Physics 2204: Unit 2

‘Dynamics’
 Unit 2 Topic 1
• Introduction of Force

Text: 5.1 - 5.3

 WHAT IS DYNAMICS?

Dynamics is the study of the factors that cause

change in motion. It is concerned with the forces that
change or produce motion within objects
 WHAT IS A FORCE?
Force is a push or a pull exerted on an object

A force can affect an object in 3 ways:

1) make an object speed up;
2) make an object slow down;
3)make an object change shape.
 IS FORCE A SCALAR OR VECTOR

Forces are vector. Therefore it must have a direction and

magnitude!
 MEASURING FORCE
Newton (N) is the standard unit of force. Named after
Isaac Newton

1 N is approximately the same as the amount of gravitational

force the Earth exerts on an object with a mass of 100 grams.

This is about the same as the force required to lift an

apple
 THE FOUR MAJOR FORCES IN NATURE :
1. Gravitational Force: the forces that keep objects
“stuck” to the earth. Significant only when masses are very
large (such as planets), otherwise is very weak for “normal”
objects. Acts over very large distances.

2.Electrical and Magnetic Forces – static electricity, magnetism

etc.
3. STRONG Nuclear Force: The force that holds the nucleus of an
atom together.

4. WEAK Nuclear Force:– The force associated with the behavior o

subatomic particles.
 WHAT ARE MECHANICAL FORCES?
Mechanical forces involve contact with an object. Include
such things as:

1.Ordinary push and pull forces.

2.Frictional forces.
3.Elastic forces
4.Compression (squeezing) forces
5.Torsional (twisting) forces.
 WHAT IS MASS?
Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter something
contains

Mass is measured by using a balance scale

Mass is measured in kilograms or grams

Mass of an object doesn't change when

an object's location changes.

Mass is a scalar quantity

 WHAT IS WEIGHT?

Weight is the measurement of the pull of gravity on an

object.
.

Weight is measured on a spring scale.

Weight is a force gravity

Weight is measured in Newtons(N)

Weight is a vector quantity

Weight does change with location

 Summary
mass = 1 kg 1kg
weight = 10 N

Mass is the amount of Weight is a force due to

matter that makes up an the pull of gravity on an
object. object.
The mass of an object is The weight of an object
always the same, wherever will vary depending on
it is in the Universe. where it is in the Universe.

The units of mass are The units of weight are

kilograms (kg). newtons (N).
Example 1:
Consider small masses being attached to a spring scale
(force meter):

Mass Force
(kg) (N)
0 0

0.200 1.96

0.300 2.94

0.400 3.92

0.500 4.90
(A) Find slope.

(B) What are the slope units?

(C) What does the slope represent?

HOW TO CALCULATE WEIGHT?
Force (ie. Weight) of an object due to gravity near the surface of
the earth is;

F  mg
Force (F) of Gravity is measured in newtons (N)

Mass(m) is measured in kilograms

Acceleration Due To Gravity () has a value of -9.81 m/s2

Example 2

What is the weight of a 72 kg person who is standing in

Blaketown?

Given:
m = 72 kg
g = 9.8 N/kg
Fg = ?
Example 3
The lighthouse keeper at Cape Bonavista weighs 804 N.
What would be his mass if he flew to the moon?
Given:
g on earth = 9.81 N/kg
Fg on earth = (Fg)e = 804 N
m on moon = mm = ?
 Example 4
The graph shows the relation-ship between mass and weight on Mars.
Use it to determine the weight of a 85 kg astronaut on Mars.

weight vs. mass

25 on Mars
20
Fg (5, 18.5)
15
(N)
10
5

1 2 3 4 5 6
m (kg)
Example 5:

A 8.10 kg object is placed on a spring scale. If the spring

scale reads 79.2 N. What is the acceleration due to gravity
at that location?
Topic 2
• Net Force – One Dimension
 Remembering Vectors

Vector quantity has direction and magnitude

Direction is illustrated by arrowhead

Magnitude is illustrated by length of line segment

and is the amount of push or pull
 FORCE DIAGRAM
Force diagram shows all the force acting on an object.

normal force
exerted by floor

applied force
from boy

force of
gravity
 Free Body Diagram (FBD)
Free Body Diagram (FBD) shows all the forces acting on an
object.

normal force
FN
exerted by floor

Ffr Fapp

applied force
from boy
Fg

force of
gravity

Objects are isolated from their environment and indicates

all forces acting upon it.
 How To Draw Free Body Diagrams?
To draw a proper free body diagram, you must follow these
steps:

1. Draw a quick sketch of the object. Often a simple dot

will do. We basically treat this as the spot that all the
forces are thought to act upon.

2. For every force acting on that object (we don't care about
forces acting on any other objects), draw a vector that shows
the size and direction of the force. Each vector must
start from the dot and point outwards.

3.Label each vector based on the type of force it is. Do not

include numbers or calculations!
 What Is A Normal Force?
Normal Force is the force that surfaces exert to prevent solid
objects from passing through each other.

The normal force is always perpendicular to the surface.

In many cases but not all, the normal forces is a reaction force
for gravity!

In essence a normal force is the force applied /necessary so

that the object dose not go through the surface!
If the object is not on a surface there is no normal force!
Example 1
Draw a Free Body Diagram for a box sitting on a table

Normal force(FN): this force acts in the direction

perpendicular to the contact surface.

27
 Example 2:
Draw a free body diagram for a mass hanging from a string
Example 3
Draw a free body diagram for the picture shown below

Fapp

θ
Ff

W
FN
Example 4
Create a FBD for the refrigerator pictured below.

θ
Example 5:
Create a FBD for the pulley system pictured below.

FBD of Mass 1:

FBD of the Mass 2:

M2

M1

Tension Forces (FT ) are equal throughout the system.

 NET FORCE
• Net Force:- is the vector sum of all the individual forces acting
upon an object. A net force may be the result of one more forces.
Combing forces may also be referred to as
Unbalanced Force (Fun)
or
Net Force (Fnet)
or
Resultant Force (FR)
How To Calculate Net Force In One Dimension?

The net force is the sum of all forces acting on the object.

For Linear forces Linear forces, those acting in a straight line, The
Forces be simply added arithmetically.

Fnet = F1 + F2 + F3 +.....

Being the vector sum of all the forces, there may be some
negative signs present in the net force equation to indicate that
one force is opposite in direction to another force.

A Free Body Diagram is useful in determining the

number of forces used in calculating the net force.
The net force will be the single force which could do the same
job as all applied forces combined. Both the size and direction
of this force is important.
 Example 1
• You push a car with a force of 50 N, your friends pulls with a
force of 25 N. Draw free body diagram, and calculate the net
force acting upon the car. Will the car move?

50N + 25N = 75 N
Example 2
You push a box towards your friends with a force of 80N while
one friend pushes the box against you with a 55 N, Draw free
body diagram and calculate the net force acting upon the car. Will
the box move?

(80 N) + (- 55 N) = 25 N
There are two ways to classify the Net forces acting on an
object:

1) Balance Forces (Fnet = 0)

2) Unbalance Forces (Fnet ≠ 0)

 1) Balance Forces (Fnet = 0)
• Balanced forces
- forces that combine to produce no net force

Ex 1. tug of war with no winner EX 2: Moving with uniform motion

\
(-100 N) + (100N) = 0N
(-2 N) + 2 N = 0 N

If the forces on an object are balanced:

1) an object that is not moving stays still
2) an object that is moving continues to move at the same speed and in the
same direction
 2) Unbalance Forces (Fnet ≠ 0)
Unbalanced forces
- force that results when the net force acting on an object is not equal
to 0 N.

(-20N) + (40N) = (20 N)

For unbalanced forces the object will move in direction of net force
Steps for find the result force in two dimensions:

1) Find the net force in the x and y direction

2) Draw a vector diagram. The resultant joins the

beginning to the end in a straight line

3) The Magnitude of the resultant force (R) is found using

Pythagorean Theorem

4) The direction of the resultant is given by θ,

and is calculated using trigonometry.
Topic 3:
• Trigonometry
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies
triangles and the relationships between their sides and the
angles between these sides.
Trigonometry deals with Right Triangles

➢ A triangle in which one angle is

equal to 90 is called right
triangle.
hypotenuse
➢ The side opposite to the right leg
angle is known as hypotenuse.
right angle
➢ The other two sides are known leg
as legs.
 The Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle, if a and b are the measures of the
legs and c is the hypotenuse, then

hypotenuse

leg
hypotenuse2 = leg2+ leg2

leg
Right angle
Note: The hypotenuse, c, is always the longest side .
 Using the Pythagorean
Theorem
6a  8b  cx²
2 2 2

36 + 64 = x²
100= x²
100  x 2 10  x
The Trigonometric Functions
we will be looking at

SINE
COSINE
TANGENT
The Trigonometric Functions

SINE
COSINE
TANGENT
 The Trigonometric Functions
Opp Leg
Sin 
Hyp opposite

hypotenus
Adj Leg
Cos  e

opposite
Hyp
adjacent

Opp Leg 
Tan  adjacent
Adj Leg
 Greek Letter 

Prounounced
“theta”

Represents an unknown angle

 We need a way
to remember
all of these
ratios…
 Some
Old
Hippie
Came
A
Hoppin’
Through
Our
Old Hippie Apartment
SOHCAHTOA Sin
Opp
Hyp
Cos
Adj
Hyp
Tan
Opp
Old Hippie Adj
Finding sin, cos, and tan.
(Just writing a ratio or decimal.)
Example 1
Find the sine, the cosine, and the tangent of angle A.
Give a fraction and decimal answer (round to 4 places).
opp 9
sin A  
hyp 10.8  .8333
10.8
9
adj 6
cos A  
A hyp 10.8  .5556
6
Shrink yourself down and
opp 9
stand where the angle is.
tan A    1.5
adj 6
Now, figure out your ratios.
Example 2
Find the missing side. Round to the nearest tenth.

tan 72 
80
x
80 m x tan 72  80
80
72 x
x
tan 72
80  ( tan 72 ) ) = 26 m
Shrink yourself down and stand where
the angle is.
Now, figure out which trig ratio you have and set up the problem.
 Finding an angle.
(Figuring out which ratio to use and getting to use the
2nd button and one of the trig buttons.)
Example 3:
Find . Round to four decimal places.
17.2
tan  
9
17.2 2 nd tan 17.2  9 )


9   62.3789
Shrink yourself down and stand where the angle is.

Now, figure out which trig ratio you have and set up the
problem.

Make sure you are in degree mode (not

SUMMARY
When we are trying to find a
side
we use sin, cos, or tan.

When we are trying to find an

angle
we use sin-1, cos-1, or tan-1.
TOPIC 4
• Splitting forces into
its components
 What Is The Navigation Method?
Navigation Method: method commonly used to show direction
for vector quantities in two dimension: using compass bearings
north [N], south[S], east [E] and west [W] to identify direction.

To draw this vector, start with the second compass bearing

you are given in the square brackets and then move the angle
in the direction of the first bearing you are given.

F = 75 [ 32o W of S]

F = 250 [ 60 o N of E]
Example 1:
Draw the following forces using the Navigation Method

A) F = 25N [ 15 o E of N]

B) F = 300 N [ 36 o N of W]

C) F = 600 N [ 78 o W of S]
Forces At An Angles – Vector Components
Suppose we have a small 10 kg box sitting on a flat floor. We
want to move the box to the right across the floor.
The most efficient way might be to attach a line to the box and
pull with a horizontal force (parallel to the floor).

Fapplied

However, this might mean having to actually get down on the

floor – not the most comfortable or practical position. Instead,
we might use the same line and pull at an angle ө above the
horizontal. How would this affect our “pulling ability” ?
Any force acting at an angle (θ) above the horizontal can be
replaced by two forces, horizontal force component (Fx) and
vertical force component (Fy). So, how do you find the horizontal
and vertical components a result force:
Whenever a force is applied at an angle, it can be resolved
or broken up into two parts or components:
- A vertical or y-component
- An horizontal or x -component
FV or Fy

FH or Fx
Example 1:
A 100.0 N force is applied to a box at various, increasing angles
– Note how the components change:

Fx Fy
 What do you notice?

As the angle from the x-axis increases (steeper), x-

component decreases & y-component increases.

As the angle from the x-axis decreases (less steep), x-

component increases & y-component decreases.

At an angle of 45 o, the Fx component is equal to the Fy

component of the force
Formulas for Resolving Forces into Componen
If a force is directed at an angle θ from the horizontal, then:

Fx = F ∙ Cos θ Fy = F ∙ Sin θ
Don’t Forget:
- To use these formulas, the angle must be measured
above or below the x-axis (or horizontal)

- +

-
 Example2:

y
15 N

42°

FX = 15  Cos 42 =-1.1 N
FY = 15  Sin 42 =10.0 N

Note that force is a vector quantity, therefore, direction

is important
Example 3:
y

62° x

35 N

FX = 35  Cos 62 = 16.4 N

FY= -35  Sin 62 = - 30.9 N

Examples 4:
y
Notice that F x is opposite the
angle this time. Therefore, we
will try to find the other angle(?)

? = 90 -32 =58 x
?
32°
10 N

F X = -10  cos 58 = - 5.30 N

F Y = -10  Sin 58 = -8.48 N

Examples 5:
A force of 100.0 N is applied at an angle of 30.0º E of N.
Find the x and y components of this force:
Examples 6:
A force of 500.0 N is applied at an angle of 25.0º S of W.
Find the x and y components of this force:
Examples 7:
A car has become stuck and is being towed using a cable
that makes an angle of 60.0º above the horizontal. The
3000.0 N force from the winch is directed along the cable.
Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the force.
Example 8:
Farmer Brown is cutting sods to cover a bare spot on his
lawn. He pushes on the cutter with a force of 180 N at an
angle of 72o with the ground. What part of this force is
straight down, and what part is used to displace the sod?
Solution

180 N

72 o
Summary of resolving force into components
If a force F is directed at an angle of θ with the horizontal, then
the horizontal (Fx) and vertical (Fy) components are calculated
as follows:

Fx = F cos θ and Fy = F sin θ

Force components should be given direction

Magnitude of F x and F y are equal at an angle of 45

degrees
 What Is Apparent Weight?
Apparent Weight (Effective Weight)is a property of objects
that corresponds to how heavy an object is. The apparent
weight of an object will differ from the weight of an object
whenever the force of gravity acting on the object is not
balanced by an equal but opposite normal force. It is the
reading you get on a scale. The apparent weight is equals to
normal force.
 Example 9:
A force of 950 N is exerted on a heavy object by means of a rope
which is held at an angle of 25o to the horizontal.

(a) What are the vertical and the horizontal components of the
force?

(b) The object has a mass of 130 kg. The rope, however, tends
to lift the object, thus decreasing the force between the object and
the ground. Calculate the "effective" weight of the object against
the ground.
(c) Calculate the effective or apparent weight if the object was
pushed with the same amount of force and at the same angle.
What do you notice?
Topic 5
• Newton’s First Law
 Sir Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton was one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians
that ever lived. He was born in England on December 25, 1643. He was
born the same year that Galileo died. He lived for 85 years.

Isaac Newton was raised by his grandmother. He attended Free Grammar

School and then went on to Trinity College Cambridge. Newton worked
his way through college. While at college he became interested in math.
physics, and astronomy. Newton received both a bachelors and masters
degree.

While Newton was in college he was writing his ideas in a journal. Newton
had new ideas about motion, which he called his three laws of motion. He
also had ideas about gravity, the diffraction of light, and forces, Newton’s
ideas were so good that Queen Anne knighted him in 1705. His
accomplishments laid the foundations for modem science end
revolutionized the world. Sir Isaac Newton died in 1727.
 Newton’s First Law (Sometimes called INERTIA):

Objects at rest tend to stay at rest, and objects in

motion tend to stay in motion in a straight line
unless acted upon by an external unbalanced
force.

There are actually two parts to the 1st law:

Acceleration is = 0 m/s 2
 Consider the following Example of student (wearing a red cap) standing on
in a bus

In each case the student’s body resisted changes in its motion (Inertia)...
• If it was stopped it tended to remain that way.
• If it was moving in a straight line it tended to remain that way.
Inertia: is the resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion.
Inertia is that quantity which is solely dependent upon
mass. The more mass which an object has, the more
inertia it has - the more tendency it has to resist
changes in its state of motion.

An example which demonstrates this may be seen by

placing several massive books upon a persons head. A
wooden board is placed on top of the books and a
hammer is used to drive a nail into the board. Due to the
large mass of the books, the force of the hammer is
sufficiently resisted (inertia).
 Using Inertia
- Suppose you are sitting at the edge of a pond with a very
smooth ice surface.
- Your two friends each push an identical wooded crate towards
you. One crate is empty but the other contains a heavy load of
firewood.
- There is very little friction with the ice and both crates slide
towards you with the same velocity.
- How could you use Inertia to determine which crate was empty
and which was loaded with firewood?
 Examples of Part I - If an object is stopped (at rest) it
tends to remain that way.
- the old Magician’s trick of pulling the table cloth from underneath
the dishes

-Card and coin on a GLASS

- Dust being removed from a mat.

-headrests are placed in cars to prevent whiplash

injuries during rear-end collisions.
Examples Part II - If an object is moving at a constant speed
in a straight line it tends to remain that way.

-thehead of a hammer can be tightened onto the

wooden handle by banging the bottom of the handle
against a hard surface.

-Snow is removed by stamping you feet.

-Getting thrown from a car in an accident

Why Are Seat Belts Placed in Cars?
Why Does Wood Fall Out Of The Truck If You Accelerate Fast?
How Do You Remove the Bottom Boxes?
Is This Safe? Why or Why Not?
 Newton’s First Law – Balanced Forces
- In order for Newton’s First Law to apply, all forces that act on
an object must be balanced.
- In other words, once you add up all the forces, the Net Forces
(or Unbalanced Force) on the object must be 0.
- If forces are balanced, the object will maintain its state of
motion:
If it was at rest, it stays at rest - If it was in motion, it stays in motion

FNormal

Backward Force of Friction Forward Force of Engine

Fg = Weight of car
Example 1 :
Determine which of the following is obeying Newton’s First Law.
Example 2:

A) You see a car pass by at a fixed speed in a straight line.

Are there any forces acting on it?

B) If the force of friction between is 1000N, how is the car

able to travel with uniform motion
Example 3:
A driver pushes his car at a fixed speed along a level straight road.
A "special" set of bathroom scales between the driver's hands and
the car indicates he is pushing with a force of 400 N. What is the
force of friction acting on the car?
 Inertial Frames of Reference
Frame of reference is a place from which motion is
observed.

Inertial frame of reference is one in which Newton's first

Law is valid. It is a frame of reference that is not
accelerating. ( a = 0 m/s2 )

Question: Explain whether each is an inertial or a non-inertial

frame of reference.
1) On a train going across the prairies at constant speed.

2) On board the MV Joseph and Clara just as it leaves the dock

and starts to pick up speed.
 Inertial and Non-inertial Frames of Reference
Remember, a frame of reference is a place from which motion is observed.

- An inertial frame of reference is one in which Newton's First Law is valid.

When there is no motion or When there is uniform motion
(Constant speed in straight line)

Example: Box at rest on the floor. Car travelling uniformly at 12 m/s

along a straight stretch of roadway.

- A Non-Inertia frame of reference is one where Newton’s First Law is NOT Valid.
There is acceleration involved in a non- inertia reference frame:
Either: The magnitude of an object’s velocity changes (speeds up or slows down).
or The direction of an object’s velocity changes (object travels around a turn).

Example: A car applies its brakes and stops. An airplane accelerates at takeoff.
A motorcycle travels around a turn in the highway, at a constant speed.
 Inertial and Non-inertial Frames of Reference
A bus: Two different examples.
I. Bus is in uniform motion down a very smooth road. So, it is constant speed in a
straight line.
A small red ball is placed on floor of bus?
How does the ball behave?

II. Bus is in motion and driver very slightly touches the brake. This causes the bus to
have a small negative acceleration. Perhaps this acceleration is so slight that it is
not felt by the passengers
A small red ball is placed on floor of bus?
How does the ball behave?

Which example is inertial and which is non-inertial?

 Practice Homework

1. Watch Professor Mac’s Summary of First Law (6:31)

Copy and paste the link below to your browser:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlFGN2zlDYc
https://tinyurl.com/pq8ctmx
SUMMARY
 UNIT 2 Topic 8
• Newton’s Second Law
Force, Mass, and Acceleration

Text: Section 4.2

Newton’s first Law indicated that an object will behave in
one of two ways when the net force or unbalanced force is zero.

1) Either it will be AT REST

2) It will be moving AT A FIXED SPEED IN A STRAIGHT LINE.

However, in the real world a lot of objects experience an

unbalanced force that causes it to accelerate. Hence,
Newton’s Second Law considers objects where the Net
force is not equal to zero.
 What Affects Acceleration?
1)AMOUNT OF FORCE
• MORE FORCE = MORE ACCELERATION

2) MASS OF OBJECT
• MORE MASS = LESS ACCELERATION
 Question:
According to Newton, who would win the race? Explain
your answer?
 Newton’s Second Law
“The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
the force acting on the object and inversely proportional
to the mass of the object.”

Fnet
a
m
From the formula we can see that m/s2 = N/kg
 Three Forms
of
Newton's Second Law
:
 The presence of an unbalanced force or Net force will
accelerate an object - changing either its speed, its
direction, or both its speed and direction.

Newton's laws declare that a net force (an

unbalanced force) causes an acceleration and the
acceleration is in the same direction as the net
force.
 Example 1:
• Three people are pulling on a wagon applying forces
of 100 N,150 N, and 200 N. The wagon has a mass
of 25 kilograms. Determine the acceleration and the
direction the wagon moves.
Example 2:
An airplane needs to accelerate at 5.0 m/sec2 to reach
take-off speed before reaching the end of the runway. The
mass of the airplane is 5,000 kg. How much force is
needed from the engine?
Example 3
The combined mass of a rider and his motorcycle is 650
kg. The engine needs a tune-up and is able to exert a
force of 150 N only.

(A) At what rate does the bike accelerate?

(B) How long will it take for the speedometer to

reach 75 km/hr?
Example 4:
A child jerks a 12 kg toboggan across a very slippery ice
patch (no friction). The rope attached to the toboggan makes
an angle of 30.0 o with the ground. If the force applied along
the rope is 55 N, what will be the acceleration of the
toboggan on the ice?
Example 5
A 65 kg person is standing in an elevator. Calculate the
person’s apparent weight for the following situations:

A) An elevator is moving with a constant speed

upwards.

B) An elevator going up accelerates at 0.62 m/s2 .

C) As an elevator goes down, it slows with an acceleration of

0.71 m/s2.
Summary of Apparent Weight
 Summary
Activity • Worksheet: Newtons Second Law

• Read Text: Pages 129-130

• Extra Practice Questions: Text ?

• Core Lab 2: Newton's Second Law p.155

 Watch Professor Mac’s Summary of Second Law
Copy and paste the link below to your browser:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KxbIIw8hlc
 Topic 7
• Newton’s Third Law

Text: Section 4.5

Newton’s Third Law:
– If Object A exerts a force on Object B then Object
B exerts an equal but opposite force on Object A

• F A on B = -F B on A

There are two important things to point out:

• (1) the minus sign indicates that the directions are
opposite.
• (2) there are two objects and the so-called "action"
and "reaction" forces act on different objects (namely
each other).
 Newton’s Third Law
“For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction”

F man on wall = -F wall on the man

Newton’s Third Law Implies
No Force exists in nature without its EQUAL and OPPOSITE
reaction force.

Forces exist in pairs.

Action and Reaction Forces act on DIFFERENT bodies.

Need to objects in the system

Examples of Newton’s Third Law:

Bird Flying: . A bird flies by use of its wings. The

wings of a bird push air downwards. In turn, the air
reacts by pushing the bird upwards.

Walking on a flat surface: Your leg and foot

push backwards on the floor (the action force)
and the floor pushes forward on you with an
equal and opposite force.
Swimming: As you swim you move your arm backwards,
pushing on the water. The water reacts in the opposite
direction to your push and drives you in a forward direction.

Air being released from a balloon. The stretched elastic of the

balloon squeezes the air within the balloon and it is forced out
the rear of the balloon. As a reaction force, the air forces
the balloon forward.
Rocket Launch: As the shuttle’s booster rockets ignite, burning
exhaust gasses are forced downward with tremendous force –
This is the action force. The reaction force is the gases
pushing back up against the boosters.

Skate Boarding: Action force is the backward force the person

exerts on the ground. The reaction force is the forward force
that the ground exerts on the person
Man stepping out of the Boat. as your legs propel your body
towards the dock, they also apply to the boat an equal force in the
opposite direction, which pushes it away from the dock.

Firing a gun: when you fire a gun and

the bullet comes hurtling out of the front,
an equal and opposite reaction means
the gun recoils into your shoulder.
Use Newton’s Third Law to explain
the following:
Example 1:
Use Newton’s Third Law to explain a bat hitting the ball
 Example 2:
Use Newton’s Third Law to explain a 50 N object sitting on a table

- The book (object A) is pushing downwards on

the desk with a force of 5.0 N  Action
Force.

- The Desk (object B) is pushing upward on the

book with a force of 5 N  Reaction Force.

- F Book on Table F Table on Book

(Action Force) (Reaction Force)
Action Force acts on the table.
- F Book on Table = F Table on Book
- F B on T = F T on B Reaction Force act on the book.

- 5.0 N = 5.0 N
Example 3:
A) Use Newton’s Third law to explain an apples falling to earth

B) Why doesn’t the earth accelerate towards the apple?

Example 4:
• While driving down the road, an unfortunate bug strikes the
windshield of a bus. Quite obviously, this is a case of
Newton's third law of motion. The bug hit the bus and the
windshield hit the bus. Which of the two forces is greater:
the force on the bug or the force on the bus?
 Example 5:
Identify the action –reactions pairs for the picture below:
Example 6:
Identify the action –reactions pairs for the picture below:

“Mary and Jane both want to dance with John. Mary pulls on
one of his arms with a force of 50N,and Jane pulls on the other
arm in the opposite direction with a force of -50 N. “

Jane John Mary

Example 7:
A)Apply Newton's 3rd Law of Motion to the situation where a
father drags his daughter on a toboggan. Draw and label all
horizontal action-reaction pairs.
B) All action reaction forces are balanced. Therefore they cancel out
and it is impossible for the man and toboggan to move forward.”
Is this argument correct?
No, this reasoning is not correct. If we want to determine
if the man will move forward, we need only consider the
forces that act on the man. There are two:

1. The backward force of the toboggan.

2. The forward force of the snow (which was a reaction to
his backwards push as he walked).

If the forward force is greater than the resistance of the

toboggan, the toboggan will experience an unbalanced
force and it will accelerate and move forward.

Which of Newton’s laws deals with unbalanced forces?

Sometimes the 2nd and 3rd law are both used to solve problems
Example 8:
A) How many action –reaction forces are shown below?
0 N
15
0 N
5
-1
30N
1
30N
-1

0 N
35

50N
-3
0 N
5
50N
-

B) Draw a FBD for the ski –doo?

C) What is the net force acting on the ski doo?

Summary
For a summary of all three laws go to:

http://quietube6.com/v.php/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mn34mnnDnKU
Topic 8

• Problem Solving With

Newton’s Law
Problem-Solving Strategy:
Applying Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Identify the physical principles involved by listing the
givens and the quantities to be calculated.

• Sketch the situation, using arrows to represent all forces.

• Determine the system of interest. The result is a free-

body diagram that is essential to solving the problem.

• Apply Newton’s second law to solve the problem. If

necessary, apply appropriate kinematic equations from
the chapter on motion along a straight line.

• Check the solution to see whether

• it is reasonable.
Example 1 :
Two dynamics carts are resting side by side , as shown, on a
level frictionaless surface. A force of 4.6 N is applied to the
larger of the two. Use this information to find the force B
exerts on cart A

Given
Example 2:
A 250.0 kg Skidoo is hauling a tandem load of firewood as shown
in the diagram. Sled A and its firewood has a mass of 350.0 kg
while sled B and its firewood has a mass of 180.0 kg. The skidoo
pulls with a force of 2.90 × 103 N [R]. Ignore any friction.

(A) What will be the acceleration of sled A?

(B) With what force does sled B pull back on sled A?

(C) Consider sled B in isolation. How would the answer

to part B change if sled B experiences a frictional force
of 5.0 × 102 N [L].
Example 3 :
A train consists of a locomotive with a mass of 5400 kg and a
passenger car with a mass of 2500 kg. A force of 3200 N is
accelerating the entire train. Find the force exerted on the
passenger car by the locomotive. (assume there is no friction)
Example 4 :

Two boxes on a frictionless table are connected by a rope.

A force of 48.0 N is applied as shown

A) Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of

the blocks.
B) Calculate the magnitude of the tension, T, in
the connecting rope
Example 5 :
A dynamics cart is connected to a 0.20 kg hanging mass by a
massless string over a frictionless pulley. The force of
friction between the cart and the table is 0.36 N.

A) Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the

system when the 0.20 kg mass is released

B) Calculate the tension in the string when the

0.20 kg mass is released.
Example 6 :
The total mass of a skydiver and her gear is 65 kg. What
air friction is she experiencing when her free-fall
acceleration is reduced from 9.8 to 7.2 m/s2
Ffr
Given:
m = 65 kg,
g = 9.8 m/s2
a = 7.2 m/s2
Ffr = ?
mg
Example 7 :

A 25 kg block (m1)and a 35 kg block (m2) are connected by

a rope over a frictionless pulley as shown.

A) Calculate the magnitude of the

acceleration of the system of
blocks.

B) Calculate the magnitude of the tension in

the connecting rope.
The two masses can be viewed as a single system with
a total mass of
msystem = msys = m1 + m2
The net or unbalanced force on the system is just the
difference between the two weights:
Fnet = (Fg)2 - (Fg)1

The magnitude of the acceleration of both hanging objects is 1.6

m/s2. For the smaller mass, a1 = 1.6 m/s2 [upward], and for the larger
mass, a2 = 1.6 m/s2 [downward].
Example 8:
A model rocket with a mass of 0.600 kg accelerates from rest
to 140.0 m/s in 4.5 s. Calculate the average force that the
rocket applies to the exhaust gasses that are pushed out the
nozzle at the rear of the rocket.
Example 9:

A pickup truck has a mass of 2100 kg. Its engine applies an

accelerating force of 3800 N. If the truck is attached to a 750 kg
trailer, how much force will the trailer apply to the pickup?
(assume there is no friction).

Answer:975 N
Activity • Worksheet: Friction and Newton's 2nd Law

• Read Text: Pages

• Extra Practice Questions: # ? p.?

• Core Lab 3: Kinetic Friction

Topic 9
Friction
 Remember Normal force (FN):
The Normal force (FN): the reaction force of surface pushing
back when the body receiving the action force is a surface.

Note that the Normal force is always perpendicular to

the surface
Example 1:

What is the Normal Force for a 10 kg Book resting on a

table?

FN

Fg
Example 2:

A 2.3 kg box is sitting on a desk. A string is pulling the box

straight up with a force of 8.5 Find the normal force.

Fapp FN

Fg
Example 3:
A 4.5 kg box is being pulled to the right by a 30 N force at
25 degrees above the horizontal. What is the normal force

Fapp
FN
25 o

Fg
Example 4:
What is the normal force acting on a 2.0 kg mass which is
being pushed by a force of 41 N along a rigid handle that
makes an angle of 36º to the horizontal?

Fapp
FN
36o

Fg
Note: Three Ways to Calculate Normal Force
 FRICTION
Friction (Ffr )is the force that results when one object moves
against another. Friction ALWAYS opposes motion.

Although two objects might look smooth, microscopically,

they're very rough and jagged.

As they slide against each other, their contact is anything BUT

smooth. They both kind of grind and drag against each other.
This is where friction comes from.
There are two factors that may affect friction:

1) Weight of the object (Normal force, FN)

FN

mg
Normal force: the force that presses two surfaces together.
In most cases, the normal force will be the weight of an
object that is resting on the surface.

2) Smoothness of the surface (type of material, m )

 Formula for Friction:
friction force = coefficient of friction x normal force

or

Ff = µFN
The Greek letter m is called the coefficient of friction and
has no units because it is a ratio of two forces Ff / Fn
Force of Friction is affected by two factors:
 Coefficient of Friction
Where:
μ (mu)= coefficient of friction. It indicates how rough
or smooth the surface is. The higher the value of
the coefficient of friction, the rougher the surface

There are two types of frictional forces:

mk = coefficient for kinetic friction

ms = coefficient for static friction

Static friction > Kinetic friction
Therefore, it takes more force to start
moving an object
 Coefficient of Friction

Material on Material ms = static friction mk = kinetic friction

steel / steel 0.6 0.4
add grease to steel 0.1 0.05
metal / ice 0.022 0.02
brake lining / iron 0.4 0.3
tire / dry pavement 0.9 0.8
tire / wet pavement 0.8 0.7

163
Example 5:

A force of 42 N is needed to start a box sliding across

the floor. The weight of the box is 55 N.

A) Draw a FBD for the box.

B) How large is the force of friction?
C) Is the frictional force static or kinetic?
D) What is the coefficient of friction?
Example 6:
The coefficient of kinetic friction and the crate is 0.4000.
The crate has a mass of 75 kg.

A) What is the force of kinetic friction?

B) What force is needed to keep the object moving at a

constant velocity?
 Example 7:
A hockey puck has a mass of 1.0 kg. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the puck and ice is 0.15. A force of
2.6 N is applied horizontally to the puck to push it to the
right.

A) Draw a FBD for the box.

B) What is the normal force acting on the puck?

C) What is the force of kinetic friction?

D) What is the net force acting horizontally on the puck?

E) What is the acceleration of the puck?

Example 4:
A force of 185 N at an angle of 30o is needed to drag a 2200 N
sleigh at a fixed speed.

A) Draw a FBD for the sled.

B) What is the normal force acting on the puck?

C) What is the force of kinetic friction?

D) What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?