U+1037
T2 ◌း U+1038
T3 ◌့း U+1037 U+1038
Note 9: T3 is not normally found in a dictionary, it marks a genitive in some situations. It might
however be found in book indexes etc.

Independent Vowels
The Independent vowels are collated as if they were written with အ U+1021 (Myanmar letter A)
and the corresponding vowel. In some cases they may be followed by း U+1038 (Myanmar sign
visarga), which collates in the same way as normal.

Collation of Myanmar (Burmese) in Unicode 4 of 11

 Order Unicode Equivalent Equivalent Sequence for Equivalent

Glyph
Sequence Representation Collation Collation
Elements
IV1 ဣ U+1023 အိ U+1021 U+102D C33 V2

IV2 ဤ U+1024 အီ U+1021 U+102E C33 V3

IV3 ဉ U+1025 အု U+1021 U+102F C33 V4

IV4 ဦ U+1026 or အူ U+1021 U+1030 C33 V5

(U+1025
U+102E)
IV5 ဧ U+1027 ေအ U+1021 U+1031 C33 V6

IV6 ဩ U+1029 ေအာ U+1021 U+1031 U+102C C33 V8

IV7 ဪ U+102A ေအာ် U+1021 U+1031 U+102C C33 V9

U+103A

Note 10: although these are equivalent for the purposes of collation, usually only one representation
is correct in a given word.
Note 11: the independent vowels may take finals, tones and IV3 takes V4 and V10 as shown below.
The known independent vowel / final combinations are:
Independent Vowel / Glyphs Collation Elements
Final Combination
U+1025 U+1000 U+1039 /
U+1025 U+1000 U+103A ဉက် C33 F1 V4
U+1023 U+1005 U+1039 /
U+1023 U+1005 U+103A ဣစ် C33 F6 V2
U+1025 U+1005 U+1039 /
U+1025 U+1005 U+103A ဉစ် C33 F6 V4
U+1027 U+100A U+1039 /
U+1027 U+100A U+103A ဧည် C33 F11 V6
U+1023 U+100B U+1039 /
U+1023 U+100B U+103A ဣဍ် C33 F12 V2
U+1025 U+100F U+1039 /
U+1025 U+100F U+103A ဉဏ် C33 F15 V4
U+1023 U+1010 U+1039 /
U+1023 U+1010 U+103A ဣတ် C33 F16 V2
U+1025 U+1010 U+1039 /
U+1025 U+1010 U+103A ဉတ် C33 F16 V4
U+1023 U+1012 U+1039 /
U+1023 U+1012 U+103A ဣဒ် C33 F18 V2
U+1023 U+1014 U+1039 /
U+1023 U+1014 U+103A ဣန် C33 F20 V2
U+1025 U+1015 U+1039 /
U+1025 U+1015 U+103A ဉပ် C33 F21 V4
U+1023 U+1019 U+1039 /
U+1023 U+1019 U+103A ဣမ် C33 F25 V2
U+1025 U+102F U+1036
ဉုံ C33 F25 V4
U+1023 U+101E U+1039 /
U+1023 U+101E U+103A ဣသ် C33 F30 V2

Collation of Myanmar (Burmese) in Unicode 5 of 11

 Independent Vowel / Glyphs Collation Elements
Final Combination
U+1025 U+101E U+1039 /
U+1025 U+101E U+103A ဉသ် C33 F30 V4
Note 12: The combination of U+1025 (Myanmar Letter U) with U+1036 (Myanmar Sign Anusvara)
has the U+102F explicitly encoded and displayed. This situation is actually more complicated as
described below.
The difference between a normal vowel (NV) and the independent vowel (IV) form can be treated
at the tertiary level.

Anusvara and Matha

The difference between Anusvara U+1036 and U+1014 U+103A needs to be taken at a primary
level when it occurs after the vowels U+102D and U+102F. However, it is not behaving like a
completely different killed consonant because occurrences with U+1037 and U+1038 also need to
be included as illustrated in the table below.6 In this case, the vowel, tone and anusvara effectively
become mixed up into a combined vowel key.
Encoding Glyphs Primary Key Tertiary Key

အုမ် C33 F25 V4.1 - - NV

U+1021 U+102F
U+1019 U+103A

ဉမ် C33 F25 V4.1 - - IV

U+1025 U+1019
U+103A

အုံ C33 F25 V4.2 - - NV

U+1021 U+102F
U+1036

ဉုံ C33 F25 V4.2 - - IV

U+1025 U+102F
U+1036

အုမ့် C33 F25 V4.3 - - NV

U+1021 U+102F
U+1019 U+103A
U+1037

အုံ့ C33 F25 V4.3 - - NV

U+1021 U+102F
U+1036 U+1037

အုမ်း C33 F25 V4.4 - - NV

U+1021 U+102F
U+1019 U+103A
U+1038

အုံး C33 F25 V4.4 - - NV

U+1021 U+102F
U+1036 U+1038

The independent vowel examples may require special handling to allow for the consonant and
vowel being together for encoding, but apart for collation.

Contractions
There are a few words which are written with a repeated consonant omitted, but which should be
collated as if the consonant was still present. The number of these is small, though the list below is
probably not complete.

6 This is following the order given in the Myanmar Language Commission Myanmar-English Dictionary, 2006.

Collation of Myanmar (Burmese) in Unicode 6 of 11

 Unicode Representation Collation Equivalent Collation
Word

Meaning
Elements

ေယာက်ျား man U+101A U+1031 U+101A U+1031 C26 V8 F1

U+102C U+1000 U+102C U+1000 C1 M1 V1 T2
U+103A U+103B U+103A U+1000 U+103B
U+102C U+1038 U+102C U+1038
ကျန်ုပ် 1st person U+1000 U+103B U+1000 U+103A C1 M5 F20
singular U+103D U+1014 U+103D U+1014 C20 V4 F21
U+103A U+102F U+103A U+1014 U+102F
U+1015 U+103A U+1015 U+103A

Short Forms
These are variations on the normal spelling, that are still found in current use. If they need to be
collated, then they should be collated with their normal spelling not the variant. However,
implementing this level of collation support for Myanmar can probably be regarded as optional.
They can be thought of as “short forms” because their left to right width is less.
Word Short form Unicode Normal Unicode Collation
Form

Spelling
Short

Normal

Sequence Sequence Elements

daughter သ
္ီ း သမီး U+101E U+1039 U+101E U+1019 C30
U+1019 U+102E U+102E U+1038 C25 V3 T2
U+1038
cooked rice ထ
္င်း ထမင်း U+1011 U+1039 U+1019 U+1011 U+1019 C17
U+1004 U+103A U+1004 U+103A C25 F5 T2
U+1038 U+1038
tea လ
္ က် လက် U+101C U+1039 U+101C U+1000 C28 F1
ဖက် U+1018 U+1000 U+103A U+1018 C25 F1
U+103A U+1000 U+103A
or
လက်
ဘက်
right hand လက်ျာ လက်ယာ U+101C U+1000 U+101C U+1000 C28 F1 C26
side U+103A U+103B U+103A U+101A V1
U+102C U+102C
Note 13: In the first 2 examples the U+1039 should be ignored and is purely a trick to get the
correct rendering.
Note 14: The third example is different in that the final က် has been dropped from the first
consonant, so the U+1000 and U+103A have been removed and replaced with U+1039. The second
consonant is normally now spelled as U+1016 ဖ (PHA) not U+1018 ဘ (BHA), but it should
probably still be collated as U+1018.

Collation of Myanmar (Burmese) in Unicode 7 of 11

Other Myanmar Characters
The Myanmar symbols may be collated as if spelt with their full Burmese names:
Symbol Name Equivalent Unicode Sequence

Encoding
Symbol

၌ U+104C နှိက် U+1014 U+103E U+102D U+102F U+1000 U+103A

၍ U+104D ေရွ ့ U+101B U+103D U+1031 U+1037
၎င်း U+104E လည်း U+101C U+100A U+103A U+1038 U+1000 U+1031
U+1004 ေကာင်း U+102C U+1004 U+103A U+1038
U+103A
U+1038
၏ U+104F အိ U+1021 U+102D

၊ Myanmar sign little section (U+104A) and ။ Myanmar sign section (U+104B) can normally be
ignored or treated at a lower level similar to collation of punctuation in other languages.
Myanmar digits can be treated at a primary level as equal to the digits of other languages and at a
secondary level on a script basis as per the Unicode standard.

Implementation
The <vowel><final> needs to be combined, because syllables with both are collated first by the
final, then by the vowel. The <tone> part can be treated separately.
Special care needs to be taken to handle U+102D U+1036, U+102F U+1036 including the case
where it is preceded by U+103F. The cases where an independent vowel and final are combined
may need to be explicitly listed to give the correct results.
The relative precedence of the 5 syllable parts is:
1. <consonant> C
2. <tone> T
3. <vowel> V
4. <final> F
5. <medial> M
The following combinations, given in encoding order, are permissible and illustrate this precedence:
1. C 8. CM
2. CV 9. CMV
3. CVT 10.CMVT
4. CF 11.CMF
5. CFT 12.CMFT
6. CVF (CFV) 13.CMVF (CMFV)
7. CVFT (CFVT) 14.CMVFT (CMFVT)
The relative order of the <tone> and <vowel> is only important if the <vowel> and <final> are
reordered explicitly before collation (as shown in brackets) rather than being combined into a single
collation unit. If such reordering is done, then the number of collation units drops dramatically.

Collation of Myanmar (Burmese) in Unicode 8 of 11

Glibc
An implementation has been written for Glibc. This combines <vowel><final> as one collation unit
to allow the <final> to take precedence over the vowel. This gives a large number of collation
elements, but gives correct results. Performance is probably sub-optimal because of the large
number of collation elements used.

ICU
An implementation has also been written for ICU. It uses a large number of collation elements,
combining <vowel><final> to ensure the correct sequence. There is probably a lot of scope to
optimise it, but it might require changes to the ICU source code.

Examples
The table below shows a selection of words to illustrate the 5 different orders of collation.
Word Collation Element in 1st Unicode Sequence
Syllable
Consonant

Medial

Final

Vowel

Tone

ကခုန် C1 M0 F0 V0 T0 U+1000 U+1001 U+102F U+1014 U+103A

ကာ C1 M0 F0 V1 T0 U+1000 U+102C

ကား C1 M0 F0 V1 T2 U+1000 U+102C U+1038

ကိ ရိယာ C1 M0 F0 V2 T0 U+1000 U+102D U+101B U+102D U+101A U+102C

ကုဗေပ C1 M0 F0 V4 T0 U+1000 U+102F U+1017 U+1015 U+1031

ေကဒါ C1 M0 F0 V6 T0 U+1000 U+1031 U+1012 U+102B

ကဲ လွန် C1 M0 F0 V7 T0 U+1000 U+1032 U+101C U+103D U+1014 U+103A

ကဲ့ C1 M0 F0 V7 T1 U+1000 U+1032 U+1037

ေကာလီ ေြက C1 M0 F0 V8 T0 U+1000 U+1031 U+102C U+101C U+102E U+1000 U+103C

U+1031

ေကာ့လန် C1 M0 F0 V8 T1 U+1000 U+1031 U+102C U+1037 U+101C U+1014 U+103A

ေကာ်လံ C1 M0 F0 V9 T0 U+1000 U+1031 U+102C U+103A U+101C U+1036

ကံ C1 M0 F0 V10 T0 U+1000 U+1036

ကို C1 M0 F0 V11 T0 U+1000 U+102D U+102F

ကက
္ရာ C1 M0 F1 V0 T0 U+1000 U+1000 U+1039 U+1000 U+101B U+102C

ကက်ကင်း C1 M0 F1 V0 T0 U+1000 U+1000 U+103A U+1000 U+1004 U+103A U+1038

U+1013 U+102C U+1010 U+103A
ဓာတ်

Collation of Myanmar (Burmese) in Unicode 9 of 11

 Word Collation Element in 1st Unicode Sequence
Syllable

Consonant

Medial

Final

Vowel

Tone
ကုက
္လံ C1 M0 F1 V4 T0 U+1000 U+102F U+1000 U+1039 U+1000 U+101C U+1036

ေကာက်ခံ C1 M0 F1 V8 T0 U+1000 U+1031 U+102C U+1000 U+103A U+1001 U+1036

ကို က် C1 M0 F1 V11 T0 U+1000 U+102D U+102F U+1000 U+103A

ကင်မရာ C1 M0 F5 V0 T0 U+1000 U+1004 U+103A U+1019 U+101B U+102C

ကင်းစီး C1 M0 F5 V0 T2 U+1000 U+1004 U+103A U+1038 U+1005 U+102E U+1038

ကုမ
္ ဏီ C1 M0 F25 V4 T0 U+1000 U+102F U+1019 U+1039 U+1015 U+100F U+102E

ကုံင C1 M0 F25 V4 T0 U+1000 U+102F U+1036 U+1004

ကုံး C1 M0 F25 V4 T2 U+1000 U+102F U+1036 U+1038

ကယ်ချတ် C1 M0 F26 V0 T0 U+1000 U+101A U+103A U+1001 U+103B U+103D U+1010

U+103A

ကျ C1 M1 F0 V0 T0 U+1000 U+103B

ကျာ C1 M1 F0 V1 T0 U+1000 U+103B U+102C

ြက C1 M2 F0 V0 T0 U+1000 U+103C

ေြကာင့် C1 M2 F4 V8 T1 U+1000 U+103C U+1031 U+102C U+1004 U+103A U+1037

ကွ ာြခား C1 M3 F0 V1 T2 U+1000 U+103D U+102C U+1001 U+103C U+102C U+1038

ေကျး C1 M5 F0 V6 T2 U+1000 U+103B U+103D U+1031 U+1038

ြကားဝါ C1 M6 F0 V1 T2 U+1000 U+103C U+103D U+102C U+1038 U+101D U+102B

ခမျာ C2 M0 F0 V0 T0 U+1001 U+1019 U+103B U+102C

အိတ်ကပ် C33 M0 F16 V2 T0 U+1021 U+102D U+1010 U+103A U+1000 U+1015 U+103A

ဣတ ္ိ C33 M0 F16 V2 T0 U+1023 U+1010 U+1039 U+1011 U+102D U+101C U+102D

U+1004 U+103A
လိ င်
အုတ် C33 M0 F16 V4 T0 U+1021 U+102F U+1010 U+103A

Note 15: Although several of the words are multi-syllable, the first syllable (code points in bold) is
sufficient to determine the sort order in all but one case in this example. (The one exception is for
the 2 examples with C1 M0 F1 V0 T0, where the second syllable controls sorting).

Conclusions
An algorithm for Myanmar Collation has been presented in terms of 5 collation elements within a
syllable. In order of precedence these are: <consonant>, <tone>, <vowel>, <final>, <medial>, but
they occur in the syllable in the sequence <consonant>, <medial>, <vowel>, <final>, <tone> and

Collation of Myanmar (Burmese) in Unicode 10 of 11

the <vowel> and <final> must be reordered for collation. The independent vowels should be
collated as equivalent to the same vowel sound written with Myanmar letter A (U+1021). The
collation is complicated because some code points may represent more than one of the syllable
components. In addition, a complete implementation should handle the special cases for anusvara,
contractions and short forms.
Last Updated: 24 April 2008
Keith Stribley

Collation of Myanmar (Burmese) in Unicode 11 of 11