MODEL PAPER - 3

105. Retrospective cohort studies are characterized by all The risk ratio in this study is:
the following except: (a) 0.06
(a) The study groups are exposed and non-exposed (b) 0.60
(b) Incidence rates are compared (c) 6.0
(c) The required sample size is smaller than that (d) 60.0
needed for a concurrent cohort study 111. Several studies have shown that 85% of cases of lung
(d) The required sample size is similar to that cancer are due to cigarette smoking. It is a measure of:
needed for a concurrent cohort study (a) Incidence rate
106. At an initial examination in Oxford, Migraine head (b) Relative risk
(c) Attributable risk
ache was found in 5 of 1000 men aged 30-35yrs and in
(d) Population attributable risk
10 of 1000 women aged 30 to 35 yrs. The inference that
women have a two times greater risk of developing 112. It is probable that physician have a higher index of
migraine headache than men in this age group is: suspicion for tuberculosis in children without BCG
(a) Correct scar than those with BCG scar. This is so and an
(b) Incorrect, because a ratio has been used to association is found between Tuberculosis and not
compare male and female rates having BCG scar, the association may be due to:
(c) Incorrect, because of failure to recognize the (a) Selection bias
cohort effect of age in the two groups (b) Interviewer bias
(d) Incorrect, because of failure to distinguish (c) Surveillance bias
between incidence and prevalence (d) Non-response bias
113. To investigate effect of tobacco chewed on oral cancer,
107. All the following are advantages of case control
its observed that 30 out of 50 patients were tobacco
studies except:
Epidemiology and Vaccines

chewers as compared to 10 tobacco chewers out of 50

(a) Useful in rare diseases
control subjects. The odds ratio of oral cancer
(b) Relative risk can be calculated
associated with smoking will be:
(c) Odds ratio can be calculated
(a) 6.0
(d) Cost-effective and inexpensive (b) 60
108. A one day census of inpatients in a mental hospital (c) 3.0
could: (d) Insufficient data given for calculation
(a) Give good information about the patients in
114. Framingham Heart Study is an example of:
that hospital at that time
(a) Case control study
(b) Give reliable estimates of seasonal factors in
admissions (b) Cohort study
(c) Enable us to draw conclusions about the (c) Cross-sectional study
mental hospitals of India (d) Interventional study
(d) Enable us to estimate the distribution of 115. Which of the following statements is not correct?
different diagnosis in mental illness in the
local area (a) A cohort study is more expensive in comparison to
109. The incidence of carcinoma cervix in women with case control study
multiple sexual partners is 5 times the incidence seen (b) A cohort study starts with people exposed to risk
in those with a single partner. Based on this, what is factor or suspected cause while case control study
the attributable risk? (a) 20% starts with disease
(b) 40% (c) A long follow-up period often needed with delayed
(c) 50% (d) 80% results in a cohort study whereas a case control
110. In a study 400 smokers and 600 non-smokers were study yields relatively quick results
followed up over a period of 10 years to find out (d) A cohort study is more appropriate when the
the incidence of hypertension. The following table disease or exposure under investigation is rare, in
summarizes the data at the end of the study: comparison to case control study
116. For a community physician which of the following is
Hypertension
more important?
Yes No Total (a) Relative risk
Smoking Yes 120 280 400 (b) Odds ratio
No 30 570 600 (c) Attributable risk
(d) Prevalence of the disease
Total 150 850 1000

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 117. Which of the following research methods studies have
125. Incidence rate of lung cancer among smokers is 10 per
only people who are initially free of the disease of
1000 and among Non-smokers is 1 per 1000. The extent
interest ?
to which lung cancer can be attributed to smoking is:
(a) A case – control study
(a) 10%
(b) A case series study
(b) 90%
(c) A prevalence survey
(c) 1%
(d) A cohort study (d) 100%
118. False about Odds Ratio is : 126. All of the following have individuals as unit of study
(a) It is always positive except:
(b) It can be 0.3 (a) Cohort studies
(c) It can be 3.0 (b) Case control studies
(d) It is always >1 (c) Cross-sectional studies
119. An Odds ratio = 1 indicates that the association (d) Ecological studies
between the two factors is: 127. Match the following:
(a) Is perfect (b) Is low
(c) Is high (d) Does not exist Type of study Unit of study
120. Which of the following bias can be reduced by allowing A. Cohort study I. Healthy volunteers
equal interview time? B. Ecological study II. Population
(a) Berkesonian bias
C. RCT III. Individual
(b) Recall bias
(c) Selection bias D. Field trials IV. Patient
(d) Interviewer bias (a) A – I, B – III, C – IV, D – II
(b) A – III, B – II, C – IV, D – I
121. Which of the following is ideal to ensure similarity Epide
(c) A – III, B – II, C – I, D – IV
between experimental & control groups: mi
(a) Randomization (d) A – I, B – III, C – II, D – IV
ol
(b) Matching 128. In a case-control study of a suspected association o
(c) Stratified randomization between breast cancer and the contraceptive pill, all of gy
(d) Cross over study the following are true statements except: an
122. All can be used as controls in a study of genetic d
(a) The control should come from a population that has
condition except: V
the same potential for breast cancer as the cases
(a) Hospital Controls ac
(b) The control should exclude women known to be
(b) Sibling Controls ci
taking the pill at the time of the survey
(c) Neighbourhood Controls ne
(c) All the controls need to be healthy
(d) General Population (d) The attributable risk of breast cancer resulting from s
123. True about case control studies is – the pill may be directly measured
(a) Minimal problems of bias 129. Which of the following statements is not true about
(b) Time consuming & expensive to carry out ‘cohort study’?
(c) Easy to measure incidence (a) Provides incidence of disease
(d) Suitable to investigate rare diseases (b) Indicated when there is good evidence of
124. A study was carried out to find out safety of OCPs. association between exposure and disease
Relative risk (or Odds Ratio) of thromboembolism (c) Done when incidence of disease is very low among
among OCP users to non-users in the given case exposed
control study is: (d) Done when ample funds are available
130. The association between coronary artery disease (CAD)
Number %who used
and smoking was found to be as follows:
OCPs
Cases of
84 50 CAD No CAD
thromboembolism
Smokers 30 20
Controls 168 14
Nonsmokers 20 30
(a) 0.14
The Odds ratio can be estimated as:
(b)6
(a) 0.65 (b) 0.8
(c)1
(c) 1.3 (d) 2.25
(d) Insufficient data to calculate

133

D.S.S AIIMS PREPRATION

 131. In a prospective study comprising 10000 subjects, 6000 138. True about case control study is
subjects were put on beta carotene and 4000 were not. (a) Proceeds from effect to cause
3 out of the first 6000 developed lung cancer and 2 out (b) Exposure already occurred
of the second 4000 developed lung cancer. What is the (c) Odd’s ratio can be determined
interpretation of the above? (d) Incidence can be calculated
(a) Beta carotene is protective in lung cancer (e) Cases have to be followed for long time
(b) Beta carotene is not protective in lung cancer
139. True about confounding factor
(c) The study design is not sufficient to draw any
(a) It is found equally between the study and the
meaningful conclusions
control groups
(d) Beta carotene is carcinogenic
(b) It is itself a risk factor for the disease
132. Relative risk is the measure of the strength of the (c) Confounding can be eliminated by selecting a small
association between the suspected cause & event. group
Relative risk of one indicates: (d) It is associated either with the exposure or the disease
(a) Positive association exposure & disease 140. Nested case control study is a type of
(b) 2 times high association (a) Retrospective study
(c) No association at all (b) Prospective study
(d) 4 times higher association (c) Descriptive study
133. Relative risk of a disease measures the (d) Cross-sectional study
(a) Strength of association between suspected cause 141. Recall bias is most commonly associated with which
and effect
study design
(b) Biological plausibility between suspected cause and
(a) Case control study
effect
(b) Cohort study
(c) Temporal relationship between suspected cause and
effect (c) Randomised controlled trial
(d) Specificity of association between suspected cause (d) Cross-sectional study
Epidemiology and Vaccines

and effect 142. Incidence can be calculated in:

134. The association between low birth weight and (a) Case-control study
maternal smoking during pregnancy can be studied by (b) Prospective study
obtaining smoking histories of women at the time of (c) Retrospective study
their visit and then subsequently correlating birth (d) Cross-sectional study
weight with smoking histories. What type of study is
143. Confounding bias is reduced by all except:
this?
(a) Matching
(a) Clinical trial
(b) Blinding
(b) Cross-sectional
(c) Randomisation
(c) Prospective
(d) Multivariate analysis
(d) Case-control
144. A person wants to study a disease ‘X’ and fat
135. False about Randomised Control Trials is:
consumption. He collected data for a number of people
(a) Results of attrition are included in the analysis
(b) Randomisation is done while selecting subjects for affected with ‘X’ from the government hospital and
the study details of fat consumption from food industry. This
(c) Double blinding is the most common form of type of study is known as:
blinding observed (a) Experimental study
(d) Cross-over design helps removing ethical concerns (b) Ecological study
(c) Pesiological study
136. True about case control over cohort study:
(d) Cross-sectional study
(a) Attributable risk can be calculated
(b) Odd’s ratio can be calculated 145. A study revealed that in a study group, intake of beta-
(c) For rare disease carotene decreases carcinoma of colon but it actually
(d) Bias minimum may be due to increased intake of dietary fibre. This is
(e) Large sample required due to:
137. True about case control study: (a) Confoundging factor
(a) Helpful for evaluation of rare diseas (b) Misclassification bias
(b) Expensive (c) Randomisation
(c) Incidence can be measured (d) Sampling error
(d) Rare causes studied
(e) Selection bias common
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 Epidemiology and Vaccines

146. Case control study is used for study of:

153. The analytical study where population is the unit of
(a) Common diseases study is:
(b) Uncommon diseases (a) Cross-sectional
(c) Rare diseases (b) Ecological
(d) Unknown diseases (c) Case-control
147. In a study, 400 smokers and 600 non-smokers were (d) Cohort
followed up over a period of 10 years to find out
the incidence of hypertension. The following table
summarises the data at the end of the study

Hypertension
Yes No Total 155. Which is not an analytical study?
Smoking Yes 120 280 400 (a) Case control
Non- No 30 570 600 (b) Cohort study
Smoking (c) RCT
(d) Cross sectional
Total 150 850 1000
156. Odds ratio is related to:
The risk ratio of the study is
(a) Relative risk
(a) 0.06 (b) Incidence
(b) 0.60 (c) Prevalance
(c) 6.0
(d) Attributable risk
(d) 60.0
157. In a study done to establish smoking as a risk factor
148. In a UK study, it was found that there were more Epide
for a disease, 30 out of 50 smokers developed the
deaths from Asthma than the sale of Anti-asthma mi
disease while 10 out of 50 non-smokers developed the
drugs. This is an example of disease. Odds ratio is? ol
(a) Cohort study (a) 3 (b) 6 o
(b) Case reference study (c) 5 (d) 10 gy
(c) Ecological study an
(d) Experimental study 158. Which is not an analytical study? d
(a) Case control study
149. Incidence is determined by V
(b) Cohort study
(a) Prospective study ac
(c) Ecological studies
(b) Case control study (d) Field trials
ci
(c) Cross sectional study ne
(d) Retrospective study 159. True about case control study is: s
150. Which of the following is not a true difference (a) Not possible for rare disease
between (b) Odds ratio cannot be calculated
Case control and Cohort study? (c) Attributable risk cannot be calculated
(a) Case control study requires more time than cohort (d) Bias is not seen
study
160. Features of Case control study is/are:
(b) Cohorts are chosen based on exposure in a cohort
(a) Useful for study of rare diseases
study
(b) Large sample size required
(c) Cohort study is generally prospective in direction
(c) Association measured by Relative risk
(d) Case control study must be used for rare diseases (d) Study multiple potential risk factors of a disease
151. Confounding can be eliminated by all except: (e) Higher accuracy rate
(a) Matching 161. A study revealed lesser incidence of carcinoma colon
(b) Blinding in pure vegetarians than non vegetarians by which it
(c) Randomization was concluded that beta-carotene is protective against
(d) Multivariate analysis cancer. This may not be true because the vegetarian
152. Case-control study is a type of: subjects may be consuming high fibre diet which is
(a) Descriptive epidemiological study protective against cancer. This is an example of:
(b) Analytical study (a) Multifactorial causation
(c) Longitudinal study (b) Causal association
(d) Experimental epidemiological study (c) Confounding factor
(d) Common association
 162. Berkesonian bias is a type of: Review Questions

(a) Selection bias 170. Following are true about cohort study except:
(b) Interviewer bias (a) Large number of subjects
(c) Information bias (b) Expensive
(d) Recall bias (c) Done for rare cause
163. A person found some correlation between fatty food (d) Less time consuming
intake and a disease due to obesity. He did this by 171. ‘Relative risk’ is:
collecting data from the food manufacturers and (a) Risk among exposed/Risk among non-exposed
hospitals respectively. Such a study is? (b) Risk among exposed/Risk in total population
(a) Ecological study (c) Risk among exposed/Risk among exposed-Risk in
(b) Cross sectional study non exposed
(c) Psephological study (d) None of the above
(d) Experimental study
172. The analytical study where population is the unit of
164. Confounding can be removed by: study is:
(a) Assign confounders equally to both cases and (a) Cross sectional
controls (b) Ecological
(b) Stratification (c) Case-control
(c) Matching (d) Cohort
(d) All of the above
173. Which is not an analytical study?
165. Relative risk is calculated in: (a) Case control study
(a) Cross sectional study (b) Cohort study
Epidemiology and Vaccines

(b) Cohort study (c) Ecological studies

(c) Case control study (d) Field trials
(d) None
174. Case-control study is a type of ?
166. Attributable risk means: (a) Descriptive epidemiological study
(a) Fatality of a disease (b) Analytical study
(b) Disease risk ratio between exposed and non- (c) Longtudinal study
exposed (d) Experimental epidemiological study
(c) Risk difference between exposed and non-exposed
(d) Communicability of a disease 175. Matching is done to remove:
(a) Confounding factors
167. Berkesonian bias is due to: (b) Selection bias
(a) Presence of confounding factors in both cases and (c) Observation bias
controls (d) Sampling error
(b) Questioning the cases more thoroughly ac
compared to controls 176. Relative risk was studied for disease and cause, the
(c) Different rates of admission to hospital due to value was 1. It implies :
different diseases (a) No association
(d) Better recall by the cases as compared to controls (b) Positive association
(c) Both
168. Which of the following is true about cohort study? (d) None
(a) Disease to risk factor study
(b) Effect to cause study 177. Relative risk is:
(c) NOT associated with attributable rsik (a) No of persons diseased among Non-exposed/
(d) Associated with antecedent causation Incidence among exposed
(b) Incidence of Non exposed/Incidence among exposed
169. Definition of Population attributable risk × 100
(a) Risk of disease among exposed as compared to non- (c) Incidence among exposed/Incidence among Non-
exposed exposed × 100
(b) Difference in risk of exposed and non-exposed (d) Incidence among exposed/Incidence among Non-
groups exposed
(c) Estimate of amount of disease that can be reduced if
risk factor is modified/ eliminated 178. Attriubutal risk is:
(d) Extent to which disease can be attributed to risk fac- (a) Incidence of disease among exposed-incidence of
tor under study among nonexposed × 100 / Incidence rate among
exposed

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 Epidemiology and Vaccines

(b) Incidence rate among exposed × 100 / Incidence of

187. What is not true about cross sectional study?
disease among exposed – incidence of disease
among nonexposed (a) Also called prevalence study
(c) Incidence rate among exposed × 100 / Incidence of (b) Tells etiology
disease among exposed (c) Shows pattern of disease
(d) Incidence of disease among nonexposed × 100/ (d) Snapshot of a population
Incidence rate among exposed 188. Incidence rate is calculated by:
179. Incidence rate is measured by: (a) Retrospective study
(a) Case control study (b) Cross sectional study
(b) Cohort study (c) Prospective study
(c) Cross-sectional study (d) All of the above
(d) Cross-over study 189. Odds’ ratio is an estimate of:
180. Cohort study does not include: (a) Relative risk
(a) Expensive (b) Attributable risk
(b) Study for chronic disease (c) Prevalences
(c) Incidence rate calculated (d) Incidence rates
(d) Starts with the disease 190. Regarding case control study true is:
181. Case control study- estimate: (a) Useful for rare diseases
(a) Only odd’s ratio (b) Incidence can be calculated
(b) Odds ratio and attributable risk (c) Takes longer time
(c) Relative risk, attributable risk, population (d) Relative risk can be calculated
attributable risk 191. Case control studies do not provide following except:
(d) Incidence, Relative risk, and attributable risk (a) Attributable risk
Epide
182. Which one of the following statement regarding case (b) Prevalence of disease
mi
control studies is correct? (c) Incidence of disease
(d) Odds ratio ol
(a) Used for rare diseases o
(b) Incidence rate can be calculated 192. Calculate the relative risk for a population in which gy
(c) Treatment can be formulated incidence of disease among exposed is 20 and non an
(d) Takes long time for the results exposed is 4: d
183. Which is true regarding ‘Case control study’? (a) 16
V
(a) Useful for rare disease (b) 0.5
ac
(b) Incidence can be calculated from it (c) 24
(d) 5 ci
(c) It is a Prospective study ne
(d) It is a Longitudinal study 193. Attribute risk gives a better idea of: s
184. All are advantages of case control study except: (a) Strength of association between cause and effect
(a) Cheap and easy (b) Impact of successful preventive health programme
(b) Fast and effective (c) Assessing aetiological role or factor in disease
(c) No ethical problem and several factors identified (d) Potential public health importance of disease
(d) Distinguishing between causes and associated 194. Healthy worker effect is bias of which type?
factors (a) Selection bias
185. All are true regarding confounding factor except: (b) Recall bias
(c) Confounding bias
(a) It is associated with exposure under investigation (d) Berksonian bias
(b) It is distributed equally in study & control groups 195. True about cross-sectional epidemiological study is:
(c) It is associated both with exposure and disease (a) Suitable for study of rare diseases
(d) It is removed by matching in case control study (b) Chronic diseases can be studied
186. Most appropriate method to know about contribution (c) Involves few number of subjects
of risk factor to disease: (d) Relatively inexpensive study
(a) Relative risk 196. Bias due to wrong interpretation of laboratory test
(b) Attributable risk 137
results and inter-observer variation is:
(c) Absolute risk (a) Selection bias
(d) Odds ratio (b) Sampling bias
(c) Observation bias
(d) Recall bias
 197. Strength of association is most commonly indicated
(b) Case control
by:
(c) Random
(a) Relative risk
(d) Cross sectional
(b) Attributable risk
(c) Population attributable risk
(d) None EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY

198. What is the odds ratio for the following? 207. In a double blind clinical drug trial:
(a) ad/bc (a) Each patient receives a placebo
(b) ab/cd (b) Each patient receives both (double) treatments
(c) c/bd (c) The patients do not know which treatment they are
(d) bc/ad receiving
199. What will be the Odds ratio if the diseased with risk (d) The patients do not know that they are in a drug trial
factor =a; diseased without risk factor=b; not diseased 208. All the following are true in a randomized control trial
but with risk factor=b; a not diseased as well as not (RCT) except –
with risk factor=d? (a) Baseline characteristics of intervention are similar in
(a) ad/bc both arms
(b) ab/cd (b) Investigator’s bias is minimized by double blinding
(c) ac/bd (c) The sample size required depends on the hypothesis
(d) bc/ad (d) The dropouts from the trial should be excluded
from the analysis
200. Incidence is measured by:
(a) Case control study 209. What is the purpose of a control group in an experimental
(b) Cohort study study?
(c) Cross sectional study (a) Its permits an ethical alternative for patients who do
(d) All of these not wish to be subjected to an experimental
treatment
201. True about case control study all except: (b) It allows larger numbers of patients to be used, thus
(a) Quick increasing the power of the statistical techniques
(b) Incidence used
(c) Proceeds from effect to cause (c) It helps to eliminate alternative explanations for the
(d) None of these results of the study
(d) It reduces the likelihood of making a type II error in
202. Incidence of a disease is measured by: hypothesis testing
(a) Case control study
(b) Cohort study 210. What is the purpose of randomization in a clinical
(c) Cross sectional study trial?
(d) None of these (a) To equalize the effects of extraneous
variables, thus guarding against bias
203. Attributable risk is measured by: (b) To allow inferential statistics to be used
(a) Cohort study (c) To guard against placebo effects
(b) Case control study (d) To guard against ethical problems in the
(c) Cross sectional study allocation of patients to experimental and
(d) None control groups
204. Cohort study is: 211. A pharmaceutical company develops a new anti-
(a) Needs few patients hypertensive drug. Samples of 24 hypertensive
(b) Incidence can be calculated patients, randomly selected from a large population
(c) Proceeds from effect to cause of hypertensive people, are randomly divided into 2
(d) Odd ratio can be calculated groups of 12. One group is given the new drug over a
205. Odd’s ratio is indirect estimate of: period of 1 month; the other group is given a placebo
(a) Relative risk according to the same schedule. Neither the patients
(b) Prevalence rate nor the treating physicians are aware of which patients
(c) Attributable risk are in which group. At the end of the month,
(d) Incidence rate measurements are made of the patient’s blood
pressures. This study:
206. Study of alcohol intake for 10 year and occurring of (a) Is a randomized controlled clinical trial
hepatic disease type of study is: (b) Uses a crossover design
(a) Cohort (c) Is a single blind experiment
(d) Is a prospective study

138