VINAY K GOLI

CARDIOLOGY
1. Study of cardiovascular system is called as cardiology and the physician is called as
cardiologists
2. The defending system is called as And circulate the fluid is called as lymphatic system
3. Explain Patent and lumen patent means simply perfect, which blooad vessels lumen must be
unobstructed and have adequate open space for following. Lumen is an opening of blood
vessels
4. Explain about the blood vessels like artery and vein.
An artery is a muscular blood vessel that carry blood from heart to other parts of the body.
Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.
A vein is a blood vessel have simliar characterestics like artery, but help in carrying of the
deoxygeated blood to heart from other parts of the body. Veins also branch into smaller
vessels called venules. But pulmonary blood vessles have reverse action that pulmonary
arteries carry deoxygenated blood and pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.
5. Explain about the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.
Systemic circulation means transporting of oxygenated blood through arterial system to
other parts of the body where oxygen is needed. In this blood flow from heart to capillaries
near the tissues. The venous system carry deoxygenated blood from tissues to heart through
veins.
In Pulmonary circulation deoxygenated blood from heart travel to lungs and oxygenated
blood travel to heart from lungs. In this oxygen and carbondioxide exchnage takes place in
air sacs or alveoli.
6. Explain about the peripheral vascular system.
Peripheral vascular system is responsible for transporting of deoxygenated blood from arms
and legs. In this blood travels relatively long distance, so small vessels of the peripheral
system is vital for proper fuctioning of extremities.
7. Explain about the location of the heart
Heart is located between in the lungs, a space called as mediastinum, slightly left to the
centre. The entire is covered with a membrane called pericardium, hence this spae is also
called as pericardial space.
8. Explain about the layers of heart.
Heart is covered with three called epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. There is an
other layer which covers entire heart called pericardium which is filled with pericardial fliud.
Epicardium is the outermost thin serous membrane that covers the outer muscles of the
heart. Myocardium is the middle layers which the muscle of the heart. Endocardium is the
innermost layer lines the interior cavities of the heart.
9. Explain about the arteries and veins of heart.
An artery is a muscular blood vessel that carry blood from heart to other parts of the body.
Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.
A vein is a blood vessel have simliar characterestics like artery, but help in carrying of the
deoxygeated blood to heart from other parts of the body. Veins also branch into smaller
vessels called venules.
10. Explain about the valves of heart.
Heart is divided into four chambers called right and left atrium, right and left ventricle. These
four chambers are divided into right left parts by septum of the heart. A valve is present
between right atrium and right ventricle called bicuspid valve., like this a valve is present
between left atrium and left ventricle called tricuspid valve. Because of their positions in the
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in between atrium and ventricle these valves also called atrioventriclar valves. A valve is
present at opening of the between pulmonary artery and right ventricle called pulmonary
valve. Aortic valve is present at the opening of the aorta between aorta and left ventricle.
Because of their physical appearnace these valves are also called as semi-lunar valves.
11. Explain about the chambers of heart.
A mascular wall diveds heart into right and left sides called septum. These left and right
rooms called atrium and ventricles. Atrium means anteroom, these two ares holds blood
until it flows into the the ventricles. Ventricles push the blood out of the heart and into the
circulatory system.
12. Bi- cuspid valve is also called as mitral valve.
13. Aortic valve and pulmonary valve is also called as semi-lunar vales
14. Which is the largest veins in the heart vena cava
15. Which is the largest artery in the heart aorta
16. Write the flow chart of circulation of blood.
Oxygenated blood in the lungs flows to left atrium through pulmonary veins. Then this blood
goes into left ventricle through bicuspid/ mitral valve, where it is pumped into the aorta
passing aortic valve. Arteries carry these oxygenated blood to different parts of the body and
reaches capillary beds present in the tissues. Here oxygen and carbondioxide exchange takes
place. Then the depleted blood enerts venules and flows through veins until it reaches vena
cavae. Superior vena cava is responsible for transporting of deoxygenated blood from upper
part of the body and inferior vena cava is for transportin of depleted blood from lower part
of the body. Then this blood reaches right atrium and flows into left ventricle, from here
blood passes through pulmonary artery to reach lungs where it is oxygenated. This process is
repeated during each heartbeat
17. Explain about the BP of the body
The force the heart exerts against the walls of arteries as it pumps the blood out to the body
called blood pressure. Heart pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
Includes two measurements Systolic pressure is the pressure as the heart beats and forces
blood into the arteries. The term systole refers to the period of contraction. In this aortic
valve is open so blood can flows into the aorta and mitral valve is closed hence blood cannot
flow back into the left atrium. Diastolic pressure is the pressure as the heart relaxes between
beats. During this period mitral valve is open so blood is flow into left ventricle from the left
atrium. This is the period of relaxation. Normal BP of an adult is 120/80 mm Hg.
18. Write any five veins and arteries.
Arteriees: arch of aorta, axillary, common cartoid artery, femoral artery, axillary artery,
anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
Veins: superior and inferior vena cava, axillary vein, inernal juguar vein, renal vein and
femoral vein.
19. Write about the SA node, AV node.
SA node is located in the upper part of the right atrium. The sinoatrial node is the normal
natural pacemaker of the heart and is responsible for the initiation of the cardiac cycle
(heartbeat). It spontaneously generates an electrical impulse, which after conducting
throughout the heart, causes the heart to contract.
AV (atrioventricular) node is present at the base of the right atrium. The generated imulses
transmitted to AV node from SA node. This av node present between atrium and ventricle so
it transfers the impulses from atrium to ventricle.
20. Purkinji fibres are also called Bundle of iris.
21. SA node is also called as sinoatrial node.
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22. Septum seperates the heart into right and left side.
23. Explain
a. Aneurysm is an abnormal dialtion of an artery wall due to congential weakness in the
wall
Angina pectoris an attack of severe and often constricting chest pain due to blockage of
coronory arteries.
b. Arrhythmia an irregular hearbeat.
Arteriosclerosis thickening of the arterial walls where they lose elasticity and making
them less effienct in pumping blood
c. ASD atrial septal defect is a congential defect in which there is an abnormal opening in
the spetum between the right and left atria.
VSD ventrical setal defect is a congential defect in which there is an abnoraml opening in
the spetum between the right and left ventricle.
d. BBB Bundle branch block is a parial and complete interupption in the conduction of one
of the two main branches of the bundle of iris.
CAD this is a term used to used to refer any condition related to coronary arteries.
e. Embolusim is a blockage or occlution of a vessel by mass such a blood clot or forgein
material.
Thrombus a clot formed from blood componants and appeared in cardiovascular
system.
f. Fibrillation Rapid and irregular contrications of the atrial and ventricluar muscles.
Flutter Rapid and regular contrictions of the atrial and ventricular muscles.
g. MVP Mitral valve prolapse is a bulging into the left atrium during left ventricular systole
of one or more of the flaps that make up the mitral valve.
MI Myocardial infraction: A sudden insufficient of the blood supply to an area of the
heart muscle.
h. Valvular regurgitation blood flowing backward through an incomponent heart valve.
valvular stenosis narrowing of a cardiac valve.
i. Varicose veins blood backflowing in veins due to damaged valves in the veins.
Pericarditis inflammation of the pericardium
j. Cardiomyopathy any disease of the heart muscle
Congestive heart failure inability of the heart to pump adequate amount of blood.
k. Phlebitis inflammation of a vein
Pericarditis inflammation of the pericardium
l. Intermittent claudication intense pain, weakness and numbness in the lower extremities.
Ischemia temporary deficiency in blood supply within a localized area.

24. Explain

a. Angiocardiography visualization of the heart chamber, coronary vessels and great vessels through
the use of radiography.

Cardiac catheterization insertion of a catheter through a vein or artery into a chamber of the heart.

b. Cardiac MRI creation of magnetic resonance images of the heart and vessels.

MRA of heart using magnetic resonance techniques in obtaining an image of vessels to enhance the
visualizaition of the blood flow.
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c. Echocardiography obtaining images of heart muscles, valves and large blood vessels by using
ultrasound.

Eletrocardiography method of recording electrical currents flowing through the heart muscle.

d. Chest radiography frontal and lateral x-ray views allowing evaluation of feaatures like heart shape
and size and chamber sizes.

Phlebography recording of venous pulse in an extremity such as leg through the use of radiography.

e. Aneurysmectomy excision of an aneurysm

Angioplasty restoration of the integrity of a blood vessel using a stent.

f. CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resustication) restoring normal breathing and heart functioning using
artificial respiration.

Embolectomy excision of an embolus from a blood vessel.

g. Femoropopliteal bypass surgery grafting a shuant that detours around an obstruction in the
femoral artery.

Heart transplantation replacement of the heart with the healthy heart of a donor.

h. PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) reconstruction of a coronary artery by

stent implantation implantation of a stent into a blood vessel at the site of an obstruction.

i. Thrombectomy excision of a thrombus

Valve replacement excision and replacement of a defective heart valve.

j. Valvotomy incision of a stenotic cardiac valve.

Cardioversion restoration of normal heart rythum by using very brief electrical shocks

25. ABBREVATE the following:

a. ASD atrial septal defeect & VSD ventricular spetal defect

b. ACG angiocardiography & AS aortic stenosis

c. BBB bundle branch block & AAA abnoraml aortic aneurysm

d. CA cardiac arrest & CABG coronary artery bypass graft

e. CAD coronary artery diease & CC cardiac catheterization

f. CHF congestive heart failure & CPR cardiopulmonary resustication

g. CVP central venous pressure & DVT deep vein thrombosis

h. MI myocardial infraction & MRA magnetic resonance angiography.

I .PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty & MVP mitral valve prolapse

j. SA node sinoatrial node & TIMI thrombolysis in myocaridal infraction

k. tPA tissue plasminogen activator & JVP jugular venous pressure

26. Combining forms:

a. corono heart, phlebo vein

b. thrombo clot, veno vein

c. phlebo vein, angio vessel

d. atrio atrium,venulo venule.

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