SERIES LCR RESONANCE

Aim: To determine the resonant frequency, quality factor & band width of series
LCR resonance circuit by plotting the graph of current verses frequency for two
different resistances.
Apparatus: Audio frequency oscillator, multimeter inductor,
Capacitor, non inductance resistor & connecting wires.
Formula:
1] Resonant frequency fr = 1 ……..Hz
2π√LC
fr = Resonant frequency
L= Inductance in Henry
C= Capacitance in Farad
2] Band width ∆f = f2-f1
f2 = upper cut off frequency , f1= lower cut off frequency
3] Quality factor Q = [fr/f2-f1]
4] Theoretical value
a) Using inductance Q= 1 √L
R √C
b) Using capacitance Q= 1
2πfrCR
Circuit diagram: Nature of graph:
Record of observations
Value of inductor L= mH
Value of capacitor C= µF

Resistance
Resistance R2=…..Ω
Sl Frequency R1=…..Ω Frequency
No. f in Hz f in Hz
Voltage across Voltage across L&C
L&C V in volts V in volts

Result:
1) Resonant frequency fr =
2) Band width ∆f = f2 – f1
3) Quality factor =
Procedure:
1) For L-C-R series, the circuit is connected as shown in the figure-1

2) The source resistance and the series resistance should be small. The
Output voltage of the signal generator is adjusted to be around 3V. The
frequency of the signal generator is changed in steps and the corresponding
voltage values are noted from the multimeter.

3) The readings are tabulated. The voltage values decrease with the increase of
frequency, up to the resonant frequency, further increase of frequency causes the
increase of voltage

4) The L, C and R values are noted to calculate the resonant frequency f0 and
Qfactor, using the above formulae.
 RESOLVING POWER OF TELESCOPE
Aim: To determine the resolving power of telescope and to compare theoretical
and practical the resolving power of telescope.
Apparatus: Telescope, wire gauge grating, sodium vapour lamp, auxiliary slit,
meter scale and travelling microscope.
Formula:
Theoretical resolving power of telescope
R.P = a
1.22λ
Where a = Width of auxiliary slit in meter
λ = wavelength of light used

Practical resolving power of telescope

R.P = D/d
Where D= Distance between grating and objective of telescope
d = grating element
Diagram:
Record of observation:
Least count of travelling microscope
1] Value of smallest division on main scale S=
2] Total no. of division on venire scale N=
3] Least count of microscope LC = S/N …….cm
……10-2 m
4] Wavelength of sodium source λ = 589.3nm =……10-9 m
Determination of resolving power:
Distance Microscope reading for Mean Practical Theoretical
between width of slit in cm. width Value value
grating and when vertical wire of a =a1+a2 R.P= D/d R.P = a
objective of the grating element 2 1.22λ
telescope D
in m Just Just
disappear appear a2
a1
Determination of grating element (d)
No of vertical Microscope Distance between Grating element
wires reading 5 elements b in d = b/5
in cm cm in cm

0 x1
5 x2 x1-x2
10 x3 x2 –x3
15 x4 x3 –x4
20 x5 x4-x5
25 x6 x5-x6
Mean d=…..cm
=…….10-2 m
Procedure:
1 Illuminates the wire gauge by means of sodium light and focus the telescope
on them from some distance
2 fix auxiliary slit in front of the telescope objective.
3 with a very wide slit adjust its width till the vertical wire just disappear
4 using travelling microscope now measure slit width a1
5 with a narrow slit open it slowly till the vertical wire just appear and measure
slit width as a2
6 the average a1 and a2 gives the width of the slit for calculating resolving power
of telescope.
7 compare the practical resolving power with theoretical resolving power as
shown in the tabular column.
8 repeat the experiment with different distance and calculate the resolving
power.

Result: The theoretical and practical resolving powers of the telescope are
shown in the following.
 NEWTON’S RINGS
Aim: To determine the radius of curvature of the given convex lens
using Newton’s rings.
Apparatus: Newton’s rings apparatus, sodium vapour lamp,
travelling microscope, convex lens of higher focal length.
Formula: Radius of curvature of the lens
R= Dn2 – Dm2 ………m
4λ (n-m)
Where Dn2 = diameter of nth bright ring
Dm2 = diameter of mth bright ring
λ = Wavelength of sodium source
Diagram:

Nature of graph:
Record of observation:
Least count of travelling microscope
1] Value of smallest division on main scale S=
2] Total no. of division on venire scale N=
3] Least count of microscope LC = S/N …….cm
……10-2 m
4] Wavelength of sodium source λ = 589.3nm =589.310-9 m
Determination of diameter of ring:
Fringe Microscope reading in cm Diameter of D2
number Readings Readings on ring cm In cm2
on left side right side (b) D=a~b
(a)

Result: The radius of the curvature of given convex lens R=…..cm

R =….10-2 m
 Procedure:
 
1. The least count of the microscope is determined.
2. Select the lens of desirable radius.
3. Adjust the microscope position to view the Newton rings.
4. Focus the microscope to view the rings clearly.
5. Fix the cross-wire on 20th ring either from right or left of the centre dark ring
and take the readings.
6. Move the crosswire and take the reading from left side 16th...........2 nd ring.
For right side 2nd to 16th
7. You have to take the reading of rings on either side of the centre dark ring.
8. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
9. Calculate radius of curvature of lens by using the given formula.
 RESOLVING POWER OF GRATING
Aim: To determine the resolving power of diffraction grating.
Apparatus: Plane diffraction grating, spectrometer, mercury vapour lamp,
auxiliary slit, reading lens, leveling bottles.
Formula: Resolving power of grating (practical)
R.P = λ × cosθ
dλ ω
Where ω = Width of slit
λ = mean wavelength of doublets
Where λ1 = λ2 =
θ = Angle
dλ = difference in wavelength of doublet
Resolving power of grating (theoretical)
R .P = sinθ
λ

Diagram:
Record of observation:
Least count of travelling microscope
1] Value of smallest division on main scale S=
2] Total no. of division on vernier scale N=
3] Least count of microscope LC = S/N …….cm
……10-2 m
Determination of θ
Order of Position Colour Telescope 2θ θ
spectrum of of line reading
n spectrum
X=
n=1 Left X~Y=
Y1
Right Y=

Left X’=
Y2 X’~Y’=
Right
Y’=

Mean θ =
To determine the width of slit.
Order of Position Microscope reading in Width of
spectrum of spectrum cm slit
n First edge Second ω = X~Y in
X edge cm
Y
n=1 Right
Left
Mean ω =.. .cm
ω = …. 10-2m
Result:
 FRESNEL’S BI-PRISM
Aim: To determine the wavelength of monochromatic light source (sodium
source) using Fresnel’s Bi-Prism
Apparatus: Sodium vapour lamp, Optical bench with bi-prism,
reading lens, shorter focal length of bi-convex lens.
Formula: Wavelength of sodium light
λ= S1~S2 √d1d2 = …….m
D1~D2
Where S1 & S2 are the distance between two consecutive fringes
D1&D2 are the distance between the slit and eye piece
d1d2 are the distance between the diminished image and
magnified image respectively.
Diagram:
Record of observations:
Least count of micrometer eyepiece:
LC = pitch scale =….. mm =…..m
Distance Eyepiece No of Eyepiece distance distance Mean S=P×
b/w slit No of Reading fringes Reading between between P LC
&eye fringes (a) in div (b) in div 5 consecutive
piece fringes fringes p in
a~b div
S1 =
D1

D2 S2 =

Total number of division on head scale

Determination of d1 & d2
For diminished image d1 For magnified image d2
×LC ×LC
in m in m
On the On Distance On On Distance
left side the between the the between
image right the left right the
X side image side side image
image X~Y= d1 image image X~Y
Y X Y =d2
Result:

Procedure

1. The optical bench should be levelled.

2. Slit, biprism and eyepiece should be adjusted to the same height.
3. Eyepiece should be adjusted to make fine image at crosswire.
4. The slit should be narrow and vertical.
5. Biprism is positioned in such away, may be by giving lateral movement that
overlapping region should be in field of view of eyepiece.
6. The fringes so obtained should be made clear by adjusting biprism slit and
eyepiece.
7. Lateral shift of the fringes should be removed with the help of biprism and
eyepiece. The reason for lateral shift is that the line joining ·the slit and
biprism is not parallel to the length of optical bench.
8. The bench should not be disturbed once these adjustments have been done.
   9 On the screen at O we get a central maximum then alternatively
dark, bright fringes on both sides.
10 Biprism can be used to determine the wavelength of given
Monochromatic light using given formula.
 L&C BY EQUAL VOLTAGE METHOD
Aim: To determine the resonant frequency of series resonance LCR measured
the voltages across R, L&C at resonant frequency. Hence determine the value of
given L&C by plotting a graph of voltage verses frequency.
Apparatus: Audio frequency oscillator (AFO with 10 Hz-100Hz) ‘voltmeter,
inductance (L), capacitance (C), non inductive resistance and connecting wires.
Formula: 1] Resonant frequency =fr = 1
2π√LC
fr = Resonant frequency
L= Inductance in H
C= Capacitance in F
2] Inductance = VL R =………H
VCR2π fr
3] Capacitance = VR =……..μ F
VCR2π fr
Where R- Value or resistance in Ω
VL - voltages across inductor at resonant frequency.
VR - voltages across resistor at resonant frequency
VC - voltages across capacitor at resonant frequency
Circuit Diagram:
Record of observations:
Theoretical calculation of resonant frequency L =
1 Value of inductance = …….H
2 Value of capacitance = ……F
3 Value of resistance =…….Ω
Resonant frequency =fr = 1 =……….Hz
2π√LC
Measurement of voltage at various frequencies
Sl no Frequency f voltages across R,L&C in volts
in Hz

VR VL VC

Procedure:
1] Circuit connections made as shown in the figure.
2] Resistor, capacitor, inductor are in the series connection.
3] With AC milli voltmeter measure voltage at various frequencies but resistance
must be constant
4] Note down the value of inductance resistance capacitance & calculate the
resonant frequency for inductance, capacitance and resistance with the help of
formula.
 COMPARISION OF CAPACITIES BY DE SAUTEY’S METHOD

Aim: To compare the given condensers using De Sauté’s A.C Bridge

Apparatus: High resistance boxes, suitable condensers, Headphone (HP), A.C
oscillator of 1 KHz
Formula: For condensers C1 & C2
C1 = R2
C2 R1
Where C1 & C2 condensers whose capacities are to be compared.
R1 & R2 are the adjustable non-inductive resistances
Diagram:

Observations:
Frequency of Oscillator = f =1 KHz (Constant)
Condensers R1 R2 C1 R2 Mean C1
= C2
C2 R1
i)

C1 & C2 ii)

iii)
i)

C1& C3 ii)

iii)
i)

C1& C4 ii)

iii)
Result: The given relation is verified.
Procedure:
1] Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2] Connect the AC oscillator of 1 kHz across the terminal B&D
3] Adjust the resistance in resistance box & switch on the oscillator so that u can
hear the sound in head phone.
4] Keep the some value of resistance R1 as constant & find the value of R2
for minimum sound in the headphone.
5] This gives the following balancing condition of the bridge i.e the potential
across the point B&D is same
6] Repeat the procedure for different value of R1&R2.
7] From above value you can calculate the value of the capacity of the given
unknown capacitor in each case.
8] In the same manner you can repeat the procedure for another capacitor to
calculate the voltage of capacitor.

POLARIMETER
Aim: To determine the specific rotation of sugar solution using laurentz half
shade polarimeter.
Apparatus: laurentz half shade polarimeter,sodium vapour lamp, beaker,
distilled water, sugar, digital weighing machine and measuring jar.
Formula: Specific rotation of sugar
S=θ/lC = -------radm2kg-1
Where S= Specific rotation of sugar
l = Length of solution tube
θ= Angle of rotation
C=Concentration of sugar solution
Diagram:

Nature of Graph:

Record of Observations:
 1) Determination of least count of vernier on polarimeter

2) Value of smallest division on main scale S=

3) Total number of divisions on vernier scale N=

4) Least count of vernier LC= S/N =

5) Length of polarimeter tube l = -------m

Observation Table :
Sl Concentration Polarimetr reading Angle of rotation
No. C in degree θ=
in Kgm-3 θ'*п/180
Direct After θ1 θ2 Mean in rad
rotation θ'
through
180o
1

Result:
1. Specific rotation of sugar solution = S = ------------ radm2kg-1 (Experimental)

2. Specific rotation of sugar solution = S = ------------ radm2kg-1 (Standard)

Procedure:

1]Dissolve 8gm of sugar in 50cc of distilled water when the sugar completely

dissolved in distilled water then that solution gives 160% of concentration

2] Now the polarimeter tube is filled with distilled water & introduces into socket

provided on the instrument & closes the lid so that it is protected from the

external light.

3] Slowly rotate the analyser A in the anti clock wise direction &set the field

view with equal illumination.

4] In the same manner find the reading for their known concentration as shown in

tabular column.

5] Calculate the angle of rotation mean angle of rotation.

6] Draw the graph of angle of rotation θ verses concentration C which is straight

line passing through the origin.

7] From the slope of the graph calculate the specific rotation of sugar using

formula.