GRAMMAR Worksheets ANDY and AUDREY JACKSONContents v_ Introduction vi Glossary Worksheet Ne (Z| 1 Grammatical terms [I] 2 Using the tapescripts Adjectival phrases Adjectives: Adjectives and adverbs: Adverbials: Miu E81) 12 Adverbs of degree: (0) 13 Articles: Ou 15 (1) 16 Nouns: [1) 17 Prepositional phrases I: (] 18 Prepositional phrases II (1) 19 Prepositions: [1] 20 Prepositions and link words: [E] 21 Prepositions of time: ea[1) 22 Pronow [1] 23 Punctuation: (1) 24 [1] 25 Quantifiers Relative clauses: © a7 Reported speech: €a[1) 31 Subordinate clauses: (1) 32 Time expressions: eal ss (1 84 Verbs: eal) 35 order position compound comparative and superlative order concession and contrast Purpose reason fairly, quite, rather definite/indefinite newspaper headlines with geographical names countable and uncountable at, by, for in, on, out of to + verb with gerunds at, in, on, from... to, by apostrophes commas defining versus non-defining whose passive forms questions reporting verbs time since, for, in, ago still, yet, already conditionals I and II conditional III When is a verb not a verb? T'm sorry, I'll say that again. ‘The man with the bald head The old grey mare This is something new! A five-day week Which shoes are the cheapest? They left. quickly for the station the next morning. Although it was raining, we went for a walk. Tonly did it to please you. ‘The plane was late because of the weather. ‘This is rather too easy for me. Is it a god or the god? ‘Man bites dog. Around the world in 8 days Quiet waters run deep. Will she be at home for a while? He's out of town on business. T object to doing this! Please pay before leaving. It happened at 8 o'clock in the morning on Monday. I prefer the black ones. Tcan't and I won't, so that's it! If, however, you agree, I'll do it. ‘There's little tea but lots of coffee. Shakespeare, who died in 1616, wrote many plays. ‘The man whose car was stolen Ten men are said to have been killed. He asked me where fish get their money from. He asked her to marry him. Tl help you as soon as I've finished this exercise. We've been married since 1973. Haven't you finished yet? Are you still working? Ifhe applies, he'll get the job. Twould have called if you had told me.(0 36 37 (0 ss a1) 39 Verbs: elt) 40 ela 42 43 eal 46 ella 49 eal 50 eal 51 eait) 52 (0) 57 elt 58 (59 (Zl 61 (0 62 (1 63 (1) 64 eal 65 eal 66 (1) 67 Phrasal verb table conditional (It's time/I'd rather) conditional revision forget, remember, stop, try +-ing or to from adjectives future continuous future perfect, future review get infinitive phrases after question words in newspaper headlines modals of obligation and advice modals of past probability modals of probability perception + participle or infinitive passive, causative passive, general past perfect phrasal verbs I phrasal verbs II phrasal verbs III phrasal verbs IV plus gerund or to + infinitive plus object + simple infinitive plus object + to + infinitive present perfect versus past present simple versus continuous transitive and intransitive tense revision I tense revision II used to, be/get used to wish It’s time you got up! I would if I could. Let's try doing it this way. It’s too long — we must shorten it. She'll be coming round the mountain when she comes. We'll have finished by the time they get here. What will the weather be like tomorrow? Tve got to get ready. I don't know what to do! Man lands on Mars. You should be more careful. You must have been a beautiful baby. ‘You must be the new sales assistant. Tean hear someone coming. I must get my hair cut. The record has been broken. When I looked up, she had gone. T'm nearly ready ~ hang on a minute. Give it up! What does RSVP stand for? Mick’s gone down with ‘lu. Do you mind waiting? Please don't make me go home! Iwant you to help me. Have you been there? Yes, I went last week. I know what I'm doing! He walks his dog in the park every Sunday. Have a nice meal! She surprised everyone. Tused to enjoy this, but now I hate it! Iwish I had a car. i Worksheets marked with this symbol have accompanying cassette tape drills. The tapescripts for these drills are at the end of the book. They are numbered 1 to 22.Glossary subject verb object adverbial noun phrase verb phrase noun phrase prepositional phrase possessive definite proper noun modal verb article adjective noun | preposition article noun John couldn't find his pet dog. the garden| subject verb object adverbial noun phrase verb phrase subordinate clause quantifer definite adjective noun awsiiary ab ver pronoun Conjunction pronoun verb ‘Most of the new guests) had met him before they left. adjective adverb adverbial article auxiliary verb conditional demonstrative gerund infinitive: a) simple infinitive b) to- infinitive modal noun passive phrasal verb preposition prepositional phrase pronoun relative clause tense verb dirty, old, blue, wooden The tall girl wore a new dress. slowly, never, happily, sideways They often fly overhead. in the morning, when she spoke He found the mouse under the table. the, a have, be, do, was, did if, unless these, that walking, singing, laughing ‘make, play to do, to work can, would, must girl, chair, wind, love is made, was mended put up, look after at, beside, in front of, by The tea has an excellent flavour. She didn’t listen while they were talking. They won't hear unless you shout. This picture is nicer than that one. Do you enjoy swimming? I can’t play the piano. She wants to meet you. ‘You may be right. ‘The room has little furniture. My car has been stolen. What have you been getting up to? They arrived at the party in the evening. in the green dress, on his head _ The lady in the pink suit is sitting in the shade. we, myself, who, that who ran away, that works goes, went, has gone run, find, give She's got the one that you want. ‘The person who spoke was angry. TU go as soon as they have arrived. She smiled at him.Grammatical terms When is a verb not a verb? Every word in English can be put into a grammatical category, such as noun, verb, preposition, ete. Some words may belong to more than one category, depending on their meaning and how they are used. Examples: She likes ice-cream (verb). He has many likes and dislikes (noun). You must do it like this (preposition). Alll good learner's dictionaries give the category after the headword, before the definition. Example: Biology noun [U) the scientific study of living things Exercise A Choose one of the grammatical terms from the box to describe each of the underlined words or phrases in the following sentences: article adverb of frequency | gerund [ phrasal verb | adjective | — preposition adverb reflexive pronoun [ conjunction | present participle | noun | adjective That bull looks friendly enough. adjective Which blue do you prefer, the dark one or the light one? Tve just bought a nice blue scarf. 1 sometimes wonder why I bother. ‘The cat was hiding under the table. ‘My boyfriend hates dancing. He made himself another cup of tea. ‘Welll all go home as soon as the bell rings. ‘Mary really works hard. 10 Last night I dreamed I was an elephant. 11 She has lovely smiling eyes. 12, T'm going to give up smoking next year. waraankene Exercise B ‘The verb in English has a tense. It can also be simple or continuous, active or passive, positive or negative. Describe the following verbs. Example: ‘The house was being painted. ‘past continuous passive ‘The moon had risen when they left. ‘The food will be divided amongst them. She has been sitting here for over an hour. He cut his finger. She won't have heard yet. What's happening? The lights weren't working at the time. This picture wasn’t painted by Picasso. ‘oussed ayduus eed @ ‘anne anneau snonuquos ysed 2 !aanze snonunueD “qian josoiyd gr ‘opdionod quaeasd TT juosaid g !annpe anneou ajduns y9p10d axmyry g ‘2[Rue OT “Guoape g ‘uonsuntuos g ‘anne ojdunsye0d “oan snonuruo9 s29psad quasaud funowoid aairoyes 2 “punsod @ ‘uonisodasd g ‘need ojduus aumany g ‘onnoe ojduutsyogjod sed { gq ‘Aouanbay jo quospe F ‘aanzelpe g ‘unoU g ‘aanoalpe TV ‘SUaMSNV1 Using the tapescripts f= | I'm sorry, I'll say that again. Some of the Intermediate Worksheets (those marked with €B) have accompanying drills on the cassette. These drills take one of the grammatical points from the Worksheet and give a set of sentences using it with everyday vocabulary and situations. ‘There are always two examples given of the kind of response expected. These are given at the beginning and then repeated, introducing a bell sound to tell you when to respond. ‘Some of the responses may be quite long and complicated. You may be required to change tenses, or nouns to pronouns, etc. It is difficult at first to remember what to say and how to say it. To get used to using the drills there are a number of things you can do. 1 Listen to the drill all the way through ~ do not try to answer yourself. 2 Listen to the drill and repeat the answer silently with the speaker. 3 Keep your finger on the pause button of your machine, and stop your machine as soon as you hear the bell, to give yourself time to work out and practise the answer silently before you respond. Then start to speak as soon as you release the pause button. 4 Repeat the correct response again, immediately after hearing it, before the next question. This time, try to concentrate on getting the same intonation in your voice as the speaker. 5 Relax and enjoy the drills. You may find some of them silly or stupid, but all the language practised is useful! 6 Try to make up some more drills using the same grammar point, and check them with your teacher to see if they are correct. 2 Here is part of Exercise 1 from the tape. Before you listen to it, try to complete the sentences: Jane: I've just met a man. He was wearing a pink wig. Mary: Really! You met aman wearing a pink wig? Jane: Yes, and I met a girl who had a snake round her neck. 1 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a film producer. He had a long beard. 2 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a dentist. He was wearing a white coat. 3 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a countess. She was wearing a tiara. 4 Mary: ‘ Jane: Yes, and then I met a priest. He was carrying a large bible. 5 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I mot a rock singer. He had a ring in his nose. 6 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I woke up! {osou sy ur Fu w yyeM sats ou e your nog TEAL cot atte w Haase youd w yous nog jsTeoN g jeAEN B RutABOM seapEMOD w UE MOA |AIM H ZOD MP P U STIUOP v 19uL nog iA6=Y {pq uo] w ype JooNpoud ww 29m Mog |IEOY g {APU AVY puns axCUS WIE LB OWE NOR (AE ‘SUaMSNV| 3 Adqjectival phrases | ome | The man with the bald head To describe a noun we can use an adjective (an old woman — see Elementary Worksheet 1), a relative clause (people who are in their eighties ~ see Elementary Worksheets 31 and 32) or we can use an adjectival phrase. This can be: 1 a preposition plus a noun, usually with an adjective Examples: a dog with a shaggy tail, a news reader with glasses, a doctor in a white coat 2 a present participle plus object or adverbial (active) Examples: a stranger carrying a box, a room smelling of flowers, a plant growing in the shade 8 a past participle plus agent or adverbial (passive) Examples: a flower worn by the bridegroom, a picture painted by Rembrandt, _ giraffe wearing a a bird seen in the spring bowler hat Exercise A Rewrite the pairs of sentences below as one sentence. Examples: ‘The car was taken by the actress. She had a Welsh accent. The car was taken by the actress with a Welsh accent. ‘The notice says the game is cancelled. It is pinned on the board. The notice pinned on the board says the game is cancelled. 1 The treasure has been identified as Roman. It was discovered last week. 2 The children must have seen it. They were playing outside. 3 You'll find it on the table. The table is in the living room. 4 Judith has just shown me a blackbird’s nest. It has six eggs in it. 5 They're looking for a graduate. He or she must have a degree in Sociology. 6 Anew play has just started in London. Arthur Daley wrote it. 7 A soldier was first on the scene. He was wearing full dress uniform. 8 That special sign means this antique is genuine. It is printed on the bottom. 9 A tall, dark girl opened the door. She had shoulder-length hair. 10 The green leather jacket would look rather good on me. It’s on display in the window. Exercise B © Do Exercise 1 on the cassette. ‘9 uo poo 300) pom mopar ‘yp wt Keydssp wo yoy soya wad. 24, OT “s00p o43 pouodo stey YpAUaT-rapIMONs HAE EE LEP ITM V6 “OUINU st ‘onbruw sq) sueow worrog axp uo pajuid ue jersods yey, g “SUDNS ou Wo Iely Sw kHacyTUN Seasp Try HuLABOM sOIpIOS VL ‘wopuer ut paxers snk sey Kaye IMIPEY Ky UDR Ko|d MOU YQ “ABO|ODOS UI 9asHap v UIE ayEMpEAM v.05 HEPyOOT aycouy, 9.21 UL SRO xs qiun SoU SpNEyDETG vou! UnoYS Yank SEY PME. F “woos Ruta ox UI |e OMA UO 1 PUY ILA vi des aaey yen opisyno HuxKw[d UDIpIIYP aug, % "WEWOY SB paynUeps uoad sex aA ISH PALOACDSIp AUNEOR) ML, TV. SUaMSNV| Adjectives: order eI The old grey mare ‘When we use more than one adjective with a noun, there is a general rule for the order in which we use them. This rule says that the more specific or objective the adjective, the closer to the noun. Adjectives expressing opinion (wonderful, horrible) usually come first: o i “*& a beautiful black leather handbag a big fat French chef a fierce black German dog We can also use certain guidelines to help us decide how specific an adjective is: Material is closer to the noun than nationality: an Egyptian stone statue ‘Nationality is closer than colour: a green Australian lizard Colour is closer than shape: a thin white line Shape is closer than age: an old round table Age is closer than size: a large young elephant Opinion comes first: a magnificent old Chinese vase Exercise A Put the adjectives given in the correct order. Example: a bag (plastie/smalV/black) a small black plastic bag 1 a grapefruit (pink/delicious) 2. a motorbike (Japanese/white/noisy) 8 many buildings (new/concrete/huge) a mouth (wide/big) 4 5 some spiders (African/red/tiny) 6 a meal (Mexicanhotitasty) 7 a jacket (blue/leather) 8 lots of men (fat/short) 9 a trunk (old/tin/fascinating) 10 some students (young/Italian/nice) Exercise B Now list all the adjectives used in the exercise above into their categories opinion ize age shape colour nationality material small black plastic Exercise C Do Exercise 2 on the cassette. pes asondinniod funeusey were ang yous 04 on ueonay4 pal unos ‘ton ase sone, USE anus 8 Pre aq sou annbuo —asoudep yur apm now ainy snoop [eum —Seuoryeu —anojos deus one ons worudo squopmys unter] Sunog aw awos OT “UNA un plo BuNLUISE E 6 ‘wow 36) uo0ysj0 si0| g “aYDET aqTEA| ana w f, “ou! WOEHD,, 704 ASE vg ‘SuOprds WEoLAY par KUN OWS g “YOM! apim tig y 'sBurpimg manouoo mou any KUDU g ‘OyqIO}OW asouRdup oy KetOU eg SHMyadA ULE sNORNAP eT Y ‘SuaMSNV| Adjectives: position This is something new! A number of adjectives are not usually used in the normal position before a noun, but are only found after the noun and a link verb such as be or feel: 5 =~ 0 : Tfeel ill! « ges f Here is a list of the most common ones: afraid / alive / alone / asleep / awake / due / glad / ill / ready / sorry / sure / well Exercise A Choose the correct adjective from the list above to complete these sentences, 1 The money is at the end of the month. Don't forget to send a cheque. 2 I missed the end of the programme because I fell 3 She went to see the doctor because she was feeling 4 Don't be this won't hurt! 5 We're leaving in five minutes. Are you 2 6 % 8 ‘My sister believes that Elvis Presley didn’t die from drugs and is still ‘You don't look - Don't you think you should see a doctor? 1 love company. I just hate to be I think I know the answer but I'm not really __. 10 He was so tired that he could hardly keep during the party. 11 T'mterribly but I cannot accept your invitation. 12 Tm you enjoyed the film. ‘Most adjectives can also come after compounds with some-, no- or any- as in: somebody/nobody/anybody somexhercnnwhenngre bing noe something/nothing/anything Examples: something wonderfullmobody different/anything interesting/somewhere nice Exercise B Rearrange the following phrases and choose a suitable adjective from the list given to complete these sentences. suspicious / new / alive / exciting / cold / stupid / quiet / strong 1 to help push my car/someone/I'm looking for/ 2 anywhere/for your holidays?/Did you go 3. asked if we had noticed/anything/The police officer/last night. 4 would play/such a crazy trick!/Only somebody 5 but it had nothing/It was/in it/the latest sportswear catalogue 6 so we can talk//It's too/Let's go somewhere/noisy in here. 7 tofind anyone/They didn't expect/after the explosion. 8 to drink,/something/I could just do with “yup 0 poo FuxyroWos Yiu op FEN" pos | g -uorsO[dxo axp Joye axtye auoue puy o} BedxD yuUPIP AOU, J "y[E1 UD OM os yunb axoqmows of 5,37] 2x04 ut Kstou om; $3] FI MOU RUNMIOW pry 3 nq anROFEIED eAMELEOdS JEN af SEM IL ‘ou Aces yons Keld pinom pdms Kpogowtos Kyu) y IYBIU Ise] sno}Edsns AUIYAXuR Paotou Pe am J pase JaDYO aotjod a4, © gsKepyoy anos 20j Bunioxo auoymcue of nos pig] g 9 Cur Ysnd diay oy Buass guoddHos 40} BUYOUT ‘Eppa e ‘prey FI g sdooyse & ‘op Ty ‘suameuy ‘pois GI “AuOs TT ‘oyeKE OT ‘oun g ‘9UOTe g “Im Lome] Adjectives: compound | ome | A five-day week rs) vw eS 8 GWE a five-man team carrying a four-hundred-pound box across an eight-foot bridge When we want to describe something precisely, and give its height, weight, length, ete., we often use a compound adjective, with the amount and the unit. The unit is always in the singular, for example: DISTANCE: a five-mile walk ‘TIME: fa three-hour exam a six-pound fish NUMBER: a four-man team a ten-foot wall LENGTH: asix-inch nail Rewrite the following sentences using a compound adjective on the model above. Example: He took off on a balloon flight which took six hours. He took off on a six-hour balloon flight. 1 Mary gave birth to a beautiful baby weighing four kilos. 2 ve just had an interview with the boss which lasted twenty minutes. 3 Acaravan which measures seven metres is suitable for a family of four. 4 The crew, consisting of eight men, was rescued by helicopter. 5 The architect wants to erect a block rising to 150 feet in the centre of the town, 6 The walk, which covers ten kilometres, is one of the most exhausting events. 7 On 11 November every year, people observe a silence lasting two minutes, 8 Because of the lack of orders, the company now works a week of only three days. 9 The bridge was damaged by a juggernaut weighing 38 tonnes. 10 She was wearing a coat worth 500 dollars and a hat which cost 200 dollars. @ Exercise B Do Exercise 3 on the cassette. “yeu 1.0p-00% ® pe B09 ze110p-99K ® RULIBaM sem ay OT “yREUIRAPAS ouUE,-gE v Kg paslemE sem ABPLAq IU & “yom sop-oniy 8 som Mou KuDdioD 949 'S9pI0 Jo yPe] aM Jo IETUDOA] g "saUaTES AUTU-OM) ¥ an198q0 dood ‘sH0K Kia49 sqwaKON TT UO £ "SWOs9 JuREMeND ysour Uf Jo BuO SI >EA ANPUO}D-UD} AY, g "UMO} Hf JO-AFUDD ANA UL Y>O|G IO} OST " yo0u9 0) stb oyiyaae ayy, ~soydoytay Aq ponasad sh mas9 URL ai, j ‘sMo} Jo IUNRY w 3 agen st ABIES anou-uanes yg “S009 ay ike mauAsogUt HUTU- + 94.9% “Om NOG TV SUaMSNVT 3 Articles: definite/indefinite x Is it a god or the god? DEFINITE ARTICLE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 1 Information already known or mentioned ‘The man in the car is my father. 2 Describing a group of people the rich, the poor, the unemployed 3 Specifying something with a following phrase He's the man I love. 4 With unique objects the earth, the moon, the stars 5 Specifying a group of people or things ‘The modern woman is more independent. Who invented the telephone? 6 With superlatives the smallest coin, the most expensive car 7 With musical instruments She plays the piano and the violin. 8 With names of nationalities The French eat a lot of cheese. 9 With most geographical names (see Elementary Worksheet 9) the Alps, the United States, the Red Sea Names of places with of the Bank of England, the Tower of London 10 1 New information Aman ina car waved at me this morning, 2 With professions She's a doctor and he’s a bus driver. 3. Expressing frequency twice a week, £1000 a year, once a day 4 Expressing ‘only one’ when there are many Tl have a sandwich please. 5 General statements A washing machine is essential. NO ARTICLE 1 General statements Washing machines are essential. Modern women are more independent. 2 Abstract ideas Beauty is only skin-deep. 3 Days of the week, months, names of shops Monday, April, Harrod’s 4. Names of people: Charles, Diana, Lovejoy ea guarded (6), like (11), to (20). people look back at (23) ancient Roman god, (2) ‘god who protected (4) beginning of (5) time of leaving on (9), journey, and (10) ‘year just past and ahead to (24), In the following passage, write a, the or (~) as necessary: Janus, was (3). things. He spring planting of (7) wheat, (8) entrances doorways and (12), city gates. So that he could be wise, (13) ___ Janus had two faces, one to look backward into (14)___ past and (15), forward into (16), (17)_____ first month of (18), other to look future. year is (19) entrance new year. It is (21) time when (22)___ year to come. When our modern calendar was put together, this first month was named (25) January after (26), two-faced Janus. Roman god, (27), ‘Three other months that were named after (28), March, (30) July and August. famous Roman gods and citizens are (29)_ = of = 6g = 8e Lz mH 9 81 UL 21 2H OF Sow ST ou BE gE aE TT ‘oun ve ‘on Be 2 ‘oun s08 Hg ‘IN OF “OKN BI ‘KN Sores OMe Loe =o oH FON Ez UL T ‘SUGMSNV1 Articles: newspaper headlines 4 MAN BITES DOG Newspaper headlines often miss out articles to save space. Verbs are often put into the simple present instead of the past (see Intermediate Worksheet 45). Example: QUEEN GIVES PRESENT TO ITALIAN AMBASSADOR (The Queen has given a present to the Italian Ambassador.) When we expand the headline, we use the articles as normal. The definite article is used for unique references, when the reader knows who or what is being referred to, or specific groups. Examples: the Queen, the Moon, the Chinese The indefinite article is used when new information is given, Examples: a present, an earthquake, a discovery No article is used for new information whieh is plural or uncountable Examples: snow, riots, inflation, boredom MAN BITES DOG (Aman has bitten a dog.) (See Intermediate Worksheet 13.) Look at the following collection of headlines and make complete sentences for each one, putting in articles where necessary. 1 VILLAGER CALLS FOR ACTION AT ROAD JUNCTION 2 QUEEN GOES TO CHANNEL ISLES 3 FOOTBALL FAN FALLS OUT OF 125 MPH TRAIN 4 CHANCELLOR OF EXCHEQUER RAISES TAXES HOUSE IS BLASTED AS COUPLE SLEEPS 6 MINISTER IS GUEST AT OPENING OF NEW SUPERMARKET 7 BOREDOM MAKES JOBLESS TURN TO CRIME 8 FLOODS ARE EXPECTED ON EAST COAST AS MOON APPROACHES EARTH 9 MAN GETS SECOND LIFE SENTENCE 10 LABOUR PARTY ATTACKS GOVERNMENT POLICY ON SCHOOLS ‘sjooyos wo foqod usuUs9408 (ayn (poyoENE sey) SHEN Lue INOgeT ays OT “URU® jy puooos 9 (208 sey) sma8 wow ¥ @ “yuaRa a4) soypmoudde UooUs 947 se IPOD Y860 247 Wo PonDadKD aL¥ spool g “OUD o tuamy ssoygofay7 soem woparog “joxseUsadns sou vo Zuruodo ay) 78 ysond D sea) st mysTULME Y 9 “(ado[) Son oKdN09 W se ponsejq (sea) st asnoy yg “sox (postea sey) sostes ronboypxg 9y7 Yo soOUEYD ay y “UE Yu EET yO 190 (UAL EU) SI) ue) 18e300} ¥ g “SBI PLUEYD 24) oy (aUEH sou) S08 UaDMe ys @ "UORINE poos Dye NORE 205 (aIIED =e) x09 OAS | SUaMSNV| ] 5 Articles: with geographical names cy Around the world in 8 days Intermediate Worksheet 13 deals with the general rules for the use of articles. There are also specific rules for their use with geographical names. With the Without the RIVERS the River Danube/the Danube CONTINENTS Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia SEAS the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea COUNTRIES _ Italy, Brazil, Germany OCEANS: the Atlantic Ocean/the Atlantic STATES California, Ontario, Bavaria CANALS the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal COUNTIES Yorkshire, Kent, Fife CHANNELS the English Channel crrtEs Paris, Madrid, Sao Paulo BAYS the Bay of Biscay, the Bay of Bengal TOWNS Calais, Bournemouth, Seville GULFS the Gulf of Mexico VILLAGES —_Sawston, Gretna Green STRAITS the Straits of Hormuz STREETS Oxford Street, 5th Avenue MOUNTAIN GROUPS the Alps, the Rocky Mountains MOUNTAINS Mount Everest, Kilimanjaro ISLAND GROUPS the British Isles, the West Indies ISLANDS Bali, Jersey, Majorca DESERTS. the Sahara Desert/the Sahara LAKES Lake Vietoria, Lake Michigan ‘UNIONS the United States, the United Kingdom PLURAL PLACE NAMES the Netherlands, the Tropies REGIONS. the Antarctic, the Costa Brava Read the following holiday advertisement, putting in the when necessary, or leaving blank. AROUND THE WORLD IN 8 DAYS WITH RUNWAY TOURS We start our exciting tour in (1)___ London, (2)__ capital city of (3)__ England. Then we fly over (4)___ English Channel to (5)___ France where we can admire the magnificent view of (@____Alps before landing in (7)___ Geneva for our first night. From (8)___ Switzerland we fly south to(9)__ Mediterranean Sea, (10) Suez Canal and (11)___ Red Sea, before heading east over (12)__Saudi Arabia and the rest of (13)___ Middle East. Our second night is spent in (14)___ exotic Madras, where you will taste a real curry! Then over (15), (16)___ Thailand where (17), Bay of Bengal to Bangkok, on (18)___ Gulf of Siam, awaits all those who like shopping! On the fourth day we fly south over (19)__ Malaysia and spend a romantic night on (20)____ Bali Island, (21)__ Timor Sea separates us from (22)__ Australia, where we spend our fifth day, gazing down on (23)__ Great Sandy Desert and (24) _ magnificent Macdonnell Ranges as we cross over to (25), and (27) Zealand, and then over (30) Great Barrier Reef on the east coast, and then south to (26)__ Sydney Canberra. The sixth day takes us across (28)__ Tasman Sea to (29)_ New North America. The exciting city of (32)___ San Francisco is where we spend our seventh and penultimate night. Finally Pacific Ocean to the great continent of (31). it’s off to (33)___ majestic Rocky Mountains and over (34)__Great Plains to (35)_ Lake Erie and (36)___ Lake Ontario in (37)___ Canada where our last night will be spent in (38). fascinating Quebee, on (39), ‘St Lawrence River. Don't delay ~ book today to see (40)__ rivers, seas and mountains of our wonderful earth! om OF Som 6 ' #E Le 9 $e ‘0 ye Son ee ae Ig co Og 6x YOM BE LE 9% ‘OM Ge ‘oun VE OMT ex Be UL IZ = 08 = GT ‘am ST LT OF fou gt pr om st arom TT MN OF OM BB LIMES My EM ZT SUIMSNY1 f Nouns: countable and uncountable 4 Quiet waters run deep. All English nouns can be categorised as either countable or uncountable. Some can be classified as both, although they change their meaning slightly, depending on which category they are being used in. Most English learning dictionaries indicate which category by placing [C], [U] or [C/U] after the headword. COUNTABLE nouns can be counted. They can be either singular or plural. Examples: a flower /six flowers, a bird |ten birds, a theory/a thousand theories ‘A few nouns are only found in the plural, or with a plural verb. Examples: clothes, belongings, goods, remains, people, police, cattle Agirl wearing jeans drinking milk Some nouns are always plural, and must be used with the phrase a pair of to describe one. Examples: trousers, jeans, shorts, dungarees, braces, pants, tights, glasses, scissors, UNCOUNTABLE nouns never use the article a(n) or a plural. They use some or a unit noun such as a bit Of a piece of... a cup of....@ loaf of..., ete. Examples: a piece of news, a loaf of bread, some milk, some cheese ‘Some nouns are usually uncountable, but can have a countable form which means ‘one unit or specific example of... Examples: Like chocolate. ‘Would you like a chocolate? Cheese is made from milk. Camembert is a French cheese. ‘The present was wrapped in paper. The Times is a right-wing paper. Delete the wrong alternative in the following sentences. In the column on the right mark if the noun is countable (C), uncountable (U) or always plural (PL) in this context. Category Example: I have e-good-news/some good news for you. eicloss 1 She was wearing a tight blue jean/tight blue jeans. Thave just bought a new furniture/some new furniture. Do you like it? Would you like a wine/some wine? I have just opened this bottle. I need an information/some information about my examinations. 2 3 4 5 He always eats a bread/bread with his soup. 6 He was wearing a silk pyjama/silk pyjamas when they arrived. 7 She has made good progress/good progresses in her studies. 8 I'm really thirsty. I'd like another beer/beer. 9 Let me give you some advice/an advice: don't make him angry. 10 T've got some pain/a pain in my stomach. That food was bad. 19) uted wpated owes OF #71) amApe-uRDIApe AMOS g {(D) 499qH20q JoIPOUE g Hn) YeHsARONE pods asaisoxd ood 2 '1q) SRUTELKE ASpRUNNKE- g “(C) PRDIC/pEEG- g “(() UONEULOWUT aus EReEEOHEE sip) suum ouoeppuiee g \() auninuany MOU owOR/eaNAREARF ADU Z *C'1d) SUEDE Ong UB VEOK MENEN T ‘SUaMSNVPrepositional phrases I: at, by, for Will she be at home for a while? lose cans | Is this for sale? Thate travelling by bus. Here is a list of common prepositional phrases. AT at atime at first at home at the beginning at once at times at last at work at the end at least at lunch at intervals, at school at the moment at all costs at dinner at speed at university at present, at war at night at rest at sea at the weekend at peace BY by bus by mistake by yourself by heart, by car by chance by all means by name by air by accident by degrees by sight FOR for sale for example for ever for a change for hire for instance for a while for the first time Choose the best phrases from the boxes above to complete these sentences. I came round to see you last night but you weren’t 1 2 She learnt the whole poem __ for the examination. 3. We are leaving the area, so our house is up 4 Charles is doing a degree in French and Drama ___ this year. 5 [didn't like him ___ but after a while I grew very fond of him. 6 I'm tired of cooking. Let's go out for dinner ‘a 8 9 ‘This letter is for you. It was given tome Inever want to leave you! I will love you It was very crowded ~ there must have been ___ 50 people at the party. 10 Tknow him ___ but I can never remember his name. 11 Bats sleep during the day and only come out to feed _ 12 I'm sorry I can’t help you. You'll have to doit__ assmos A 21 Sa8su 98 1 Ss a 01 ‘1860178 g ‘2040 20) g ‘owESTU KGL fafuEYD w0} Q H8Iy We g ‘hayOMUN Ie py ‘pes an} g sitvOH AGE faNOY Ie T ‘SUAMSNY] 8 Prepositional phrases II: in, on, out of x He’s out of town on business. David's in hospital at the moment. He's on a diet. Here is a list of common prepositional phrases. IN in theory in hospital in town, ina hurry in future in practice inbed inthe country in my opinion in conclusion in fact. in trouble in public in abad mood in particular in detail in danger in private in any case in part ON on the lefvright on my own on fire ‘on purpose on a tripfourney ona diet on duty on sale on holiday on occasions on business on loan OUT OF out of control ‘out of money out of work out of date out of breath out of order out of practice ‘out of the question out of reach Choose the best phrases from the above boxes to complete these sentences. We'll have to use the stairs — the lift is but it will never work. His idea is great It’s well protected. There’s a guard all the time. ‘Most school children are during the month of August. Do you like my new trousers? They were at half price. ‘Many foreigners find it strange to drive in England. Tean't stop to talk just now. I'm afraid I'm 1 2 3 4 5 We must warn them immediately. They are___ 6 7 8 9 He's been running so hard, he can’t talk ~ he's 10 Their marriage is breaking up, although they always appear the ideal couple 11 Nearly three million people are __, with no income. 12. He said it was an accident, but I was sure he had done it ‘sodund uo g1 uo", 1N0 TT ‘augnd Ut OF sayeaiq jo ano g KunyeuL g "YP 94} UO Z “TEE UO g “aFUEP UE g “AepYOY UO F -KMP UO g “AaOoyY UE g “Mp0 JO WE T SUaMSNV| ] 9 Prepositions: to + verb | object to doing this! ‘The particle to is either a preposition, followed by a noun or pronoun (to the end, to them) or an infinitive particle with a verb (to eat, to smile, to dance). However, there are a few occasions when fo is used as a preposition, but is followed by a verb. In these cases we have to use the gerund — the ‘noun’ form of the verb ending in -ing. Here are the most common examples: Hey, I object to doing this! be averse to -ing Tam averse to getting up early on Sunday mornings. be different to -ing Surfing is very different fo skiing. be close to -ing They are close to signing the agreement. bbe opposed to -ing The government is opposed to supporting the railways. getbe/grow accustomed to ing We are not accustomed to dealing with such large amounts. get round to -ing He hopes to get round to finishing the work next week. get/be used fo -ing Teould get used to eating Indonesian food. look forward to -ing Mary is really looking forward fo meeting your son. object to -ing ‘The Council has objected to games being played on Sundays. prefer ing to -ing ‘These days I prefer watching football to playing it. take to -ing Ahmed has taken to calling late at night. Use each phrase from the list above in one of the following sentences, together with one of the verbs from the set below. Put it in the most suitable tense. dance / visit / write / wear / collect / eat / work / take / smoke / agree / measure 1 Charlie has a brand new hobby — he matchboxes in a big way. 2 I'm sorry, but you can't have a cigarette in here. I most strongly in publie. 3. He's really lazy: he always sleeping. 4 The two delegations have been arguing all day, but I think they at last. 5 Iwas brought up with Fahrenheit and I'll never the temperature in Celsius. 6 Jane hasn't had a holiday this year so she’s Disneyland in October. 7 Iknow you're very busy, but I hope you can. those letters this week. 8 She's not. but she just can't stand the waltz. 9 Some people claim that drinking alcohol is drugs, but they are both bad for you. 10 Since we've been living in Spain, we dinner much later, although I haven't really got used to it, 11 Most British people fur coats these days because it means killing wild animals. ‘Suuwom oy pasoddo axe 11 ‘Sune oy uayey any OT “Bunge (wosy 40} oy wase IP g ‘FuRDUEp or asLaKE g FURLN ey punos 308 L BUNIIA.O pURAIDJ RUE g Suuinsvous oy pasn 98 ¢ ‘BuloeUHe oy aso(2 ase y FunfIOW oY" suapaud g BuryouS oy" polGo z “FUNPATOD.O UOT YT ‘SUaMSNV2 0 Prepositions and link words: with gerunds Please pay before leaving. PREPOSITIONS are normally followed by nouns. Example: Monkeys live in trees. ‘The gerund (the -ing form of the verb) is a noun formed from the verb. We can use this form after prepositions, Example: Y'm not very keen on living in trees. LINK WORDS such as after, when, while join two sentences to make one. If the subject is the same, we can often reduce one of the sentences by using the gerund. Example: He often whistles while he is working. — He often whistles while working. You shouldn't use the phone while driving. Choose a suitable preposition or link word from the list in the box and complete the sentences using the verb given at the end of each one. without / when / since / after / by / in spite of / after / instead of / for 1 It’s dangerous to swim immediately (cat) 2 You should save some of your money all of it (spend) 3 Low ceiling. Mind your head your seat. (eave) 4 This knob here is the volume. (change) 5 She never went skiing again her leg. (break) 6 He's very rude. He just left the party good-bye to the hostess. (say) 7 She didn't get the job a high mark in all the tests. (get) 8 They've travelled a great deal (retire) 9 Mary found the answer the word in an encyclopedia. (look up) dn Buryoo} 44 g “Suunar sous g ‘Sumas joayds oy 4 uykes mnoxgen g “Burypaq aye g “FusSuimyo cy y ‘Fusavoy uous g ‘Bufpuods,o pearsur g ‘Sune soye 1 SUaMSNVPrepositions of time: at, in, on, from... to, by It happened at 8 o'clock in the morning on Monday. It happened at 8 o'clock in the morning on Monday. at first (in contrast with a change later: At first I liked him but then I changed my mind.) at last (after a long wait: At last the bus is here we've been waiting for ages!) at the beginning/at the end (with something which has a beginning and an end: At the beginning of the month I get ots of bills. At the end of the month I get my salary.) at the time (at that moment: Teouldn't phone you as I hadn't got your number at the time.) in the morning (times of the day) in the end (after difficulties or effort: I took my driving test 5 times, but passed in the end.) in a month (after a period of time: Ill be going home ina month.) AT IN ON at four o'clock in April (months) on Saturday (days) at the weekend in 1994 (years) ‘on 20th June (dates) at night in spring (seasons) on holiday at Christmas in time (before it is too late) ‘on time (at the appointed time) FROM...TO from May to July (a period of time) BY by 5 o'clock (within a certain time limit: I'l finish this by 5 o'clock.) Put the correct prepositions into each space. 1 I'm watching TV -T'll phone you back __ 9.30, _the end of the programme. 2 We're going ____ holiday three weeks’ time. 3 Sothere you are___last! Can’t you ever be __ time? 4 ____ first, I intended to stay the whole time, but _ the end I decided to leave before the end. 5 Shouldn't you have finished this now? ~ I've got to leave noon at the latest. 6 ____ Saturday morning I'm going to work 9.00__ 11.30. 7 We usually stay at home Christmas, but go out. New Year's Eve. 8 Tve never been to Greece May. 9 I didn't understand what he meant 10 the time we got there we were just spring before ~ I didn’t realise it would be as warm as this time for dinner. the time, but it became clear the end. ‘ur“éq OF ‘ure aoe 4 for woay~uQ g :Aq~KG g TUEIY F SUOIE g CUE-UO ge T SUSMSNV| 2 2 Pronouns: one | prefer the black ones ‘The pronoun one /ones is used very often instead of repeating the noun. ‘One can be used on its own. Example: Ive got one. or with an article + adjective. Example: Iwant a green one. Give him the old one. ‘Ones always follows a noun modifier (article, adjective, ete.). Example: Which ones would you like? I want big ones, We use some instead of ones on its own. Example: ve got some. Exercise A ‘Would you like one?” "Yes please, I've never had these ones before!” Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with one or ones and a suitable article where appropriate. 1 A: There are three pairs of shoes here - which B: _____with the mud on them. 2 A: Fm having a cup of tea. Do you fancy B: No thanks, I've just had i 3 A: How many fish did you catch? B: Only a couple of small . But 4A: Iwanta pair of jeans. How much are B: in the corner? A No, in the window. 5 A: Ineed some new gloves - thick B: What happened to you bought last year? Exercise B What do the following statements refer to? Example: You need one to go abroad. 1 You must have one to drive a car legally. 2 Ifyou haven't got one, you are unemployed. 3 You need one to shoot an arrow. 4 You wear one to keep your neck warm. 5 You may find a Picasso or a dinosaur in one. 6 You wear woolly ones to keep your feet warm. & Exercise C Do Exercise 6 on the cassette. are yours? _______ that got away was enormous! over there? that will keep my hands warm. ‘pos g “unasn eg {ws w smog eg "gore z ‘ooueoy Auiaup eT ‘souo ayysouo g ‘sou atpysoU /SOU0 OM ‘buo ayysouo ‘ouojouo g ‘souoayysOu0 TY SUIMSNVY| 2 3 Punctuation: apostrophes |can‘t and | won't, so that’s it! The apostrophe (’) has two uses in English: 1 To indicate that one or more letters are missing: a) from verb phrases to indicate how they are pronounced in informal language. Examples: can't (cannot), won't (will not), that’s (that is), I'd (I would /I had), it’s (it is/it has), ete. In writing, this is normally only used for informal language, such as personal letters. b) from a single word, which has a popular short form. Examples: *flu (from influenza), "phone (telephone) (These are now less common.) 2 To indicate the possessive: a) before the -s for singular words. Examples: Mary's book, the fish’s tail, the man’s job, one’s duty, nobody's fault NOTE that words ending in y do not change: (the lady's handbag). Itis also placed before the -s where a word has a special plural form. Examples: the people’s champion, the women’s movement, b) after the -s for plural words. Examples: the boys’ jobs, the ladies’ committee, the birds’ nests It may also be placed after the -s in words that already end with s. Examples: Jesus’ disciples, the Jones’ new car. In these cases the ‘missing s is usually still pronounced (Jesus’s, the Jones's) Exercise A Insert apostrophes in the correct places in the following sentences. 1 Annes mothers dogs won a prize at the show. 2 The womens team are going to Paris in a weeks time. Well see them there. 3. Wed better stop ~ theyve realised what were doing. 4 Whats the noise? Its the car thats lost its silencer. 5 The Davis house isnt one of the biggest ones. Exercise B Write out the sentences without contractions. Example: I'm pleased we've found the girls’ shoes. Lam pleased we have found the girls’ shoes. 1 Td rather you'd given it to the children’s home. 2. He's going to show us the pictures he’s taken. 3 One's got to help ones friends, even if one’s in trouble oneself. 4 They won't agree because they can't allow exceptions to the rules they've made. 5 You'd better go. If he'd had any sense, he'd have left too. ‘00 yo, ‘ns pom oy ‘suas Au poy poy au J 08 49NAq PEY TOK g ‘ape aney Koya Soja a or ‘souo asoiig auf J ou Aust omnoy AEC HLL, suondaoxo mote ours Aoxp a5M2309 90:30 YOU [8 KOM soou9[8 S180] 33648 1 OTA Sal Z9sIOU NH SACU F “asouo ayqnoss ‘Sutop axam yey pastyeas o4,Sa471— dors JOMEM PAM. & lust auo 3 uaxo spuotay souo doy 04908 eet uC) ox Soy ay saumgord ay sn mous on SuO8 8 FL ‘uo = uauplyo ay 0 3! 9A pey Mos Jo4rEA OM | 2x04 WY 98 LOM ‘ou §00m W UH Stan oF Bus as tee SORION aL a "Moys ayp 18 aztud Uw SBOP Santo SAUUY Ty SUIMSNVPunctuation: commas If, however, you agree, I'll do it. ‘There are no clear rules for the use of the comma in English. The safest way is to use a comma if it helps to make the meaning of the sentence clearer. In general terms, it is wise to use a comma: 1 whenever the normal order of the sentence (subject->verb—vobject/adverbial,ete.) is disturbed as, for ‘example, when a sentence starts with a long adverbial or a clause. Examples: ‘ADVERBIALICLAUSE | COMMA SUBJECT ‘VERB ‘OBJECTADVERBIAL, ETC. ‘On most days of the week ‘ Sebastian ‘goes fishing. ‘With the utmost eaution : she edged out into the main road. Ifyou don't stop laughing : I won't help ‘you to lay the table. ‘As soon as the rain clears : we ‘can set off for home again. Nevertheless zi thedirector | has decided to dismiss him. | 2 where there is a list of similar parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, ete. Examples: I've got to get eggs, bread, potatoes and a bottle of sherry. He stood up, smiled, raised her hand to his lips and kissed it It’s an ugly, green, hairy thing. 3 with a non-defining clause (see Intermediate Worksheet 26). Example: The new editor, who used to work in advertising, has adopted a fresh policy. 4 to mark an interjection. Example: The chief reporter, on the other hand, has no intention of changing his style. ‘The commas in these cases, as in most others, indicate a pause or a change in intonation. Add commas to the following sentences as necessary. 1 Visconti the film producer made strange avant-garde films in black and white. 2 As soon as she arrives you must I insist apologise to her. 3 Sue David and Allan all decided to share. Sam however insisted on a separate room which was typical of him. 4 Had she known she would not have given in in any case. 5 Mary the victim must never find out if you see what I mean. 6 The winger cut in side-stepped the defender glanced quickly up and shot straight past the keeper who had no chance of saving it. 7 What it was was no concern of theirs as they had unknown to him already come off duty. 8 [could do with a long cool drink to refresh me after a really difficult dangerous and dirty job. ‘of Ayyp pus snoxesizep ajrouprp Ayqeax 8 Tye au YsOA}As YUE [009 “BuO w HAL OP PICO | ‘mp yo a Apeane uy 2ywaDuyLN "PY oxy sox Jo EID ow Heo! “y Bas yo aounye ou pay ox ‘sadaay aun eed asians 2048 pur da fpypmb paoueys “sapuasep ayy poddans-opts “ur Ino JOU OUT, ‘wsour 7eys 296 nos Jt “yno pul 19AOU yoMU SUTTON nN “KIEL ‘auto Cue uu UaAiS OxRY 04 [ROM ays UROL 9YS PEE, ‘uy Jo wx Som yprym “tons ayezed9s w uo poystsut‘ZaxaMoY ‘WHE “azBYS on PEPHAP [Le WELTY PUE PIAE "OAS ‘at asoqode“stsut | “stuns “SanLLT aYS SE UOOS SY ‘on pus yoeg ut sty apsed-ueae ‘aires spews ‘s9onpoud Uy ayy AUODSEA,2 5 Quantifiers here’s little tea but lots of coffee. ‘When we don’t know or are not interested in how much or how many, we use some. (There are some people outside.) We can be more specific by using another quantifier, as in the following table. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS COUNTABLE NOUNS Ihave no no Idon't have any bread any apples Ihave little cheese few books Ihave alittle information afew cars Ihave ‘some money ‘some enemies Have you ...? any space any problems Ihave a lot offlots of time a lot offlots of thoughts Idon't have much many NOTES 1 No is used with both countable and uncountable nouns with a positive verb. Any is used with a negative verb. Examples: Ihave no energy = haven't got any energy. There are no eggs = There aren't any eggs. 2 any is used with questions. Example: Did you bring any water? 3 little and few are negative ideas, a little and a few are positive. Examples: Thave little time, so I must hurry. I have a little time, so I can stay for a while. Ihave few problems, so I am quite happy. I have a few problems, so I am rather worried 4 much and many are normally used with a negative verb (or the question How...) in informal language. ‘They are found with a positive verb in formal language. We normally use a lot of lots of in positive statements. Examples: She doesn’t need much encouragement. She has lots of courage Fill in the gaps in the following dialogue with appropriate quantifiers from the table above, "We need (1) more milk. There isn’t (2) left in the fridge.” ‘You're right. In fact we'll probably need (3) milk this morning, because you said you'd invited (4) friends around for coffee this morning.’ ‘Yes, but only (5) colleagues from the office.” © 2 How (7) exactly?” ——' Well, seven, actually. That's not (8) , is it? ‘But that means I'll have to buy (9) sugar and biscuits as well. I haven't done (10) shopping this week. I've been rather busy and had very (11) time? ‘Haven't we got (12) biscuits in the cupboard?” left last night but I ate them before I went to bed.’ ‘Don't worry — we won't need (14) enough.’ ‘No. There were (13) biscuits. All my friends are on diets. One packet will be ‘Just as well. I didn’t get to the bank yesterday, and I've got (15) cash on me at all.’ “That's unlike you ~ you usually have (16) money in your pocket.’ ‘uosgo 0490 19 © QT “ou OT “AuoM FT ma} YawOS ET ‘ue gr ‘om LL SKuv OF ‘oWOs g ‘AuoM g youasg sous wy eLIY 38944 UII IY “ORL, G —TRHOPUOM spunos UO UDAG ysnf soy JUNE AMOK din UL § apa si Jo 79 aoqured uaa B sem OY "OD HAZ ‘hnoge Hany st auouana wy ayy UOds NOs ANB “turyeuneey pug ays yp AAO|O0N Hurspmys sy NIE AW TL paropio sowoysno siya Siu 49 PUY AED | TY ‘SUSMSNY2 7 Relative clauses: whose The man whose car was stolen We use whose to join two sentences together (in place of his, her, -'s, etc.) to talk about possession. We do not need to repeat his or her or add the. Examples: _ The singer gave a wonderful performance. Her voice had improved. — The singer, whose (the) voice had improved, gave a wonderful performance. We normally use whose for people only. We have no equivalent word for animals or things, and use a nal phrase instead. The dog with the broken The table with the broken was broken is outside. leg is outside. leg is outside. Combine the following pairs of sentences, using whose or a suitable prepositional phrase. Example: The students’ forms have been lost. They will have to pay again. The students whose forms have been lost will have to pay again. 1 Who lives in that house? Ithas a white door. 2 We visited a patient. His eyesight had been restored by the surgeon. 3 The girls should go to the main office. ‘Their names begin with the letters A-K. 4 The countries will not be helped. ‘Their debts are very large. 5 The people will be compensated. ‘Their houses were damaged by the bomb. 6 The shops will make a big profit. ‘Their turnover is the largest. 7 The players’ shirts were dirty. ‘They got changed at half-time. 8 Everyone should go on strike. ‘Their job is threatened. 9 The ear was involved in an accident. Its roof was white. 10 The guard was punished His prisoner escaped. ‘poveeuadines 9q ipa quuog ays 44 pateurep axa sosnoy asoum aydoad ay, ‘paystund sea podeos9 souostd asoys pions LL, OF “podiou ag ou qu gap aire] Yay SoLsTUNO ONL [u9pH9e We UE pasfoAuT Som Joor ain ax ite 09 IL ‘oqyo wreur 94) oy oF ‘94LNS Uo 08 prnoys pouoveaita st of asoyr auoKiaxy g ——plno\s yy SIMA] aN YK Udfoq soUTEH sou SL ONL, “oun e4 ae paueys coals ayn 408 mange Arp quuwySup osom sunys osouse SunKed ayy, 2 paso uoeq pey aYsSaAe asoys UE v POUSIAD & ‘youd Sq © ayeur (pm soncwsm saan] ays YaLM SOUS OL g {200p ony B yom Benoy 7eHy UI S9AT OWN T SUaMSNVReported speech: passive forms 2 8 Ten men are said to have been killed. We use the passive with a reporting verb when we are not completely sure of the facts (particularly in news broadcasts). The fo- infinitive following the passive can be in a number of forms, as in the table below. SUBJECT REPORTING VERB TO- INFINITIVE ‘The president said to be very pleased. The discovery claimed to cure baldness. ‘The team. is/are reported to be resting at the hotel. A teenager thought to have won the competition. ‘Some kangaroos rumoured to have been spotted in France. Exercise A Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the modal (may | might /could, etc.) with the reporting verb given in brackets. Example: A lion may have escaped from the 200. (report) A lion is reported to have escaped from the z0o. 1 The buildings could have been constructed by the Egyptians. (say) 2 Ten men may have reached the summit of Everest today. (claim) 3 The team could be training at high altitude, or so people think. (think) 4 The government may be on the point of resigning. (report) 5 The opposition might be planning a coup. (rumour) 6 The earthquake may have caused little damage. (cay) 7 The police may have fabricated the evidence. (allege) 8 The laboratory may be working on a new cure for migraine. (think) 9 The new car could be the safest on the road. (claim) 10 The princess might have spent over £10,000 on that coat. (rumour) Exercise B EB Do Exercise 7 on the cassette. 3909 18% _-dnoo w Buju og oy paznouns st worssoddo 24, ‘wo 900‘01 s2n0 quads anoy oy pasnowns st ssa0ULd ot, [EOL 24 WO SVE aU ag Oy pute SED MoU mL, ° 1s Jo Hod oxy wo aq periods st UOLIUIAAGH OY e Capmany ve Buquren aq oy wyooKp axes een nL, ‘ures 205 ope, S090 ‘ama mau 2 uo Fuppoa oq oy non st KOGE ML, @ {Jo Muuns oy poypuas axvy oy pouneps ase wou way, ‘ouapiao ayy pareUgey axey oy paHayTe are aod IL, suena 9 ‘buyp ofA paenes aKeu 04 rvs St axeMbyyIe9 aut2 9 Reported speech: questions He asked me where fish get their money from. 1 When reporting questions, the word order changes to that of a statement, and the question mark is omitted Example: Where are you going? She asked me where I was going. Yes/No questions are reported using if or whether. Example: Is it raining? She asked if it was raining. 2 The general rule is that if the speaking verb, for example, ask, is in the past tense, the verbs which follow are in the past tense (see Elementary Worksheet 66). However, if the reported words are a general truth, the tense may remain in the present. Example: Where are you going? ‘She asked me where I was going. Where do kangaroos live? She asked where kangaroos live. SILLY JOKES Harry, a comedian, is asking his audience some silly questions which are in Box A. The silly answers are in Box B. Report the questions in Box C, and give a suitable answer from Box B in the column on the right. BOX A 1 Where do fish get their money from? 6 Is February the only month that has 28 days? 2 Is May the shortest month? 7 What does a nervous cow give? 3 What's green and always points north? 8 Where do little green men come from? 4 Which side of a chicken has most feathers? 9 What has two noses, four legs, four arms and 5 Why did the bald-headed man put his head two heads? out of the window? 10 Do teachers ever have trouble with their eyes? BOXB a) The outside, b) For some fresh hair. ©) Yes, it only has 3 letters. 4) Two people. ) Milk shakes. £) A magnetic cucumber. g) The river bank. h) Little green parents. i) No, they all do. 3) Only when they can't control their pupils. BOXC Answers 1 Harry asked 2 Harry asked 3 Harry asked 4 Harry asked 5 Harry asked 6 Harry asked 7 Harry asked 8 Harry asked 9 Harry asked 10 Harry asked sudnd ayy osqua> 45¥> Aaya wou su (F soo 041 (Mm aqRON PELYOREY 1949 SION Jt POSE ATT OT ‘dood om, (P _-spe2u om3 pu suite sno} “so] ano} ‘sosou ony pene Te PONET KATEH @ “squared wood ont (1 ‘wou ourejouioo ats Uoai8 aR au0K PONY KLICH @ SOE HL (2 “aAnd}s0ai8 woo STA 8 3oy Boye ALICH op ne 42x “ON (1 ‘sep gz pewsey yey yiuowt suo op Seay Kroraqagt 3 POAT ATH 9 sey Ysa a0 20g (G -mopui ou 30 3 peat sy a uew popEDK-PIEG aK Am poNsE KATE § opisino tu, (® ‘suoyea) sow petyeey uayeryp © 9p YoIym pease z6Hf oqurnona INaURe Y (5 “oe rid aa ps an pe ut suena] g 804 fIu0 1 'S0K "yuo souOyS XN seaysT EW It POISE yu sont ou, wad} oun) 8738 ey asm POSE KALE E SUaMSNY{| 3 0 Reported speech: reporting verbs eS He asked her fo marry him. re) red in 1 | Shred | ode, 1] Reet | me | can 1 | assed | me He | rented | “toon You | ordeet | hor | ‘to ste | rome | im | unt They | "wrod | cote | | She | recommended | thom | toascie.| | Me | aa" | chon shanoned ‘ad vere persed cred ed 1 | ied ret lee 1] admitted | yin te | Gena | ena | She | nod ge hy | espnnea they | woop | OR | She] denied | asin. suo | sctoed eo id BUT He suggested that I should go. OR He suggested going. (if the subject is included in the verb) Exercise A Report the following statements, using the verbs given. "You must pay me what you owe me,’ Tony said to me. 1 Tony told 2 Tony ordered 3 Tony urged ‘Ie Looks a good job. Why don't you apply for it?” Vanessa said to Ben. 4 Vanessa suggested 5 Vanessa advised 6 Vanessa recommended 7 Vanessa tried to persuade “Yes, of course I'll write to you,’ Kerry said to Jessica. 8 Kerry assured 9 Kerry told 10 Kerry promised ‘Your appointments are written in the diary,’ the secretary said to the new manager. 11 The secretary explained 12 The secretary pointed out @ Exercise B Do Exercise 8 on the cassette, ~ sqounuiedde sy ye¥y saBeueW mou 2x oy no poyuIod ay 0} sym prnom ays aISSOP PIO AUD, 6 ‘Aamo 4, /4p 51 UY Ua LUN au9m sjuauNUIOdde 911.01 qu poo ays eM WSsOUEA pamnSsE Kua g ‘SuoBouBUs wou ayy 7eYR IO PayuIOd AreyaII—R aH, BT ‘of ayy Joy Sd 9 Uoq apenssad oy porn wssOUEA 2 syuoaiurodde st of au) 20) Sdde oy wog popuoutuosa: wesauEA 9 eu soot mau ayy 04 poured ‘go ayy a9) Addo 0 vag pastape wssouey, seya.o9s oy Samp sty ut uoqum a10m squowUIOdde got ayy 20 Side prnoys ug r6Wp Parsaltins wssoUEA y saodeueu mou 943 emp poute|dxe KIO 94, TT “any pane yey Wy AB 09 aus pun UO, 04 0} 911 pynom ays 1 IES uugy pao [yey wy ed 3 au: pasopI0 KUO, postuasd Kuzayeorse9p oy kM oF pastuaud KUDSE OF uny pao | yoyse uy ed 0} ou po AUT, T SUIMSNV3 T Subordinate clauses: time | ome | I'll help you as soon as I've finished this exercise. ‘The following conjunctions of time are followed by the present tense (simple or perfect) when referring to future time: a8 600n as the moment Pll ring you after once they arrive. when I get home. she’s gone. before we've had dinner. It'll be dark by the time he’s left. Well phone when we get there. 1 won't say anything until We use the present perfect tense rather than the present simple to stress that the action is completed. For example, when he has arrived suggests a slightly later time than when he arrives. Exercise A Put the verbs in brackets into the present, present perfect or future tense. You can go home as soon as the bell (ring). We (not start) the meal until John (get) home. you please ___ (tidy) your room before you (go) to school? After 1 (finish) this gardening, 1 (Go to have) a cold beer. I promise I (help) you when 1 (do) my work. Once we__ (know) the results, we (decide) what to do. Don't worry, he (hone) the moment he (get) there. By the time I (be) fifty, 1 (be) rich and famous! eerenkene you (go) to see a show when you (be) in London? 10 I___(not be able) to come until 1 (finish) this work. 11 Your mother (start) to complain as soon as she (arrive). 12 The teacher (not give) us the answers until we (complete) the exercise. Exercise B Do Exercise 9 on the cassette, ‘pooqduroo axriyorauuon ‘aa jum gE “pantie seYyRORLAIE UES IM TT ‘Powsruy onvyysTuy "qqe O9 3.U0H OT iM 6 09 Im ue g “8 soya ‘au0Kd [Um 2 ‘apoeP Um “AOU g “OUP ony ‘doy im g Sonny 01 R08 we ‘poysruy aABKYSIUY F [08 APN TNA g “OF SeYIOA “EIS YuoM gy ‘Buna seyAsUL T SUSMSNV2 Time expressions: since, for, in, ago We've been married since 1973. We've been married since 1973. PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE since [for in/ago/ for We've been married since 1973. (a point We got married in 1973. (a point in time) in time) We got married 20 years ago. (a point in time We've been married for 20 years. (a period ‘measured from the present) of time from the past to the present) We lived in Africa for seven years. (a period of time that ended in the past) Using since, for, in and ago, write sentences from the prompts below. Example: I meet/the Prime Minister/two years. Lmet the Prime Minister two years ago. 1 Phyllis and Les/get married/25 years. 2 John/be a carpenter/30 years/until he retire. 8 Vanessa/work at the hospital/18 months now. 4 a) The Model T’ Ford/be introduced/1909. b) The ‘Model T’ Ford/be produced continuously/18 years. 5 a) Camille Pissarro/die/1903. b) Heflive/73 years. ©) His paintings/be popular/over 100 years. 4) They/increase in value/his death. ¢) The French Impressionists/first get together/more than 100 years. ‘ae s1606 got weKR aout oxya8oy 78 629 sprooysosda YUNG OL, (@ “SOK GT 40 SenONUOD pronpONd FO PPL PPORG PHL, (6 vgjeap sty sours anyea ut paswasDUt aney OME (P “606t 1 pooNpoNUT som PUPA AL POW, SUL (2 sana got 1940 2 sejndod wong aney SBuNUIOd SH (2 MoU SyYTORTET IO] redo aur BUAOA u3oq sey eSEIUC AE “S100 61 40) BOAI OH ‘pounod oy [Hun Suwa og 05 souEdsEO v sem MYO % 06TH pap assessig TURD (Fg ‘Be sok og poureu 308 sy pur sud T ‘SUaMSNVTime expressions: still, yet, already BB Haven't you finished yet? Are you still working? Haven't you finished yet? Are you still working? STILL indicates a state which is continuing. Examples: I still love him. etill don’t know where he lives. (not always follows still) YET indicates something anticipated but which may not have happened - it is therefore used with the present perfect tense (but never with a positive statement). Examples: Uhaven't met him yet. Have you seen the film yet? ALREADY _ indicates something which has or had happened before the expected time — it is therefore used with the present perfect or past perfect tense (but never with a negative statement). Example: Do you want to come to the show? No thanks, I've already been. Exercise A Fill the gaps in the following dialogues with still, yet or already. In the restaurant: Waiter: I'm sorry, sir, but your order isn’t ready (1) Do you (2) want the same thing? George: Yes ~ you've (3) asked us that. What about my cocktail? Haven't you got it (4) 2 Waiter: Oh, I'm terribly sorry, sir. The wine waiter is (5) serving in the other bar. Tve(6)__spoken to him but he hasn’t come in here (7)____. George: This really isn't good enough! I've (8) complained to the manager once this week, and he 9) hasn't done anything about it. He told me last time that he had (10) threatened to sack that wine waiter, but he obviously hasn't done it (11) (On the phone: George: Mr Smith! I'm glad you're (12) in the office. I thought you might (13) have left. Smith: No such luck. I haven’t finished all my paperwork (14) -Tm (15) weeks behind, and it (16) keeps piling up. George: Oh dear. I just want to check if you have sent my order (17) Tks) hasn't arrived, and you did say last week that you had (19) posted it, Smith: Ihave, Ihave. If it (20) hasn't turned up by tomorrow, give me a ring. Exercise B Do Exercise 10 on the cassette, TINS 0g :Apeasye Gx “i188 BT SK ZT ‘IIHS OT ‘pease ST ‘OK YI sKpeasqe g 9K Z :APOOITE g ‘IIR g HAK F PRONE g ‘TINE Z OKT ‘SUaMSNV Apooue SY NS EE eK TH ‘ApeoULE OF “UIDs34 Verbs: conditionals | and II If he applies, he ‘ll get the job. We normally use conditional I (if + present + future) when the outcome is likely, and conditional II Uf + past + would) when the outcome is unlikely. Look at this advertisement for a job, Conditional Conditional IT (likely) TRAVEL COURIER (unlikely) Regd by Local Tourist Company BILL, Qualification: Degree in Mod Langs. ra ‘Age: 18-25 ‘Applicants must enjoy meeting people and be willing to travel widely Salary: £9,000pa plus bonuses Age 22 Age 26 Degree in French and Spanish Degree in History enjoys travel enjoys travel sociable sociable present salary £9,200 present salary £6,000 If Bill applies, he'll probably get the job. If Bill applies for it, he'll ask for more money. ‘If Bill doesn’t get more money, he won't accept the job. Unless Bill gets more money, he won't accept the job. NOTE Unless is similar to If not. If Mike applied, he probably wouldn't get the job. If Mike were younger, he would apply for the job. Mike isn't desperate for the job, so he won't apply for it. Mike wouldn't apply for the job unless he were (was) desperate. Other people saw the advertisement and were interested in the job. Complete the sentences using conditional I or II. Sally: ‘Td love the job, but I'm married, so I won't apply’ 1 IfSally (not be) married, she (apply) for the job. Tim: — ‘Thave a house in London. I don’t want to leave it, so I'm not very keen.” 2 If Tim (get) the job, he __(have to) leave his house. 3 Ifthe (not have) a house in London, he (be) quite interested in the job. Liz: ‘It looks great ~ I wonder how long the holidays are? I must ask.’ 4 If the holidays (be) long enough, Liz (apply) for the job. Sam: — ‘Lwill only take a job with a good pension scheme.’ 5 Sam (not be) interested unless there (be) a pension scheme. Maggie: ‘My degree’s in Chinese. I don’t think they'll be interested in me.” 6 If Maggie's degree (not be) in Chinese, she (send) in an application. Mark: “The salary isn’t as much as I get now so I'm not prepared to leave my present job.” 7 He (not leave) his present job unless they (offer) him more money. 8 Ifthe salary (be) better, the job (appeal) to many more people. ‘dod auow Sueur 1 ooddo pynom got ay “10309 (219) eom AIO U0 SL 4 vou waty saffo Sou ssozun got quosoud sry 2202 3,u0M FL ‘uonparidde we ut pu? nom ays ‘osourp ut (3,uasa0) jusom aaasop SEIN IL “suioyps uotsuad e 5 aay ssoqum paysauoqul a juan ES, go an 309 Ayo pn 27 "yBnouD Bool 270 sXepHOU Hp 3 -gof au ur popsournut amb 29 ppnom oy “uopuor ut sna ¥ a00y 75PIP OH SL “seman ery a4nat oF 904 Prnom ay gol 349 708 WHE IL got ax 205 Sedo pyno aus "paar (42120) jusom KITES IT SHaMSNVL| 3 5 Verbs: conditional III Es | would have called if you had told me. When we use if to talk about the past (the impossible conditional), we must use had in the if clause, and would, should, could or might + have in the main clause. 3h Examples: The bomb might have exploded if you had trodden on it. We could have saved a lot of time if we had gone by train. The flood would not have happened if they had strengthened the defences. We can start the sentence with I. In this case, we should separate the if clause from the main clause by a comma. Example: If the concert had started on time, we might have missed the beginning. 3% ==) = If Td braked, we would have crashed! Exercise A Join each clause in A to a suitable clause in B, A B 1 Ifit hadn't snowed this week, a) most of the cattle would have died. 2 He might have been arrested b) if had realised that they would raise taxes. 3 Ifthe drought had continued, ©) we couldn't have gone skiing. 4 If John had won the competition, d) the company might not have collapsed. 5 wouldn't have voted for this party e) he would have been the local champion. 6 Ifhe had invested more wisely, ) if the police had been more alert. Exercise B Complete the following sentences with the verb given in a suitable form, as in the example. Example: She (not marry) him if she had known about his past. She wouldn't have married him if she had known about his past. 1 The team could have won the cup if they (practise) a bit harder. 2 Ifhe had gone to university, he (apply) for this position. 3 The mosque might have been destroyed if the fire brigade (not arrive) in time. 4 If Shakespeare had been born in France, (he write) Romeo and Juliet in French? 5 Ifyou (buy) some cheese, I could have made that recipe for dinner. B Exercise C Do Exercise 11 on the cassette. ‘ysinog poy g :uanum axey ay pins F fpoauze ou PEN ‘pardde axcy wysuyplnoaypinon z posnaesd poy Te peagerweyzary ‘SUaMSNV3 6 Verbs: conditional (It’s time/I’d rather) It’s time you got up! Look at the difference between these two sentences. | It’s time to get up. It's time you got up. | Gs much later than you normally get up.) Its time you got up is like the second conditional. If you got up now, it would be a good idea. (ast) (conditional) ‘Look at the difference between these two sentences. I would rather go to the disco than the opera. Iwould rather you didn't smoke. € < (You prefer to do something else.) (You prefer somebody else to do something) Td rather you didn’t smoke is like the second conditional. If you didn’t smoke I would prefer it. (past) (conditional) NOTE I'd rather =I would rather Rewrite the sentences below starting with the phrase given and making any other necessary changes. 1 It’s late ~ shall we go home? Its time 2 Idon’t want him to come now ~ tomorrow would be better. Td rather 8 T've got tooth-ache and I haven't been to the dentist for ages. It’s time 4 Instead of having it repaired, why don't you give me a new one? Td rather 5 Your hair's getting too long, isn't it? It’s time 6 Idon’t want you to pay me tomorrow ~ I need the money now. Td rather 7 It’s no good complaining that you never win. You don't know the rules! It’s time 8 You'll never succeed if you don’t do any work. It’s time “som owos prp nos our 8a “sans aya pousvoyAururoysuso paddoys nos aun $3 "wou Xouow ox ot aaedjous pred nok 294ye% Py "yo ae amok yoano aye © poy nox ou Si, ‘940 mou v out axe nog s2q763 PL SNUap ayy 7 WIM | BUN AL ‘mouoW1} Bue 24 JOUR PL ‘uo quad a4 OUR $f ‘SUaMSNVJ 37 Verbs: conditional revision | would if | could. Review of Conditional Tenses @ GENERAL TRUTH Ifit rains in England, no-one is surprised. 1 LIKELY SITUATION Ifit rains in England tomorrow, some people will use an umbrella. Il UNLIKELY SITUATION _If it rained more often in Africa, there would be more food. I PAST IMPOSSIBLE Ifit had rained more in Africa last year, there would have been ‘more food. TIM PAST/PRESENT Mit had rained more in Africa last year, there would be more IMPOSSIBLE food for the people today. Put the verbs in the appropriate forms to complete the dialogue. Mike: I was sure the shop would have been open yesterday. Joan: But jewellers aren't allowed to open on a Sunday. Mike: Well, I think the law should be changed. All shops should be allowed to open on Sundays if they (2) ___ (want) to so that we can do our shopping. Joan: But you always play golf on a Sunday! You (2) (not go) shopping even if they (3)___(6e) open. ‘Mike: Ah, but if the jewellers (4)__(be) open yesterday I (5) (buy) you your birthday present. I didn't have time on Saturday. Joan: Hub! Ifyou (6) (get) up a bit earlier, you (7) (not miss) the bus, and then you (8) (have) more time. Mike: But you know I need a lie-in on Saturdays! If I (9) (not get) enough sleep, I (10)__ (become) very bad-tempered. Joan: Well anyway, if all the shops (11) (open) on Sundays, the assistants (12) (have to) work much longer hours, and they (13) (not like) that very much. Mike: Yes, but what about the unemployed? There are lots of people who (14) (work) on ‘Sundays if they (15)__(be offered) the chance. Joan: But I don’t think the stores (16) (create) new jobs unless they (17) (have to). Anyway, Sunday is supposed to be a day of rest. Mike: But Sundays can be so boring, and you know if people (18)__ (be) bored they as) (turn) to crime. There (20) (be) alot less crime if more people @ (have) jobs. Joan: So you reckon that opening more shops on Sundays (22) (reduce) the crime rate? Mike: Definitely. Joan: And if 1 (23) (Go) to the supermarket next Sunday, you (24) (come) with me? Mike: Not unless it (25) (rain). I've got a golf match arranged against my boss, and if (26)__ (not play), 1(27)__(6e) unemployed! co 1 “Aed .uop 9g ‘Sunes ge “IM ve 208 ee ‘3onpOL PINOM gE ‘PEN TE ‘oq PINON Og uM GI ‘OWE BT ‘PY LT ‘sqeai9pynom gq ‘pazago aso gt som PIROW HE OMT AUPIBOM EF Laney pinow zx ‘pauedo TT ‘owDooq OF “18 300p g ‘Pay aAny Pinon g fpossur oxry AUPMHOM J HoH PRY g YBROg aK PaO g fUOIG PEN y Salo g SO AUPIHOM g SEM T ‘SHaAMSNY3 8 Verbs: torget, remember, stop, try + -Ing or to Let's try doing it this way. ‘These verbs can be followed by a gerund (doing) or an infinitive (to do) according to the meaning. T'll never forget eating spaghetti for the tirst time. Don’t forget to feed the cat. (earlier action) (new action) a © fea? ¢ Do you remember going to your first party? I must remember to drive on the left. (earlier action) (new action) Stop fighting! ‘They stopped (driving) to admire the view. (end an action) (new action) ‘Try holding your breath. I've tried to lose weight but I can't! (do something to solve a problem) (attempt to do something difficutt) Complete the following dialogue, putting the verbs in brackets into the gerund or infinitive. Elma: You won't forget (1) (post) the gas bill this time, will you Walter? We don't want to be cut off. Walter: No, this time I won't stop (2) (walk) for any reason. Yesterday I only stopped @ (help) a young man with his old car. He'd been trying (4)__ (get) it started for ages . He'd already tried (5) (turn) the starting handle but that didn’t help. Then another man and I tried (6) (push) it for him. It was downhill, 80 it was easy, but it still wouldn’t start. Do you remember (7) (push) our old Ford when it wouldn't start? Elma: Only too well. I'll never forget (8)__ (show) it to my parents when we bought it. ‘They were horrified! They tried (9) (persuade) us to buy a better one but we ‘wouldn't listen. Ah well, you're only young once! Anyway, here's the gas bill. You will remember (10) (post) it, won't you dear? {sod oy oF ‘opensiad on g Aumoys g usd 4 Buysnd g eum g AH} y ‘jay g ‘AUPE g AsO OY SUIMSNV39 Could we shorten this? Verbs: from adjectives s® It’s too long - we must shorten it. I think we need to loosen this! Many adjectives have corresponding verbs, formed by adding -en to them. However, this is not always possible (the ones that don’t work are marked *** below), and sometimes the verb is formed from the noun rather than the adjective. Look at the following table and note the verbs in bold which do not follow the standard pattern. short shorten | tight tighten bright brighten | narrow = *** white whiten | long lengthen | thick thicken | shallow —*** dark darken | strong strengthen | black blacken | thin thin wide widen | deep deepen Toose loosen | weak weaken Exercise A ‘The above adjectives and verbs form pairs of opposites. with the opposite verb. (If there is no appropriate verb, write X.) Complete the table below, pairing each adjective short lengthen | tight bright narrow white long thick shallow dark strong black thin wide deep loose weak Exercise B Now respond to the statements below, using the model given. Example: This canal is much too narrow. 1 I think the background is far too dark. 2 These bridges are dangerously weak. 3 The export controls are much too tight. 4 The fish pond is rather shallow. 5 The examination is very short. 6 Don't you think this soup is rather thin? 7 The programme is much too long. Exercise C Do Exercise 12 on the cassette. Vian 5 "a 20H oF NEY LOM SOK 31 UoyDIy} O} axe |L.9H OK 5 uoqpua 0} ase jam 0K “at wadoop 0} axey jL9m ‘SOK "wou w9800| 0} aXeU {L3H 89% ‘wou uoqpstuans 0} one [L.99 9% 4 uanyBiag oy aney IL.9m 80% wowpBuanspqean ‘uayyseyesoo “xdoop “ep uoxprpA uAA_HIG “uayeINBuONS “uyBUGTED ‘uadoopyaolreys "UNNI ‘uOYS/AUO| “uayDEIQNHA ‘MaplIyMOLIEU sumEEPYBG “wosOO|ABR swoeAAUO|LOGS Y ‘SUAMSNV| A 0 Verbs: future continuous | = | She ‘ll be coming round the mountain when she comes. of an action, just as we can use the present continuous to refer to the middle of a present action. Examples: At 11.30 tomorrow I'll be playing golf. (I plan to start at 9.30 and finish at 12.30.) Tean’t answer the phone — I'm having a bath! (I am in the water now.) Exercise A Answer the following questions by making a sentence from the words below, using the future continuous or present continuous. Example: Shall I phone you at half past seven? have No, Pll be having my dinner then, have / study / not give / write / live / visit / celebrate / play / look for / attend 1 Is Dr Brown in his office? No, I'm afraid _a conference, 2 Where will you be at 11 o'clock? my hair cut. 3 Why can’t Sampras give the demonstration match next week? Because at Wimbledon, 4 Why can't you come for a drink? Because for an exam. 5 What's so special about the 15th? my 30th birthday. 6 Where will Phyllis and Les be this time next year? 7 How about a game of squash at four o'clock tomorrow? 8 Is the Queen at home in Buckingham Palace at the moment? No, Canada. 9 Has the Minister got a sore throat? Yes. I'm afraid a speech, 10 Will you still be at university next year? No, a job. © Exercise B Do Exercise 13 on the cassette. sepipaa soe Sue Sup aR97%9 24 TI cue ue oj SuiKpms swopoyquny 98 eased my Hse 9 “yo 64 ouasoyuo © Rumpus say PAE wE"ON TY SUIMSNY “got 29 8ur400| 29 TLL'ON spoods © Bua ag 3.UoM a4 page SOK ‘peel Bunt 39s ON ‘ay seo ve yum sodas BURN 9 TL "2OV "ON, ‘fuoy Suoqy wr Burtt 9g LA9U,A ] Verbs: future perfect | = | We ‘ll have finished by the time they get here. We use the future perfect tense to talk about actions that have started or are completed before a particular point in the future. We look back on the action from that point. Example: The bus is due to leave at ten o'clock. Charles expects to get to the bus station at 10.30, go the bus will have left by the time he gets there. We can also use a future perfect continuous tense, where the action is likely to continue into the future. Example: We have been working since three o'clock. In half an hour it will be five o'elock. ‘Then we will have been working for two hours. Exercise A Choose the best verb from the list given and put it in the future perfect tense (simple or continuous) in the sentence. (Warning — two of them are negative!) clean up / get / live / rise / make / vote / reach / build/ cook / treat 1 By the time the polls close, how many people in this election, do ‘you think? 2 On 11 October, the Pattersons tel ether eked years. 3 The company claims that it 500 houses by the end of the decade. 4 Between now and Christmas the doctor at least 500 patients. 5 Scientists claim that the sea level three centimetres before the year 2000. 6 It’s no good phoning before eight. 1 back by then. 7 The climbers the summit until sunset. 8 ‘your aunt dinner by the time we arrive? 9 Don't worry ~ we eee all the mess by the time my parents come home. 10. It's the firm's anniversary next week. They furniture for 50 years. @ Exercise B Do Exercise 14 on the cassette. ‘Hunqets uooq anet OF ‘dn pow axey [TH G “PEXON OARY [IM g PAHDEAL ANY OU THM ZH axEY uO g ‘wos eney at g ‘powean oney tm y “Ng ancy TEE “9A ONKY IIR) AULA UaDd BAEK |IIM & ‘POFOR AREY ITN TY ‘SUSMSNVf 2 Verbs: future review What will the weather be like tomorrow? In English there is no one special tense to talk about the future. The tense we use depends on the situation. Look at the following summary of some of the different forms used to talk about the future. PLANS/INTENTIONS She's going to have a party at the weekend. (going to + verb) ARRANGEMENTS T’m meeting John at 8.30 outside the cinema. (present continuous) TIMETABLES/PROGRAMMES The train leaves at 9.45am. (present simple) PREDICTION Unemployment will increase next month. (future simple) QUICK DECISIONS TH have soup please. (future simple) PROMISES/OFFERS Yes, of course I'll pay you back tomorrow. (future simple) SUGGESTIONS Shall we go to the cinema? (future simple) NOTE For the future continuous and future perfect tenses see Worksheets 40 and 41. Exercise A Complete the following dialogues with a si fature it i. ble form of the verb given on the right. Say which type of 1 ‘Yes, madam? ‘I____ the blue sweater please’ (have) 2 ‘What about going out this evening” ‘No, I my hait (wash) 3 ‘These cakes are really good, aren't they? ‘____you another one” (have) 4 ‘You lost the address last time,’ ‘Well I it this time.’ (not lose) 5 ‘Til miss you while you're away.’ ‘I to you every day.’ (write) 6 ‘Why are you hurrying” ‘My favourite programme ___in half an hour.’ (start) 7 ‘Let’s go away for the weekend.’ ‘But your mother __on Saturday!” (come) 8 ‘It’s Tom’s birthday tomorrow.’ * I hhim a cake?” (make) 9 ‘We've got no money.’ ‘What time__ the bank r (open) 10 a) + we to the building society and ask about a mortgage?” 0) b) ‘Idon't know. Do you think the interest rates___ again” (go up) Exercise B Decide which of the following sentences have the correct uses of the future tense, and correct those which are incorrect. Put a tick (/) if you think it is correct. Example: When is-the-flm-ending? 1 I think she is marrying him in the end. 2 The train is going to arrive at 9.30pm. 3 No, I'm not going to forget to post the letter. 4 What time does the concert start? 5 Have you forgotten you have lunch with Mr Hill at 12.30pm? 6 I don't think it will rain tomorrow. 7 By the time we get there, there won't be anything left. 8 I'm having a cup of tea, please. 9 Where will you have your hair cut? (wonorpazd) dn of (q (uowto9p) of om EUS OF amo 49 sn06 Bunny nox axe/aney o HuYOH NOK ABW O1OHAL 6 Yorqerou) wodo yung 2tp S207 6 ‘aseojd ‘eon Jo dno © 98@y ILL & "(say BUH T TOUS 8 a sguowaduesse) 3urw00 st 2 ne ouurestoud) sus 9 ‘yun Suyaey ase nok uanr0BLing MOK OnWEE g Sostaoxd) yam Tht {AF ——stuonueruyastwosd) oso] 0 Fup you W950] 308 T anya a 380d 0 830) .UOM JON 29 PIMOD IMG A ‘aayjo) 64 108 TEAL nudge 48 soataze ures} aL, \uodquowasucsse) ysem 01 BuL0R/BUIYSOM WY % pao ayy ut eat Axz0uH fn YS HUNT TL “qaors}ap) axby TLE TV. SUaMSNV| A 3 Verbs: get I've gotto get ready. The verb get is probably one of the most overused verbs in English. Students at school are sometimes advised to avoid it. But foreign students of English should be able to use it. Here are some of its many uses. eet receive/buylobtain (general meaning) Tee got Thave (possess) (mainly British English in popular spoken Janguage the have part is often dropped) Tee got to Tmust (in popular spoken language this often becomes gotta) ‘get + past participle become! (washed, dressed, married, divorced, do the action to yourself drunk, tired, lost, killed, ete.) get + adjective become (ready, angry, rich, ete.) ‘get something done have something done (get your hair eut, get the car repaired) ‘get someone to do something persuade someone to do something (Youll never get me to eat snails!) ‘et someone down depress (phrasal verb type IL) (See Units 53 to 56.) {et through to someone make someone understand (phrasal verb type D ‘get on with something continue (phrasal verb type IV) ‘get back return (phrasal verb type 1) set over recover from (phrasal verb type ID {et round someone influencelpersuade (phrasal verb type IL) get out Jeavelescape (phrasal verb type T) set something’body out help someone escape/take out _ (phrasal verb type Il) Replace the underlined verb phrases in the following text with a suitable form of get from the list above. I must tell you what happened to me last week. I was off work; (1) Lhad Mm ‘flu but (2) | was recovering from it, although (3) it had been depressing me. @) ‘My husband had arranged to (4) have the house painted without telling me (3) anything about it (5) Lhad just dressed myself and (6) was preparing to go (3) downstairs when I looked through the window and (7) Lreceived a real 6 surprise. A man had placed a ladder against the wall and (8) was taking om equipment out of a van and putting it in our garden. I told him to(9) leave, (8) but he laughed at me and said (10) he had to continue his work. (11) I @ became angry and started to shout at him but (12) Lcauldn’t make him a understand. I went indoors and rang my husband's office, but they said he (2) was out (13) having his hair cut. The secretary told me not (14) tobecome (13 jupsel, and that (15) she would ask him to phone later. aay I stayed inside for the next tw hours, watching the man (16) continuing his (15) work until my husband finally called. He apologised and explained. By the (16) time (17) he returned, (18) Lhad recovered from the shock and forgave him, (17) especially as (19) he had bought me a big bunch of flowers on the way home. (18) He knows how (20) to influence me! (20) ‘ou punas 708 0) gg “9u: 903 pry ay GT 1980.08 PET BT PEG IO 24 £1 S4u0m sty yim uo Surna8 gr ‘ouoyd ox uny 198 plnow ays @L “tasdn 398 HL “ino AY IY TUMAR KL tay or YON ta jupno9 | ZL :AABUe 68 | TY “IM UO WH ey pey ay OT “yno29B g “Ino qUoMdINba ZuMAS SEM g ORT 1 : oH ‘mou &q dood oxy Aq papers 994 axey WA Hg ‘us9p yBnou sBunp yy MONS ase AUPINON!A IED aL ‘aoyduioooe ue pel any Seat oH ‘Ua SNOU9S Moy postvou aABY IER IHG ‘Hosuiy £q ples axp pouze> axey yupINo2n,TeD aT T ‘SuaMSNVf 8 Verbs: modals of probability You must be the new sales assistant. When we know that something is true, we use a normal present tense. (He does it, I see them, etc.) If we are not completely sure, we use a modal (must, may, might, could). The choice of modal depends on the degree of certainty, as in the following table. PROBABILITY VERB EXAMPLE 100% present tense ‘She knows. almost certain must It must be late. quite likely may You may find this difficult. 150% (possible) could + infinitive It could happen at any time. possible but unlikely might ‘She might be waiting. highly unlikely can't/couldn’t You can’t be serious. 0% present tense negative He doesn't know. Rewrite the following sentences using a modal from the above table, as in the example. (Make sure that ‘you retain the continuous or simple aspect.) f Example: It is almost certain that you know where you left your car. “< = You must know where you left your car! 3 It is highly unlikely that they are coming this evening. w It’s quite likely that Joan enjoys football. e It’s possible that this fish weighs over 15 kilos. FS It’s possible he'll find the answer but not likely. It’s highly unlikely that the government intends to increase taxes. It’s almost certain that he is influenced by local opinion. 7 It’s unlikely to snow this winter, though possible. ® ‘You are quite likely to find him in his office. 9 It's almost certain that you are exhausted. 10 This disease is possibly contagious. ‘snoysequo> 9q plne> osvO8Ip SNL, OT SBXB) aBvas2Uy oy pusyUL yUPIHODA,UED WOMNUADAGT OUL, ‘PORSTIYXO 9q STU NOK G ‘amsue ogy puy IWR OH ooggo st ut wy pul ABE TOR ‘oq Gt 220 yom pIOED USY SIH, & oyun stp MoUs YB! IY 1eq300} Kofua Kour uso ‘woud re30] &q paouanyutoq isn aH 9g ‘Puruans sty But aq ,U89 S04 T SUSMSNVVerbs: perception + participle or infinitive | can hearsomeone coming. Quick! I can hear someone coming! 1 Verbs of perception can be followed by either a present participle (I watched him climbing the Eiger) or a simple infinitive (I saw the girl jump from the plane). 2 The present participle suggests that the action is incomplete. (He was still climbing the Eiger when I ‘went home.) 8 The infinitive suggests a complete action. (Then her parachute opened safely.) 4 The following verbs can be used in this way. sense see_-— watchs observe — notice shear ~—iisten to _—feel Fill the gaps in the sentences with a verb from the list below in either the present participle or infinitive, whichever is the most suitable. leave / win / build / cut / play / grab / walk / cut / shout / speak Harry saw some kids football on the way home. Have you ever heard him French? He's got a dreadful accent. Where have they gone? I didn't notice them Jill spends hours observing swallows their nests under the eaves. Although it was pitch dark, she sensed someone slowly towards her. She watched her son. the 50 metre race in the school sports. I didn’t see anything, but I felt someone my wallet out of my pocket. T'm going to complain — I've been listening to the neighbours at each other all day. waren eene T watched him the lawn for a while, and then I fell asleep. 10 I watched him the lawn and then he started washing the car. ro OT unin g ‘Bunnys g :qui8 1 ‘um 9 BupteR g FurpIING y ‘nBo] g Furywadspyeods g ‘FueYE | SUaMSNV5 0 Verbs: passive, causative | ome | | must get my hair cur. When we want to do something, but cannot or do not want to do it ourselves, we ask someone else to do it for us. The person who does it may be less important to us than what is done, so we use the causative passive — we use have or get with the past participle of the verb (v-ed) ‘You really must get your hair cut. We're having a pool built in the garden. Get and have mean the same, but we use have in more formal situations (and with the present perfect to avoid the confusion with other uses of have got). Exercise A Rewrite the following sentences using have + v-ed if it is formal (F), and get + v-ed if it is informal (1). (Make sure you keep the same tense, and omit the words in italics.) Example: Tomorrow the dentist is going to fill my tooth. (F) Tomorrow I'm going to have my tooth filled. 1 The shoe shop mended my football boots for me last week. (I) 2 I must ask someone to fix my bike. (I) 3. The optician was testing her eyes because she used the computer so much. (F) 4 forgot to ask the window-cleaner to clean the windows at the weekend. (I) 5 [should ask the gardener to cut the grass before my mother-in-law arrives. (I) 6 My lawyer is altering my will for me in the near future. (F) 7 Did somebody repair your roof? (F) 8 An engineer is checking Simon's central heating today. (I) 9 Has anyone ever read your palm? (F) 10 I want somebody to decorate my room. (I) LL He told the police to arrest his chief accountant for fraud. (F) Exercise B Do Exercise 17 on the cassette. ‘pney 40) porsouse jusIunONE J—NYO SI PENH TK mef-UtsoKoW Kur oxojoq yo seeAs ox 298 PINOUT ‘pazeso39p woos Au 398 02 UR | ‘puaxoos ayy 38 poueoyo swopul aq 398 0110810) | pra used ano poy 1949 nok axeqy ‘yon os smyndoo ‘Koper paspowp uryeoy jes}uao sty ZuyyaH st uous ayy pasn ays asmeog pons soko Joy Zurary sum oS {pasiedas joos znd ae n08 pid peaieqei are at rg aanqny svat 943 ur pasoype ian Aus Burney we | ‘yoow 380] papuaus song [10 SW | TY SUAMSNY| 5 ] Verbs: passive, general | ome | The record has been broken. FORM/TENSE | ACTIVE PASSIVE infinitive to make it | to be made present simple the makes it | it is made Present continuous he is making it | itis being made present perfect simple | she has made it | it has been made past simple he made it | it was made past continuous she was making it | it was being made past perfect simple he has made it | it has ‘been made Future will) she will make it | it wilt be made future (going to) they are goingto make it | it is goingto be made future perfect we will “have made it | it will “have been made conditional he would make it | it would be made past conditional she would have made it | it would have been made modal (must, can, ete.) | they must make it | it must be made past modal we may have made it | it may have been made NOTES 1 The passive form always has one more part than its active equivalent (he makes 2; itis made — 3). The last part is always the past participle (-ed form), and the second last part always part of the verb to be. 2 Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can be changed to passive. Intransitive verbs (go, smile, ete.) can never be passive 8 We use the passive when we are more concerned with the object of the action, and don’t know, are not interested in or want to avoid mentioning the person or thing that did the action. If we wish to include this original subject, it follows the verb and by (He was killed by a lion). 4 Where a verb has two objects (He gave me a book) either object can become the subject (I was given a book/A book was given to me). The first example is more common. Exercise A Rewrite the following sentences in the passive. Omit the agent (the active subject) where appropriate. 1 The government is going to raise taxes again this year. 2 Someone had broken the window before we got here, 3 Lightning may have struck the church tower. 4 I would have finished the painting if you hadn't interrupted me. (2 passives) 5 Leonardo da Vinci invented this machine. 6 They will not sign the agreement at the summit meeting, 7 The referee postponed the match because of the fog. 8 Somebody needs to repair this damage. 9 Would it solve the problem if they came earlier? 10 They were mending the road, so we had to go a different way. @ Exercise B Do Exercise 18 on the cassette. ‘hom "DUIA Up opseUOET Kq PaUOALT se ULM HAL | :uaiayp ¥ of « pey am os “popuow Bujaq sem pros 9, ‘pondnasoyut 309 “uatane aurea Roxy jt paajos 09 wo}goud ay PION, ‘.upey 131 paystuy u99q aney prom Stnuted oy ;pantedar oq 0 spaou aveurep sr, “Bayan Aq yonU3s uodq axe SER JaMOH UNI OL 30) a Jo asm2209 potiodisod sean vet 4, ‘zou yo8 2m asojoq uayaag woog pay mOpULM aT % Sunjaur yurus oy) 38 pousts 99 jou jm yuousDaABe OL, "aod siya utes pastes oq @y BulOR axe saxey TY ‘SUaMSNV| 5 2 Verbs: past perfect | = | When | looked up, she had gone. ‘When we talk about things that happened at a certain point in the past, we use the past simple tense. But we sometimes need to talk about things that happened before that point, so we use the past perfect tense. Past Perfect: Past Simple : C =e Te $ a ’ as # * 2, When the guards arrived, the prisoners had escaped. When the guards arrived, the prisoners escaped. If the relationship between the two actions is clear, we don't always use the past perfect form. Example: I reached the hospital at 8 o'clock, but the baby was born at 6.30. Exercise A Link each item in A with a suitable ending in B, and put the verbs in the past simple or the past perfect. A B 1 Ben___ (be) late for school this morning a) Ben (score) a hat-trick 2 His tutor (be) annoyed b) the football match (start). 3 She (keep) him in class ©) because the visiting team (have) to get home quickly. 4 When he (reach) the sports field, @) because he (miss) the bus. 5 It__Gtart) early ) someone (Gteal) his bag. 6 By the time he (get) onto the pitch, ) until he (finish) the exercise. 7 However, by the end of the match, g) because he (not do) his homework. 8 When he (go) to get changed at the end, h) his team (Give) away two goals. Exercise B Fill in the gaps in the following story, using the verbs from the list in the past simple or perfect. Use each verb once only. vanish / search / know / drink / look / strike / do / tell / escape / hear / ask / smoke / leave Sherlock Holmes (1) round the room. He could see immediately that the murderer @ through the window. The victim must have known him, because they (3)___sherry together. One of them (4)__a cigar. The murderer (5)______ the vietim on the head with a heavy object, and before leaving, (6) through his desk. Papers were scattered everywhere. The landlady (7) ‘Holmes that she (8) a noise and (9) who was there. The murderer must have panicked, for when the landlady reached the room, he (10) - But he (11)__one very obvious clue. Holmes (12)__ at. once who (13) the foul deed. @ Exercise C Do Exercise 19 on the cassette. uote poy (2+ 3408 L spaoos payce + 2 owop ey st ® tapas pow (y+ 108 (POH) 9 mo BI ® "4(0-+ poms peg swerped TT , sponses pet (q+ poraeas > aySIUEA Pe OT 8 ‘poystuy pay g+ von ‘pose (pen) 6 z ‘u0p ou poy + sem g ‘pieoy peu g ta ‘passa pey(p+sea TV \SNV5 3 Verbs: phrasal verbs | I'm nearly ready - hang on a minute. A phrasal verb is a verb with one or two additional small words called particles. Examples: look out, take off ‘There are four basic types of phrasal verbs. This is TYPE I. VERB + particle (no object) This is a two-part verb which does not have an object. Examples: If you don't apologise, T'll hang up. (put the phone down) After five years abroad, the boy suddenly turned up. (arrived unexpectedly) Because there is no object, this type of phrasal verb cannot be used in the passive form. Here are some set off call in pass out (start a journey) (visit casually) (faint) wo 3) or ‘af break down look out fall out (stop working) (be careful) (stop being friends) take off 0 off fall through (go into the air) (turn bad) (go wrong) Choose one of the above verbs to complete the sentences below. Change tne tense if necessary. 1 !'There’s a hole in the road. It was such a hot day that the palace guard They loaded the suiteases into the car and ‘ ‘The jumbo jet zoomed along the runway and ‘They forgot to put the milk in the fridge and it When the car on the motorway, they had to call the AA. After 30 years of marriage they are still good friends and have never When she shouted down the phone that he was a liar, he Why don't you __ ‘Their holiday plan: car) for a coffee on the way home? u when the travel company went bankrupt. ‘wamoays 125 OT ‘ur ye g ‘dn Hany g ‘NO VOLES Z ‘uMOP oY014 g YO NEM g "Yo YON F \YOI# g ‘Ino passed Z jINO HOO] TL SuaMSNV5 A Verbs: phrasal verbs II Give it up! ‘A phrasal verb is a verb with one or two additional small words called particles. Examples: turn ...on, put up... There are four basic types of phrasal verbs. This is TYPE II. VERB + object + particle/VERB + particle + object This is a two-part verb which has an object. Where the object is a noun, the particle can be placed before or after it. Example: Look the word up in a dictionary. OR Look up the word in a dictionary. Where the object is a pronoun, the particle must come after it. Example: Look it up. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below, using the verbs illustrated above. Make sure you use the correct, form of the verb. 1 Kerry says that one disadvantage of living in London is having to ____ 0 many friends when they come to see shows. An American teenager is suing his parents for not him. properly. ‘When they entered the house, they could smell gas, so Lisa the mains supply ‘The trouble with giving parties is that you have to everything afterwards. The neighbours complained about our last party, because it was s0 noisy. We had to the music. 6 Before Jane bought the computer, she took it home to it 7 After his tenth accident on the Swiss slopes, John decided to___ skiing and to ‘Tai Chi. 8 Zoe was late for school again. She forgot to her alarm 9 Catherine had planned to go on holiday, but __ it until she got her exam results. 10 If you want everybody at the back to hear, you'll have to the volume dn usm or yo Ind 6 wo wana @ ‘dn ayeydn ani 2 ‘ano Aan g ‘URED uM g ‘dA s99p F {YO pouM g sdn~ FuNFUUG g ‘dnand ‘SUAMSNVi} 5 5 Verbs: phrasal verbs Iil What does RSVP stand for? A phrasal verb is a verb with one or two additional small words called particles. Examples: ask for, look after There are four basic types of phrasal verbs. This is TYPE III VERB + particle + object This is a two-part verb like Type II but, unlike ‘Type II phrasal verbs, the particle cannot be separated from the verb. Examples: He asked for the bill. (requested) When I do without breakfast, I get very hungry. _ (not have by choice) More examples: vu A run into someone —_ look after someone | thing fall for someone think of someone thing (meet by chance) (take care of) (be attracted to) (have an opinion) | fs : ox carry on working feel like something stand jor something __ take after someone (continue) (want) (represent) (resemble) Choose one of the ten verbs under the pictures or in the examples above to complete the dialogue below. Lisa: You've really (1)____Kevin Costner, haven't you, Jane? You've seen that film three times. Jane: So what? He's a really good actor. What did you (2) _______ the film? Lisa: It wasn't bad, but I find them all the same. If he (3) making similar films, people will get bored. Jane: I won't. Anyway, I'm thirsty. Do you (4) a drink? Lisa: OK, but I'm not going to (5) a milkshake this time. The last one Thad was horrible! Jane: Thope we don't (6) __ Stephen this time. He's so stingy. Why should we always have to buy him a drink? Lisa: He (7) his father. He doesn't like spending money either. They certainly (8)_________ the pennies. Jane: By the way, what's his middle name — what does the‘A’(9)___ 2 Lisa (laughing): ‘Alphonse’, though he hates telling people. Jane (laughing): OK - if he comes in this evening, I'l call him Alphonse all the time. And I'm certainly not offering him a drink. If he doesn't have any money, he can (10) one. snows © OF :30y purrs 6 “mye yoo g LioyE SOME J ‘OUT UNA g ‘205480 g FONE [OR} H IMO SLED g YOUN Z “10 YON T ‘SUAMSNY5 A Verbs: phrasal verbs IV Mick’s gone down with ‘flu. A phrasal verb is a verb with one or two additional small words called particles. Examples: come up with, get away with There are four basic types of phrasal verbs. This is TYPE IV. VERB + particle + particle + object ‘This is a three-part verb and, as in Type III, the particles cannot be separated from the verb. godown with become ill with put up with tolerate come up with think of/find ‘get away with —_avoid being punished for something get on with —_accept/like run out of have no more back out of refuse todo after agreeing to. look forward to. anticipate with pleasure faceup to try todeal with abig problem get rid of dispose of/not have Match the two halves of the sentences. 1 The manager came up with a) a deal he'd made with the army. 2 The swimmer came down with b) a lot of bureaucracy to get a visa. 3 Parents have to face up to ©) half million pounds. 4 The general wasn't popular when he backed out of | d)_a plan to save the company. 5 Sometimes teenagers don't get on with e) their responsibility for educating children, 6 The bank robber got away with ) some weight. 7 You often have to put up with ) going somewhere warm on holiday. 8 I wonder if the Gulf will ever run out of h) their parents. 9 Fat people go on diets to get rid of i) a virus and couldn't compete. 10 In winter most people look forward to D oil Borys tsa. 29uawyaers rr ‘SUSMSNV5 7 Verbs: plus gerund or to + infinitive Do you mind watting? Some verbs are followed by a gerund (doing) or to + infinitive (to do). Examples: Rachel enjoys swimming. Sheila offered to help. Enjoy is always followed by a gerund. Offer is always followed by a to + infinitive. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND VERBS FOLLOWED BY A 70 + INFINITIVE admit give up agree long appreciate imagine aim manage avoid involve arrange neglect can't face justify ask offer can't help keep (on) attempt plan can’t stand mention can't afford prepare carry on mind can’t wait pretend consider miss choose Promise delay postpone/put off decide refuse deny practise expect seem dislike resent, fail tend enjoy resist happen threaten fancy suggest hope want finish tolerate learn wish Put the verbs in brackets into the gerund or the fo + infinitive. 1 Tam longing __(see) my family and friends. 2 It’s time Robin decided (get) a job. 3 The east of England tends (have) less rain than the west. 4 The ambassador arranged (meet) the Prime Minister before leaving the country. 5 Tcan'tstand___(queue) for buses in cold weather. 6 My hands are full - would you mind (open) the door for me please? 7 Tean't imagine (get) married and (have) children. 8 What do you plan__(do) when you finish university? 9 Doyou fancy ____(go) to the cinema this evening? 10 When did you learn (drive) a car? 11 T'm broke ~I can’t afford (buy) a jacket like that. 12 They have refused (ive) us any more time. 13 really dislike (answer) questions like this. 14 The gangster threatened _(kill) the detective. 15 You should practise ___(read) these sentences aloud. 1 $1 D0 FT BuuoMsue ET ‘aaor eT sq ney Sumas 4 :Buyuado g ‘Fumonb g ‘yoow of F ‘aney oO, g ‘30H 0) Z '99801 SUaMSNV 1 TT ‘oaup 0 oF “Bu08 6 ‘opm g] 5 8 Verbs: plus object + simple infinitive [ = | Please don‘t make me go home! We use the verb make + object + simple infinitive to show cause or obligation. Examples: ‘The medicine makes me feel sleepy. ‘The referee made the players move back 10 metres. We use let + object + simple infinitive to show permission. Example: The doorman let the girls go through without paying. ‘The guards made the prisoners work hard. ‘The guards let the visitors see the prisoners. Exercise A Put make or let in the correct tense with a suitable verb in the following passage. visit feel listen finish stop get watch understand start, treat show work 0 come keep have stay continue Thad a terrible childhood. My father used to (1) me hard all the time. He wouldn't (2) me television in the evenings. He (3) me all my homework before he (4) me out to see my friends. My mother was no better. She (5) me my room tidy and never (6) me to music, I wanted to leave school when I was 16, but they (7) me my studies and wouldn't @ me a job, even at the weekends. Their attitude (9) me very frustrated, but I didn’t (10) my feelings because I knew this would an my father___ shouting. When I got to university they had to (12) me a bit more freedom. They tried to (13) me home at weekends, but I refused, and (14)____ them that I was independent. Eventually, I started a career and then got married. But my husband (15) work. He tried to (16) me at home, and wouldn't even (17) me my old girlfriends. I wasn’t prepared to (18) him me this way ‘and, after a few months, I packed my bags and went home. Exercise B Do Exercise 20 on the cassette. jean any 29] gY ISA aw YL LT “Aes ow ayEUL gT “dors ow apeL ST ‘pUEYsIAPUN OKA 2 PI ‘oui ou amar gy ‘onby aks 39] BE HEIs soUNE) Kus axwUE TT “MoYS SBuNsa) KU 2] OF ‘fj ow apeLE g “98 aU 9] B fgmumuos ow apota 2, uorsi 9 19] 9 “do9% aut apeuE g :08 aus 39] y *YSIUY OU 9PEU! | “Y>HEN aur T=] g SHOW ou OFeU T ‘SUaMSNV5 9 Verbs: plus object + to + infinitive | want you to help me. There are a number of verbs, most of them to do with speaking, which can be used with the following structure VERB + OBJECT + to+ INFINITIVE Esamples: John wants his brother to return his lawnmower. Sue has invited her aunt to go on holiday with her. My doctor has advised me to go on a diet. aes: cs The following verbs can all be used with this structure. av want / ask / invite / persuade / advise / remind / order / expect Exercise A Use each of the above verbs, together with a suitable object and infinitive from the lists below, to complete one of the sentences below. Make sure you use the correct tense. me / your teacher / my mother / the queen / her / his troops / him / the prisoner toread / totell / tolend / to open / to retreat / toring / toexplain / to say 1 My mother hates me using her car, but last week I _—_____ it tome. 2 Has Fred phoned? I ____ me this evening. 3 The local couneil the new sports centre yesterday. 4 Asa child, I always ‘me stories from an old book. 5 Ifyou can't do the exercise, why don’t you it? 6 The lawyer nothing when the police questioned him. 7 As they were losing the battle, the general 8 You must you that joke about the elephant. Exercise B ‘When these verbs are used as a short answer, we keep the fo particle at the end, Example: Arthur has resigned. (I/advise) ‘Yes, Ladvised him to. Give a short answer to each of the following sentences, using the subject and verb given. 1 The Queen has refused to see him, (we /expect) 2 The boys have invited Mary to the party. (Sue /ask) 3. We have finished all the work. (I/tell) 4 I've tidied my room. (your mother /want) 5 The mouse has come out of its hole. (I/persuade) 7 ee) ou purmar g ‘noanax oy sdoon sry paxops0 ‘os 0 z9uosud ayy postaps 9 19 popensiod {9A @ ‘uqeydxo 04 saypean amok yey 1) nok paqueM soxyou nok 99K y ‘peas oy soypow Lux poqUEM ‘yok pon SOX & ‘ado oy uoanb ayy payaut ‘or woth payse ong "S94 ‘au oy wy paroada Z "0.204 porsodx9 om ‘SOK T :puay 0404 papensiod Ty ‘SUaMSNVf 0 Verbs: present perfect versus past Have you been there? Yes, | went last week. We use the present perfect when we are concerned with the present results of a past action. We are not interested in when the action took place. Examples: I've lost my wallet. Tve never eaten meat. Have you finished? We use the past when we talk about an action that happened at a specific time in the past. We always understand when (unless we are asking when!). Examples: | found my wallet when I was cleaning my room. Some dinosaurs didn't eat meat. When did Beethoven write the Moonlight Sonata? Have you seen my razor? I lost it three weeks ago. Put the verbs in the correct tense (present perfect or past) in the following sentences. you the news? There a terrible fire in hear /be Birmingham. It yesterday morning. A chemical factory happen explode 2‘______you_the TV last night? Treally __the see /enjoy documentary.’ ‘No, I ___ TV for ages. I___ too busy.’ not wateh /be 3 1_____ three letters since I___you last. write [see I______ after lunch and I___, even for a cup of tea. start /not stop 4‘____ the boss__in yet?” "Yes, he ,_up early, but come/ turn. he to London for a conference. He ___ five minutes ago.” go/leave 5 Most people some Shakespeare, even though he read /write his plays about 400 years ago. He probably _____ how popular they not realise would be. 6 Mr Jones. his car again! He___a blue one last week, change/have but he in a red one now. I wonder how much it 2 arrive [cost "oo anise say ey pasueyD sey ‘oxqwau ou pp aio / EOL DAT ‘yp 2008 ey pun joes” 3H {parks yuaney poses es uar 9664 susoq ase payee yuoney /postue 298 ~ pid ‘papojde> /pouaddey juooq se / pao OPH SUaMSNY61 Verbs: present simple versus continuous | know what I’m doing! PRESENT SIMPLE a) Habitual actions He gets up at 6.30 every day. He usually gets up at 6.30, b) Permanent state She lives in Cambridge. He doesn't like fish. ) Eternal truths Water boils at 100°C. ‘The moon goes round the earth. ‘The bus leaves at 5.30. ‘The shop closes at 6.00. e) Conditional Ifit rains, Tl stay at home Ifyou don’t phone, I'll be angry. f) Verbs of perception, emotion and belief [believe in God. I don't understand this. 8) Other verbs: think, know, mean, forget, wish, want, need, see, hear, feel, smell, taste, notice, recognise, seem, appear, cost, depend 4) Future with timetables, programmes, ete. remember, suppose, trust, like, love, prefer, hate, PRESENT CONTINUOUS a) Temporary actions happening now Tm phoning from work. He's camping in France. b) Repeated actions, but not a permanent state I'm having driving lessons. She's going to evening classes, ©) Irritating habits with ‘always’ She's always biting her nails. He's always whistling in my ear. d) Future arrangements My son's getting married soon. I'm leaving York on Friday. After the following questions and statements, find a suitable response. When do you leave? When are you leaving? Where does Rhona live? Where is Rhona living? ‘The bus is leaving The bus leaves in half an hour. John always phones late at night. John’s always phoning late at night. The sun sets at 7.30, The sun is setting. Seoosansenn a) bd) ° a e) p ® h) i) d Responses ‘That's nice of him. We shouldn’t miss it this time. Usually at 8.30. ‘That's inconsiderate of him. Quick, take a photo. At 8.0 tomorrow morning. Oh no, we've missed it. It gets dark half an hour later. Chester at the moment. Her home's in Dalston. Corus PewLGe Baty Ey E DT SuaMSNVf 2 Verbs: transitive ana intransitive He walks his dog in the park every Sunday. A transitive verb is followed by an object and is marked in the dictionary (T]. Example: 1 love reggae music. (I love what?) ‘An intransitive verb is never followed by an object and is marked in the dictionary [I] Example: The accident happened yesterday morning. However, some verbs are transitive and intransitive and are marked in the dictionary {1,1 Example: He walks his dog in the park every Sunday. [T ] He walks in the park every Sunday. {1} Exercise A Write the following verbs in the appropriate column in the box below. take arrive practise happen run want enjoy grow sleep ‘openiclose 0 do put Taugh move ‘TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE Exercise B Six of the sentences below require an object. Place each of the object phrases from the table in the appropriate space. the dance your eyes the company the furniture his own vegetables fan account 1 My father enjoys growing They taste so fresh. 2 Your son’s growing fast! He was a baby the last time I saw him. 3 They practised __until it was perfect. 4 She wanted to play the violin well so she practised __every day. 5 Tom was late for work, so he ran all the way. 6 Mr. Leech ran for 25 years. 7 They had to move out of the room before they could decorate. 8 Don't move _. I'm trying to take a photograph. 9 She opened at the bank. 10 What time does the bank open 11 The meeting closed at 10pm. 12 Close 1T've got a surprise for you! ssofo ano gr = 11 Lr qunosoe ue g Sg iamyuary au) 2 Auedios ayy gg °- y SsOUEP ag I Z ‘So}quIaioA UOT T now esoppjuodo ‘nou un ‘osno0ud oapyesuEayET pure oatysureay, syne] ‘of “doops “uoddey ‘onquan aagyysumanuy ‘ind “op ‘Ao{u9 “tua ‘Owe BANISUEAY, Y ‘SUaMSNVVerbs: tense revision | Have a nice meal! This is a general revision of tenses. Refer to the Intermediate and Elementary Worksheets that deal with past and present, simple and continuous. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Be careful ~ there are two passives and three negatives! ‘James Smith is a businessman. His company (1) (export) a lot of machinery, but James @ (speak) any foreign languages. Last year he (3) (go) to France on a business trip. While he (4) (stay) for a few days in a small hotel just outside Nice, he (5) (have) an interesting experience. The first morning, he (6) (sit) eating his breakfast when a Frenchman (7) (come) to his table and (8) (sit) down. The Frenchman (9)___(say), ‘Bon appetit,’ so James Smith (10)___(smile) and(11)___(reply), ‘James Smith.’ As neither (12)__(can) speak the other's language, they (13)_____(eat) their meals in silence. ‘The next morning, exactly the same thing (14) (occur) and the scene (15) (repeat) on the third morning, so James (16)__ (go) to see the manager of the hotel, who (17) (speak) excellent English, and said, I(18)____(want) to complain, but there (19) (be) a very strange man staying in your hotel. I(20)____(begin) to get worried. Every morning he ay (come) to my table and (22)_(tell) me his name.’ ‘Really? said the manager, ‘And what (23) (he call)?” “Something like “Bon Appetit’ (24) (reply) James. ‘No, no,’ said the manager,’That (25) (be) his name. That is just a polite expression in French. We (26) (say) it to other people before we (27)___(start) to eat. It simply means “Have a good meal”. “Oh, yes, how silly of me,’ said James. ‘Thank you for the explanation.’ ‘The next morning, he (28) (wait) for the Frenchman to come up to the table, and before he could speak, James (29) (say) in his best French accent ‘Bon appetit!’ The Frenchman was alittle surprised, but then he smiled and (30) (respond) in his best English, ‘James Smith?” ‘Popuodsas og ‘pres gz ‘powem gq “UES Le Aes ge ‘aus $e “Ponda: ye “Parle 9y81 EE TIM BR ‘souioo 1g iurwuring we og ‘st gr Aue yuo gE “2AOds ZT “JUom gF ‘Poqwadas vem GT ‘pasndo0 FT ‘Owe ET DINO BT ‘podox TT !pouws OT ‘pres g ‘aes g ‘ous 1 “FUNDS sem 9 cpRy g “Rurdmssem F ‘IUIm g “wads jusaop g SsUOKD | SUaMSNVA f Verbs: tense revision II She surprised everyone. ‘This is a general revision of tenses. Refer to the Intermediate and Elementary Worksheets that deal with verb tenses. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. People with cats and dogs often (1) (put) small doors called ‘cat-flaps’ or ‘dog-flaps’ in their outside doors so that the pets (2) (be able to get) in and out of the house. Recently, however, a little three-year-old girl called Karen (3) (decide) to use one. Teall (4) (begin) one Sunday afternoon when Karen's mother, Diane, (5) (prepare) the evening meal in the kitchen, and her husband, Bob, (6) (work) in the back garden. Diane (7) (think) that Karen (8) (be) with Bob and he (9) (think) that she (10) (be) with her. Then they (11) (notice) that Karen (12) (disappear). Neighbours and friends (13) (begin) to search for the girl, and her worried parents (14) (call) the police. ‘Meanwhile, Karen (15) (follow) the neighbour's dog through the dog-flap in the front door. She (16) (know) the house well as she (17) (be) there several times before. Everyone in the family (18) (be) out, but Karen (19) (switch) on the TV and (20) (settle) down to watch some children’s cartoons. She (21) (choose) a red apple from the fruit bowl and (2) (cat) it while she (23) (enjoy) the funny pictures on ‘TV. Back at Karen’s house, her desperate parents (24) (search) outside for an hour and a half, and (25) (be) helped by the police and concerned neighbours. Police dogs and a helicopter (26) (wait) to be used. Karen (27)___(be) unaware of the drama she (28)___(cause) outside, and when the owners of the house eventually (29) (wander) into the living room, she (30) (smile) sweetly and (31) (cay), ‘Hello’ They (32) (be) astonished to see her there as they (33) (speak) to her distressed parents a few minutes earlier. What a relief it (34) (be) for Diane and Bob to find Karen safe and well after all their worry. Diane (35) (say), ‘Karen (36)___(love) that dog and obviously (37) (want) to play with it. If only it (88) (stay) outside, none of this (39) (happen). We (40) ___ (keep) an eye on her in future.’ What a day! cdooy 1, OF ‘pauaddey axey prnom gg ‘pokeys pey gg ‘pauEM LE im suoyods poy gE 0M BE “POS 1G fs og ‘paIEpTEM gy ‘BuEnED semyporTED Pey By rem 1g ‘Buren oiom 9g ‘19m Gg “PaO YE UMOLUD SEM GE OTR EE "OD Ta “PTH OG 8 61 ‘stm T 'U00q PRY LT !moKy OT !paMOTE) PEN ST “POTTED pr “uUEG gr ‘paxeaddosyp pey gx :psONOU TY ine OF swnoMy g Mea g "non 2 upon wea PuLsedoud omg Sweioq y ‘pepoop fd Ued g “ind T SUIMSNV ‘son0] 96 ‘Ps oe6 5 Verbs: used to, be/get used to | om | | used to enjoy this, but now | hate it! The two expressions used to and be/get used to are frequently confused by learners of English, but they have very distinct uses. USED TO 1 Used to is always followed by a simple infinitive. (I used to hate cucumber.) 2 It is only used in the past tense to refer to a regular activity in the past which you don’t do now (I used to play tennis, but now I prefer golf.) 3 It can never be used in the present tense. The present equivalent is the present simple, possibly with an adverb. (I play tennis (quite often/regularly/frequently).) 4 It is pronounced with [s] rather than (z], and the [d] is not pronounced, so it may sound like a present tense, BE/GET USED TO 1 Be/get used to is always followed by a gerund. (Tll never get used to wearing contact lenses.) 2 It suggests knowing how fo do something because of doing it regularly. (Lam used to getting up early.) 3 It can be used in the past (I could not get used to eating dinner so late when I was in Spain.), the present (British police are quite used to dealing with football crowds.), or future (He'll get used to making his own meals in the end.). Exercise A Insert used to or be /get used to in the correct tense with the following sentences, together with the correct form of the verb given. Example: David never _used todrive _ as quickly as he does now. drive) 1 Don't worry -1 fast. I'm a very good driver. (drive) 2 Tmsure you with chopsticks if you practise. (cat) 3 She nervous when she travelled by air, (get) but now she P, fy) 4 Don't you recognise her? She quite famou: (be) 5 Go and ask her! She autographs ~ she does it all the time. (sign) 6 Some people prefer the country, but I in the city, ive) 7 Simon for the first team, but now he’s in the reserves. (play) 8 They with difficult patients, so they handled him well. (deat) & Exercise B Do Exercise 21 on the cassette. uw9p parm asomyoww g oqo pon ‘Kd o poan :Buuky oy posn syno3 oy poss g saucy post we 9 ‘Burgeo 1 porn 33 Te ‘jurul 0} posn st ‘Suuup 0 poen ure Ty SUBASNYi] 6 Verbs: wish ES | wish | had a car. A regret about the present state of things, unlikely to change. Thaven’t got a car. I wish I had a car (but it’s not likely). ‘This is like conditional II. (I would be happy if I had a car. If only I had a car.) ‘As in conditional II, we can use were for was. (I wish it were true.) A regret about the past, impossible to change. I didn’t buy that car last month. I wish I had bought that car last month. BEY ee This is like conditional III. (I would have been happy if I had bought that car last month. Tf only I had bought that car.) ‘A desire to change the present state of things. I wish he would buy a car (but he won't I wish we could afford a car (but we can’t). NOTE I wish I/we would . .. is incorrect, but I wish I/we could . .. is fine. (Lean't swim. I wish I could swim.) Exercise A In the following sentences put the verb in brackets into the correct tense. 1 Iwish the bus (come). I'm frozen standing here. Op ‘There are no biscuits left. I wish 1 (not eat) them all. I wish I (have) enough money to buy that dress. I miss Peter so much. I wish he (write), 2 3 4 5 I've gota terrible headache. I wish I__(not drink) so much wine last night. 6 We really need a holiday. I wish we (afford) one. 7 Iwish the weather (be) better in this country. 8 There's a fantastic concert on at the Corn Exchange next Friday. I wish I 0). 9 wish Kerry___(tidy) her room. It’s a terrible mess. 10 IwishI___ (study) English more when I was at school. 11 P'm really tired. I wish I (not have to) go to work. 12 Oh, not again! I wish you (not come) into the living room in your dirty boots! © Exercise B Do Exercise 22 on the cassette. ‘auos upnom BT ‘03 pine g ‘mu pinom > ‘oy aney upp TT een) atom 2 poy) Poy ‘parpms pey OT ‘puoge Pino 9 ‘uaye9 704 poy Z pn pInom 6 ‘qunap ou poy ¢ ‘auto pita. TY SuaMSNVVHKASAL VERBS | verb + particle (no object) (See Unit 53) break down a) Why don’t you sell that old car? fall Unfortunately their plans fell Its always breaking down. through through and they couldn't go. ) She broke down and eried when get by You could get by on less money. she heard the bad news. gooff ——_a) Milk goes off quickly in summer. break up Everyone was surprised when the b) The bomb went off in the busy couple broke up after 20 years of street. marriage. hang! Hang on a minute! 'm nearly callin Til call in and see you tomorrow. hold on — ready. carryon They carried on until the work hang up She hung up when she heard his was finished. voiee. catch on Nobody will like that song. It'l knock out Our team was knocked out of the never catch on. race. check in Check in at the hotel reception. Took out Look out! There's a car coming! check out Pay your bill as you check out. pass away He had a heart attack and passed come off | What a stupid plan! It'll never away, come off. pass out — The soldiers passed out in the hot ‘come round When he came round in hospital sun, he wondered where he was. pullin The train pulled in late eutdown — She had to cut down on smoking. set offiout They set off/out for London at draw up He drew up with a screech of 8.30am brakes. show off Stop showing off. We all know you dropoff The lecture was so boring I won the race. dropped off and woke up at the take off ‘The plane ‘ook off at 1.45pm. end. turn up He suddenly turned up after three fallout ‘They're a very happy couple. years abroad. ‘They've never fallen out. wear off By the next day, the shock had worn off. PHRASAL VERBS II__ verb + object (pronoun) + particle or verb + particle + object (See Unit 54) back up When the boss asks where we let down I'm sorry to let you down, but I were, will you back us up? can't go. break off Unfortunately the talks have let off You don't have to do the work. Il been broken off. let you off this time. bring about The smog in Los Angeles is look up If you don’t know the meaning, brought about by ear fumes. look it up in the dictionary. bring round The nurse tried to bring the old make out We could just make out the trees man round after he had passed through the fog. out. make up He makes up wonderful stories bring up _After their parents died, they for his children. were brought up by an aunt. pulldown Several old houses have been brush up They went to evening classes to pulled down. brush up their French, put off ‘The match was put off till the call off ‘The match was called off because next day. of snow. put up Tve nowhere to stay. Can you put clear up Your room’s a mess. I wish you me up for the night? would clear it up. rundown! He was run down [over by a car cut off ‘The town was cut off by floods. over and killed. dropoff Get in the car. I'l drop you off on see off Shall I see you off at the airport? the way home. take in a) Is that really true? I can’t take get across He was a clever man but he it in couldn’t get his meaning across. b) When he said he had no money getdown Cold weather gets him down. He 1 was really taken in hates it. takeon He's taken on far too much work. giveaway Don't give the secret away to takeover Too many small firms are being anyone! taken over by large companies. give up I'm trying to give up smoking. throw out I threw out a lot of old clothes. holdup Heavy traffic held me up and turn down — The salary was too low, so he was late. turned the job down. knock out — The fall knocked her out for ten wear out You're going to wear those shoes minutes. work out out if you wear them every day. Let's work out what to do next.PHRASAL VERBS III _verb + particle + object (See Unit 55) ask for He asked for a beer in the pub. join in Do you want toJoin in the break into The burglar broke into the game? house and stole £1,000. look after Will you look after my garden bring off ‘The Japanese firm has brought while I'm away? The plants will offa successful deal. need watering. call for Til call for you about eight. Be look for Tve looked for my pen ready. everywhere, come across As she was tidying her room look into The police looked into the theft she came across an old but couldn’t find any clues. photograph, make for The thieves made for the airport counton You can always count on my but they were stopped by the help. police. fall for He fell for her the moment he run into Tran into James yesterday. I ‘saw her. It was love at first didn't know he was in town, sight. see about/to I'll see about/to the airline get over Has she got over her illness yet? tickets. getround They got round their problems see through I can see through your lies - you and went ahead with the snake! project. stand by —_'ll always stand by you if you're get through We managed to get through the in trouble. meeting early and went stand for What does G.C.S.E. stand for? straight to the pub. take after He fakes after his father in gothrough The customs officers went looks and in character. through his suitcase looking for drugs. PHRASAL VERBS IV verb + particle + particle + object (See Unit 56) back out of You can’t trust him. He always keep up with Slow down! I can’t keep up with backs out of agreements. you. come up As he looked for a job, he came live upto The film didn’t live up to my against —up against a lot of expectations. discrimination. look up to He looked up to his father and get away with The thieves got away with a tried to be like him. million pounds. make up for I'll work extra time to make up getout of She always gets out of washing for the minutes I was late. up; it's not fair. put up with I don't know how they ean put go down with The whole family went down up with such noisy children. with "ft. runout of We've run out of milk again. go in for a) I've never gone in for jewellery. b) Are you going in for the race?Tapescript 1 Exercise 1 Adjectival phrases Look at Worksheet 3. Jane is telling Mary about the people she has just met at a party. Listen. Jane: I've just met a man. He was wearing a pink wig. ‘Mary: Really! You met a man wearing a pink wig? Jane: Yes, and I met a girl who had a snake round her neck. ‘Mary: Really! You met a girl with a snake round her neck? ‘Now you take the part of Mary. Jane: I've just met a man. He was wearing a pink wig. Mary: Really! You met a man wearing a pink wig? Jane: Yes, and I met a girl who had a snake round her neck. Mary: Really! You met a girl with a snake round her neck? Jane: Yes, and then I met a film producer. He had a long beard. Mary: Really! You met a film producer with a long beard? Jane: Yes, and then I met a dentist. He was wearing a white coat. Mary: Really! You met a dentist in a white coat? Jane: Yes, and then I met a countess. She was wearing a tiara, Mary: Really! You met a countess wearing a tiara? Jane: Yes, and then I met a priest. He was carrying a large bible. Mary: Really! You met a priest carrying a large bible? Jane: Yes, and then I met a rock singer. He had a ring in his nose. ‘Mary: Really! You met a rock star with a ring in his nose? Jane: Yes, and then I woke up![| Tapescript 2 Exercise 2 Adjectives: order Look at Worksheet 4. Richard is talking to James about his shopping trip. Listen. Richard: I bought a watch. It was German and very expensive. James: So you bought a very expensive German watch. Now you take the part of James. Richard: I bought a watch. It was Swiss and very expensive. James: So you bought a very expensive Swiss watch. Richard: That's right. And I bought a jacket. A leather one ~ dark brown. James: So you bought a dark brown leather jacket. Richard: That's right. And I bought a shirt. Pure silk. Made in Italy. James: So you bought an Italian pure silk shirt. Richard: That's right. And I bought some whisky. It’s malt. Scotch, of course. James: So you bought some Scotch malt whisky. Richard: That’s right. And I bought some cheese. French, I think it was, and smelly. James: So you bought some smelly French cheese. Richard: That's right. And I bought some lamb from New Zealand. Frozen. James: So you bought some frozen New Zealand lamb. Richard: That's right. And I bought some Indian curry. It’s really hot. James: So you bought some really hot Indian curry. Richard: That's right. And I bought a CD player. Japanese. The very latest. James: So you bought the very latest Japanese CD player. Richard: That's right. And I bought a computer game. An American one. It's fantastic. James: So you bought a fantastic American computer game. Richard: That's right. And then I ran out of money.] Tapescript 3 Exercise 3 Adjectives: compound: Look at Worksheet 6. The pop star, Interviewer: Dick: Interviewer: Dick: Dick Twit, is being interviewed on a chat show. Listen Have you ever done a concert that lasted three hours? Yes, of course I've done a three-hour concert. I've done it all, man. Really? Have you ever sung in a band with five men? ‘Yes, of course I've sung in a five-man band. I've done it all, man. Now you take the part of Dick Twit. Interviewer: Dick: Interviewer: Dick: Interviewer: Dick: Interviewer: Dick: Interviewer: Dick: Interviewer: Dick: Interviewer: Dick: Interviewer: Dick: Interviewer: Dick: Interviewer: Dick: Interviewer: Have you ever done a concert that lasted three hours? Yes, of course I've done a three-hour concert. I've done it all, man. Really? Have you ever sung in a band with five men? ‘Yes, of course I've sung in a five-man band. I've done it all, man. Really? Have you ever signed a contract for a million dollars? Yes, of course I've signed a million-dollar contract. I've done it all, man. Really? Have you ever worn heels that were six inches high? Yes, of course I've worn six-inch heels. F've done it all, man, Really? Have you ever eaten a meal with twelve courses? Yes, of course I've eaten a twelve-course meal. I've done it all, man. Really? Have you ever performed with a snake measuring two metres? ‘Yes, of course I've performed with a two-metre snake. I've done it all, man. Really? Have you ever done a tour lasting nine months? ‘Yes, of course I've done a nine-month tour. I've done it all, man. Really? Have you ever given away a watch worth fifty thousand pounds? Yes, of course I've given away a fifty-thousand-pound watch. I've done it all, man. Really? Have you ever made a tape lasting ten hours? Yes, of course I've made a ten-hour tape. P've done it all, man, Have you ever crashed a Rolls Royce worth £150,000? Yes, of course I've crashed a 150,000-pound Rolls Royce. I've done it all, man. Well, thank you for the interesting interview, Mr Twit.| Tapescript 4 Exercise 4 Adjectives and adverbs: comparatives and superlatives Look at Worksheet 7. Joe and Anita are trying to decide what clothes to buy. Listen. Joe: I like these shoes — they're pretty. Anita: They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some prettier ones. Joe: Look. I like this jacket. It’s really smart. Anita: It’s OK, but I'm sure we can find a smarter one. Now you take the part of Anita. like these shoes - they're pretty. : They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some prettier ones. Look. I like this jacket. It's really smart. It's OK, but I'm sure we can find a smarter one. Look. Ilike those trousers. They’re fashionable. ‘They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some more fashionable ones. Look. I like this cardigan. It looks quite warm. : It’s OK, but I'm sure we can find a warmer one. Look. I like these socks. They're really long. : They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some longer ones. Look. I like that shirt. It looks very elegant. : It's OK, but I'm sure we can find a more elegant one. Look. Ilike this tie. It's quite colourful : It’s OK, but I'm sure we can find a more colourful one. Look. I like these boxer shorts. They're fairly cheap. : They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some cheaper ones. Look. I like that anorak. It looks reasonably waterproof. It’s OK, but I'm sure we can find a more waterproof one. Look. Ike that sales assistant. She looks really helpful. : She's OK, but I'm sure we can find a more helpful one. Anita, remind me to go shopping on my own next time.:] Tapescript 5 Exercise 5 Adverbs of degree Look at Worksheet 12. Theresa has just come back from a holiday. She is talking to Amanda. Listen. Amanda (enthusiastic): So you say the weather was really nice? ‘Theresa (non-committal): Yes, it was fairly nice. Amanda: But you look tired. Theresa: Yes, I am rather tired. Now you take the part of Theresa : So you say the weather was really nice? : Yes, it was fairly nice. : But you look tired. Yes, I am rather tired. : You're lovely and brown. Yes, I am fairly brown. : But it was an expensive place? : Yes, it was rather expensive. : But you say you had a comfortable apartment? Yes, it was fairly comfortable. But it was a long way from the beach? Yes, it was rather a long way from the beach. : And very noisy? : Yes, it was rather noisy. : But your friend was very romantic? :: Yes, he was fairly romantic. And he was a good dancer? : Yes, he was a fairly good dancer. But his English was poor? Yes, his English was rather poor. Never mind. You can go back and teach him next year!1| Tapescript 6 Exercise 6 Pronouns: one Look at Worksheet 22. Charles and Diana are sorting out some of their belongings. Listen. Diana: Whose is this black bag? Mine. You haven't got a black one. Diana: And whose are these leather gloves? Charles: Mine. You haven't got any leather ones. Now you take the part of Charles. Diana: Whose is this black bag? Charles: Mine. You haven't got a black one. Diana: And whose are these leather gloves? Charles: Mine. You haven't got any leather ones. Diana: And whose are these new binoculars? Charles: Mine. You haven't got any new ones. Diana: And whose is this Swiss watch? Charles: Mine. You haven't got a Swiss one. Diana: And whose is this red coat?” Charles: Mine. You haven't got a red one. Diana: And whose are these foreign stamps? Charles: Mine. You haven't got any foreign ones. Diana: And whose is this gold pen? Charles: Mine. You haven't got a gold one. Diana: And whose are these silk pyjamas? Charles: Mine. You haven't got any silk ones. Diana: And whose is this toilet bag? Charles: Mine. You haven't got one. Diana: And whose is this electric razor? Charles: Mine. You haven't got an electric one. Diana: You know, I don't think any of these things are mine!| Tapescript 7 Exercise 7 Reported speech: passive forms Look at Worksheet 28. Michael and Julia are discussing the news. Listen. Michael: I see they've signed the agreements. Julia: Well, they're supposed to have been signed, but I doubt it. Michael: And they say the new road is open. Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been opened, but I doubt it. Now you take the part of Julia. Michael: I see they've signed the agreements. Julia: Well, they're supposed to have been signed, but I doubt it. Michael: And they say the new road is open. Julia: Well, it’s supposed to have been opened, but I doubt it. Michael: I hear they've finished the preparations. Julia: Well, they're supposed to have been finished, but I doubt it. Michael: And I see that the world land speed record has been broken. Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been broken, but I doubt it. Michael: It says here that they have saved the rain forest in Togo. Julia: Well, it’s supposed to have been saved, but I doubt it. Michael: And I read somewhere that they've discovered a cure for cancer. Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been discovered, but I doubt it Michael: I see they've chosen Oslo for the next Olympics. Julia: Well, it’s supposed to have been chosen, but I doubt it. : And I hear they've found the missing Picasso. Well, it’s supposed to have been found, but I doubt it. |: According to this article, they've lowered the interest rates. Well, they're supposed to have been lowered, but I doubt it. : And here it says that fox hunting has been banned. Julia: Well, it’s supposed to have been banned, but I doubt it. Michael: You know, I think you are becoming cynical.Tapescript 8 Exercise 8 Reported speech: reporting verbs Look at Worksheet 30. Mr Enfield is deaf. He has difficulty in hearing what the doctor tells him. Listen. Doctor: _ Now Mr Enfield. Please get back into bed. Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor asked you to get back into bed. Doctor: _ Mr Enfield. Stop switching that light on! Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor told you to stop switching that light on! Now you take the part of the nurse. Doctor: _ Now Mr Enfield. Please get back into bed. Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor asked you to get back into bed. Doctor: _ Mr Enfield. Stop switching that light on! Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor told you to stop switching that light on! Doctor: _ Mr Enfield. Please put your pyjamas on. ‘Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor asked you to put your pyjamas on. Doctor: _ Mr Enfield. Lie down on your back. Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doetor told you to lie down on your back. Doctor: _ Mr Enfield. Say ahh: Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor told you to say ahh. Doctor: _ Mr Enfield. Please take a deep breath, Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor asked you to take a deep breath,| Tapescript 9 Exercise 9 Subordinate clauses: time Look at Worksheet 31. Jane's father wants her to help him. Listen. Father: Are you still doing your homework? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: I will as soon as I've done my homework. Now you take the part of Jane. Father: Are you still doing your homework? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: I will as soon as I've done my homework. Father: Are you still having your shower? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: Iwill as soon as I've had my shower. Father: Are you still listening to the Pop programme? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: I will as soon as I’ve listened to the Pop programme. Father: Are you still brushing your hair? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: I will as soon as I've brushed my hair. Father: Are you still painting your toe-nails? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: Iwill as soon as I've painted my toe-nails. Father: Are you still tidying your room? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: I will as soon as I've tidied my room. Father: Are you still eating your dinner? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: Iwill as soon as I've eaten my dinner. Father: Are you still writing to John? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: I will as soon as I've written to John. Father: Are you still sorting your books? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: I will as soon as I've sorted my books. Father: Are you still practising for the concert? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: Iwill as soon as I've practised for the concert. Father: Too late. I'l do it myself.| Tapescript 10 Exercise 10 Time expressions: still, yet, already ‘Look at Worksheet 33. Rachel wants to go out and is waiting for Sam. Listen. Rachel: You're not still having a shower, are you? Sam: I'm afraid so. I haven't finished yet. Rachel: And you won't forget to water the plants? Sam: Don’t worry — I've already watered them. Now you take the part of Sam. Rachel: You're not still having a shower, are you? Sam: I'm afraid so. I haven't finished yet. Rachel: And you won't forget to water the plants? Sam: Don't worry - I've already watered them. Rachel: You're not still washing your hair, are you? Sam: I'm afraid so. I haven't finished yet. Rachel: And you won't forget to feed the cat? Sam: Don’t worry — I've already fed it. Rachel: And you will remember to switch off the heating? Sam: Don’t worry — I've already switched it off. Rachel: You're not still ironing your shirt, are you? Sam: I'm afraid s0. I haven't finished yet. Rachel: You're not still polishing your shoes, are you? Sam: I'm afraid so. I haven't finished yet. Rachel: Don't forget to draw the curtains, Sam: Don't worry — I've already drawn them. Rachel: And remember to set the alarm. Sam: Don't worry — I've already set it. Rachel: You're not still chewing that gum, are you? Sam: I'm afraid so. I haven't finished yet. Rachel: I really don’t know why we bother going out in the evenings.(] Tapescript 11 Exercise 11 Verbs: conditional III Look at Worksheet 35. Harry is discussing with Sally why their holiday went wrong. Listen. Harry: We shouldn't have waited. We missed the flight. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we hadn't waited, we wouldn't have missed it. Harry: We didn’t read the instructions properly, so we didn't spot the mistake. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had read them properly, we would have spotted the mistake. Now you take the part of Sally. Harry: We shouldn't have waited. We missed the flight. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we hadn't waited, we wouldn't have missed it. Harry: We didn’t read the instructions properly, so we didn’t spot the mistake. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had read them properly, we would have spotted the mistake. ‘Harry: We should have asked the travel agent. He would have told us. : Yes dear, perhaps if we had asked the travel agent, he would have told us. And you didn’t listen to your sister, so we chose the wrong week. ‘Yes dear, perhaps if I had listened to my sister, we wouldn’t have chosen the wrong week. : And the hotel manager didn’t speak English. He didn't explain the problem. : Yes dear, perhaps if the hotel manager had spoken English, he would have explained the problem. : And we should have changed more money, so we didn’t run short of cash. : Yes dear, perhaps if we had changed more money, we wouldn't have run short of cash. dd the weather was so bad, we didn't go skiing. Yes dear, perhaps if the weather hadn’t been so bad, we would have gone skiing. You didn't remember the video camera, so we didn't get a film of the holiday. : Yes dear, perhaps if I had remembered the video camera, we would have got a film of the holiday. : You were sick, so we didn't go out. : Yes dear, perhaps if I hadn't been sick, we would have gone out. We should have stayed at home. I would have had more fun. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had stayed at home, you would have had more fun.Tapescript 12 Exercise 12 Verbs: from adjectives Look at Worksheet 39. Mike and Joan are planning to decorate their house. Listen. ‘Mike: I think the bathroom floor is too weak to support a jacuzzi. Joan: I agree. We'll have to strengthen it. ‘Mike: And I think the door is too narrow. Joan: I agree. We'll have to widen it. Now you take Joan’s part. Mike: I think the bathroom floor is too weak to support a jacuzzi. Joan: I agree. We'll have to strengthen it. Mike: And I think the door is too narrow. Joan: I agree. Welll have to widen it. : also think the colours in the living room are too dark. agree. We'll have to brighten them. Mike: On the other hand, I think the colours in the kitchen are too bright. Joan: I agree. We'll have to darken them. Miike: You know, I reckon the bookease is too long, Joan: L agree. We'll have to shorten it. Mike: But the curtains in the dining room are too short. T agree, We'll have to lengthen them. Mike: And the rails on the stairs are too loose. Joan: I agree. We'll have to tighten them. Mike: And the fish pond in the garden is too shallow. Joan: I agree. We'll have to deepen it. Mike: Why don’t we just move to a new house?| Tapescript 13 Exercise 13 Verbs: future continuous Look at Worksheet 40. Sarah is telling William about the holiday she is about to go on. Listen. William: So they have a pool? Sarah: Oh yes, T'll be swimming every day. William: And a golf course? Sarah: Oh yes, I'll be playing golf every day. Now you take the part of Sarah. William: So they have a pool? Oh yes, Il be swimming every day. : And a golf course? Oh yes, I'l be playing golf every day. ‘And you say they have a tennis court? Oh yes, I'll be playing tennis every day. : And I hear they have an excellent shopping arcade. Oh yes, I'll be shopping every day. You say there's a theatre next to the hotel too. Oh yes, I'l be going to the theatre every day. William: Has it really got a casino too? Sarah: Oh yes, I'l be gambling every day. William: And it has three squash courts? Sarah: Oh yes, I'l be playing squash every day. William: And they have a private flying club next door? Sarah: Oh yes, Il be flying every day. William: And they offer free champagne to all the guest Sarah: Oh yes, I'll be drinking champagne every day. William: So why can't I come with you?(| Tapescript 14 Exercise 14 Verbs: future perfect Look at Worksheet 41. Bill and Daisy are expecting guests. Listen. Daisy: Look at the time! We haven't hoovered the floor yet. Bill: Don’t worry. We'll have hovered it by the time they arrive. Daisy: But we haven't cut the grass. Bill: Don’t worry. We'll have cut it by the time they arrive. Now you take the part of Bill. Look at the time! We haven't hoovered the floor yet. Don’t worry. We'll have hoovered it by the time they arrive, : But we haven't cut the grass. Don’t worry. We'll have cut it by the time they arrive, : But we haven't watered the plants. Don't worry. We'll have watered them by the time they arrive. : But we haven't polished the furniture. Don't worry. We'll have polished it by the time they arrive. ; But we haven't tidied the living room yet. Don't worry. We'll have tidied it by the time they arrive. : But we haven't prepared the vegetables. Don't worry. We'll have prepared them by the time they arrive. But we haven't cleaned the windows, Don't worry. We'll have cleaned them by the time they arrive. But we haven't set the video. Don't worry. We'll have set it by the time they arrive. But we haven't changed our clothes. Don't worry. Welll have changed them by the time they arrive. : Are you sure we invited them for this evening?] Tapescript 15 Exercise 15 Verbs: modals of obligation and advice Look at Worksheet 46. Lucy is talking about school with her mother. Listen. Lucy: The teacher told me to do this exercise for homework. Mother: In that case you must do it, dear. Luey: And she asked me not to copy. Mother: In that case you shouldn't copy, dear. Now you take the part of Lucy's mother. Lucy: The teacher told me to do this exercise for homework. ‘Mother: In that case you must do it, dear. Lucy: And she asked me not to copy. Mother: In that case you shouldn't copy, dear. Lucy: And she told me not to write too much. Mother: In that case you mustn’t write too much, dear. Lucy: And she asked me to be neat. ‘Mother: In that case you should be neat, dear. Lucy: And she told me to check my spelling. ‘Mother: In that case you must check it, dear. Lucy: But she asked me not to use the dictionary. Mother: In that case you shouldn't use it, dear. Lucy: And she told me not to forget my textbook. Mother: In that case you mustn't forget it, dear. Lucy: And she asked me to take some photographs. Mother: In that case you should take some, dear. And she told me to clean my shoes. : In that case you must clean them, dear. Lucy: And she asked me to behave better. ‘Mother: In that case you should behave better, dear. Lucy: Can I stay at home tomorrow, mum?Tapescript 16 Exercise 16 Verbs: modals of past probability Look at Worksheet 47. Two reseue workers are discussing a party of walkers who are missing. Listen. Betty: It’s almost certain that they got lost. Brian: Yes, you're right. They must have got lost. Betty: Possibly they went the wrong way. Brian: Yes, you're right. They could have gone the wrong way. ‘Now you take the part of Brian. Betty: It’s almost certain that they got lost. Brian: Yes, youve sight They mast have gt lot ly they went the wrong way. Brian: ¥ , you're right. They could have gone the wrong way. Betty: And it seems quite likely they had:no food. Brian: Yes, you're right. They may have had no food. Betty: But it's highly unlikely that they knew how dangerous it was. Brian: Yes, you're right. They couldn't have known how dangerous it was. Betty: It's unlikely that they missed the weather forecast. Brian: Yes, you're right. They couldn’t have missed the weather forecast. Betty: It’s almost certain that they found shelter somewhere. Brian: Yes, you're right. They must have found shelter somewhere Betty: Mind you, it’s possible they met another group. Brian: Yes, you're right. They could have met another group. Betty: And it’s quite likely that they went back the same way. Brian: Yes, you're right. They may have gone back the same way. Betty: So what are we worrying about?Tapescript 17 Exercise 17 Verbs: passive, causative Look at Worksheet 50. Sybil is complaining to her husband Basil about the state of their hotel at the beginning of the season. ‘Sybil: Just look at the long grass! Basil: Yes, I must get it cut before the season starts. Sybil: And the front door needs painting. Basil: Yes, I must get it painted before the season starts. Now you take the part of Basil. Sybil: Just look at the long grass! Basil: Yes, I must get it cut before the season starts. Sybil: And the front door needs painting. Basil: Yes, I must get it painted before the season starts. Just look at those dirty windows. Yee, I must get them cleaned before the season starts. il: And the gate needs oiling. |: Yes, I must get it oiled before the season starts. : And the car needs a service. |: Yes, I must get it serviced before the season starts : And you have to renew the TV licence. Yes, I must get it renewed before the season starts. And somebody needs to check the toilets. ‘Yes, I must get them checked before the season starts. And the sign still wants mending. ‘Yes, I must get it mended before the season starts. And the menus need updating. Yes, I must get them updated before the season starts, And the front drive could do with sweeping. |: Yes, I must get it swept before the season starts,| Tapescript 18 Exercise 18 Verbs: passive, general Look at Worksheet 51. A detective is discussing the scene of a crime with a colleague. Listen. Detective: So we haven't found any fingerprints. Constable: That is correct, sir. No fingerprints have been found. Detective: And nobody has reported a car stolen in the neighbourhood? Constable: That is correct, sir. No car has been reported stolen. Now you take the part of the constable. Detective: So we haven't found any fingerprints. Constable: That is correct, sir. No fingerprints have been found. Detective: And nobody has reported a car stolen in the neighbourhood? Constable: That is correct, sir. No car has been reported stolen. Detective: And I see somebody broke this window. Constable: That is correct, sir. The window was broken. Detective: And they forced this cupboard open. Constable: That is correct, sir. The cupboard was forced open. Detective: And they have taken all the jewellery. Constable: That is correct, sir. All the jewellery has been taken, And they disconnected the phone. ‘That is correct, sir. The phone was disconnected. Detective: But somebody saw them leaving. Constable: That is correct, sir. They were seen leaving. Detective: And somebody recognised one of them. Constable: That is correct, sir. One of them was recognised. Detective: And you have already arrested them. Constable: That is correct, sir. They have already been arrested. : So you have solved the case. :: That is correct, sir. The ease has been solved.| Tapescript 19 Exercise 19 Verbs: past perfect Look at Worksheet 52. Mr Bean is discussing a party he went to with a colleague, Miss Harris. Listen. Miss Harris: Mr Bean: ‘They made some wonderful speeches. Really? They'd already made them by the time I got there, Now you take the part of Mr Bean. Miss Harris: Mr Bean: Miss Harris: Mr Bean: Miss Harris: Mr Bean: ‘Miss Harris: Mr Bean: Miss Harris: ‘Mr Bean: Miss Harris: ‘Mr Bean: Miss Harris: Mr Bean: Miss Harris: Mr Bean: Miss Harris: Mr Bean: ‘They made some wonderful speeches. Really? They'd already made them by the time I got there. The bride opened lots of presents. Really? She'd already opened them by the time I got there. The couple cut the cake together. Really? They'd already cut it by the time I got there. And they gave everybody a piece of cake. Really? They'd already given everybody a piece by the time I got there. ‘The photographer took hundreds of pictures. Really? He'd already taken them by the time I got there. And the best man fell down. Really? He'd already fallen down by the time I got there. ‘The vicar spoke to them for a long time. Really? He'd already spoken to them by the time I got there. They opened sixty bottles of champagne. Really? They'd already opened them by the time I got there. ‘The couple left for their honeymoon quite late. Really? They'd already left by the time I got there.Tapescript 20 Exercise 20 Verbs: plus object + simple infinitive Look at Worksheet 58. Tom and Martha are discussing their bosses. Listen. ‘Tom: My boss insists that I arrive early every day. Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me arrive early. ‘Tom: — My boss allows me to have an hour for lunch. Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me have an hour. Now you take the part of Martha. Tom: — My boss insists that I arrive early every day. Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me arrive early. Tom: — My boss allows me to have an hour for lunch. Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me have an hour. Tom: — My boss insists that I make the tea. Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me make the tea. ‘Tom: — My boss allows me to smoke in the office. ‘Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me smoke in the office. Tom: — My boss insists that I wear a badge. Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me wear a badge. Tom: — My boss allows me to use the office phon Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me use the office phone. Tom: — My boss insists that I do overtime. Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me do overtime. Tom: — My boss allows me to borrow the company car. ‘Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me borrow the company car. Tom: — My boss insists that I call him sir. Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me call him sir. Tom: — My boss allows me to claim expenses. Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me claim expenses. Tom: — Well, I think I prefer my boss to yours.(| Tapescript 21 Exercise 21 Verbs: used to, be/get used to Look at Worksheet 65. José has been in England for eight years. He is talking to Julia. Listen Julia: So you like English breakfasts? José: Yes. I've got used to eating them now. Julia: Did you eat a lot for breakfast in Colombia? José: No, I never used to eat a lot! Now you take the part of José. Julia: So you like English breakfasts? José: Yes. I've got used to eating them now. Julia: Did you eat a lot for breakfast in Colombia? José: No, I never used to eat a lot! Julia: So you drive on the left now? José: Yes. I've got used to driving on the left now. Julia: Did you drive on the left in Colombia? José: No, I never used to drive on the left! Julia: And you even play ericket sometimes! José: Yes. I've got used to playing erieket now. Julia: Did you play cricket in Colombia? José: No, I never used to play cricket! Julia: And you like drinking English beer? José: Yes, Tve got used to drinking it now. Julia: Did you drink English beer in Colombia? José: No, Inever used to drink English beer! Julia: And I see you carry an umbrella now. José: Yes, I've got used to carrying one. Julia: Did you carry one in Colombia? José: No, I never used to carry one![| Tapescript 22 Exercise 22 Verbs: wish ‘Look at Worksheet 66. Martin is visiting his friend John in hospital. John has a broken leg. Listen. Martin: So you went skiing then? John: Yes, but I wish I hadn't gone. ‘Martin: Your wife won't be coming to see you then? John: No, but I wish she would come. Now you take the part of John. So you went skiing then? Yes, but I wish I hadn't gone. ‘Your wife won't be coming to see you then? No, but I wish she would come. :: You won't be playing football on Saturday then? No, but I wish I could play. : You don’t know how long you'll be in here then? No, but I wish I knew. in: And you can't get out of bed at all? No, but I wish I could get out. ‘our mother's sent you lots of flowers then. Yes, but I wish she hadn't sent them. : And your boss wants to see you as soon as you're well, ‘Yes, but I wish he didn’t want to. : And the TV in this room doesn't work? No, but I wish it worked, :: And the man in the next room keeps shouting. Yes, but I wish he wouldn't shout. And I won't go until you cheer up. No, but I wish you would go!66 photocopiable worksheets on a wide range of grammatical areas + One main grammar point per sheet with simple, clear, illustrated explanations, followed by practice exercises + Inverted answers at the bottom of each page + Designed for class or home use and self-access or resource centres, with ample space for students to write answers + Glossary of grammatical terms + List of common phrasal verbs + Accompanying cassette with revision drills and pronunciation practice Tapescripts included In this series: ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR WORKSHEETS Book 0-13-253295-6 Cassette 0-13-253287-5 INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR WORKSHEETS Book 0-13-474610-4 Cassette 0-13-474602-3, ADVANCED GRAMMAR WORKSHEETS Book 0-13-010646-1 Cassette 0-13-010638-0 ISBN O-13-474b10-4 MM 301 PRENTICE HALL ELT 2