National Conference on Innovative Trends in Civil Engineering (NCITCE-2018) , Department of Civil Engineering, AGI

Study of Torsional Behaviour of Irregular Buildings

G. Venkata Krishna Reddy1, K. Tharun Paul Thyagaraj1, B. Bhaskar2, Chenna Rajaram3
1
Graduate Student, School of Civil Engineering, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering and Technology, Nandyal,
Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2
Asst. Prof. of Civil Engineering, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering and Technology, Nandyal, Kurnool, Andhra
Pradesh, India.
3
Asso. Prof. of Civil Engineering, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering and Technology, Nandyal, Kurnool, Andhra
Pradesh, India.
1
[email protected], [email protected]
2
[email protected]
3
[email protected]

asymmetries, the structure’s lateral resistance to the ground

Abstract— Irregular buildings constitute a large portion motion is usually torsionally unbalanced creating large
of the modern infrastructure. Because of more people displacement amplifications and high force concentrations
involved in constructing the building facilities, it leads to within the resisting elements which can cause severe
building the structures with irregular distributions in damages and at times collapse of the structure. Eccentric
their mass, stiffness of building. If such buildings are
arrangement of non-structural components, asymmetric
located in a seismic zone IV and V, then the structural
engineer’s role become more challenging. Therefore, the
yielding, presence of rotational component in ground
structural engineer needs to have a thorough motions and the variations in the input energy imparted by
understanding of the seismic response of irregular the ground motions also contribute significantly to the
structures. In recent past, several studies have been torsional response of buildings.
carried out to evaluate the response of irregular buildings.
As the time history method makes use of the
For the purpose of study the configuration of buildings acceleration details of earthquakes, it is mostly adopted for
like C, L and T are considered. The above buildings are asymmetrical and high-rise buildings. In this study, the
modeled in SAP2000. To understand the dynamic iran-iraq earthquake and Nepal(2015) earthquake
behavior of above buildings linear time history analysis is
accelerogram is used.
performed. The above said buildings are subjected to suit
of ground motions to understand the dynamic behavior.
The dynamic characteristics such as time period and
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
modes, displacement responses and storey shears are A. Rajalakshmi K R & Harinarayanan S and Jiji Anna
performed for the above buildings. At the end, suitability Varughese & Girija K [2015]:
of structural configuration of building is proposed to
reduce the torsional response of building. In this study, the comparison of seismic response
between a rectangular, C shape and L shape was done.
Keywords— Irregular Buildings, Time Period, Mode Shapes, SAP2000 software was used for the static and dynamic
Displacement Responses, SAP2000, Seismosignal. analysis. In case of time history method, the accelerograms
of Uttarkhasi, Bhuj and Chamoli was considered.
I. INTRODUCTION Parameters such as deflections at the joints, storey shears
It would be ideal if all buildings have their lateral-load were compared for different models. non-linear dynamic
resisting elements symmetrically arranged and earthquake analysis performed on mass and stiffness irregular
ground motions would strike in known directions. Due to buildings. It is established that irregular buildings are
scarcity of land in big cities, architects often propose subjected to large displacements compared to regular
irregular buildings in order to utilize maximum available buildings and localized damages near the regions of
land area and to provide adequate ventilation and light in irregularity.
various building components. However, it is quite often
that structural irregularity is the result of a combination of
both types. Most buildings have some degree of irregularity B. Malavika Manilal, S.V Rajeeva[2017]:
in the geometric configuration or the distribution of mass,
stiffness, and/or strength. Due to one or more of these The time history analysis is carried out using the data
of past BHUJ earthquake. The FE software ETABS v 9.7.4

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has been used for the analysis. The evaluation and the torsional effect on the structures they modeled 4 types
comparison of the regular and irregular buildings has been of structures having same outer perimeter area and
done using the parameters – storey displacement, storey strengthened by introduction of shear wall cores. A simple
drift, time period and base shear. Also the forces on the linear comparison based on eccentricity is also carried out
columns near the re-entrant corner has been studied. for G+12 and G+17 structures. The analysis of the
structural models is carried out using ETABS software.
C. Shreyasvi.C and B.Shivakumaraswamy [2015]: From their investigation on reviews they concluded that the
eccentricity shows the tendency of a structure for torsional
Compared the behaviour of regular and re-entrant
effects. Model IV (C- shaped structure) had the maximum
structures in various seismic zones. Both response
tendency for torsional effects with higher value of
spectrum method and time history method was performed
eccentricity. The highest torsional irregularity ratio was
using etabs. Accelerograms of bhuj and elecentro
found maximum for model IV which was the C shape
earthquake was used for time history method. For the
structure and it is seen that the rigidity centre of model IV
regular and irregular models, storey displacements, time
is intense at outside the structure. The drift and
periods and storey shears were compared. The drift and
displacement values yielded values, indicating the
storey displacement were more for irregular building.
dependence of the stiffness and mass concentration on the
D. Prajapati P.B and Prof. Mayur G Vanza [2014]: structure. Strengthened model yielded shorter-period which
permitted smaller drift limits and longer-period structures
In this study, the comparison of seismic response that is the ideal symmetric structure allowed larger drift
between a rectangular, C shape and L shape was done. SAP limits.
2000 software was used for the static and dynamic analysis.
In case of time history method, the accelerograms of H. P.S. Pajgade, Vipin Guptha (2015) :
Uttarkhasi, Bhuj and Chamoli was considered. Parameters
It explains that the torsion is the most basic element
such as deflections at the joints, storey shears were
prompting significant harm or completes collapse of
compared for different models.
building; therefore it is necessary that symmetric buildings
E. Arunava Das and Priyabrata Guha [2016]: should also be analyzed for torsion. As result the buildings
should be designed by considering the design eccentricity
In this paper, behaviour of four storey irregular and and accidental eccentricity. They observed that the
regular building subjected to earthquake loads were irregular profile buildings got larger forces and
compared. Time history analysis and pushover analysis was displacement as compared to regular one. Structures are
performed using sap2000. Elecentro acceleration details never consummately consistent and thus the architects
were used for time history method. From the results, it was routinely need to assess the feasible level of irregularity
observed that in case of irregular model, the displacements and the impact of this irregularity on a structure during an
from pushover analysis was greater than that of time earthquake.
history analysis.
I. Arvindreddy and R.J.Fernandes (2015) :
F. Arvindreddy and R.J.Fernandes [2015:
Presented a review about the Seismic analysis of RC
Investigated the response of regular and plan irregular regular and irregular frame structures. They considered 2
structures under zone V. Static and dynamic methods were types of reinforced concrete structures with regular and
conducted using ETABS. The displacements of both irregular 15 story structures and analyzed for static and
regular and irregular models were compared for the dynamic methods. For time history examination past
different methods and it was concluded that static method seismic earth ground movement record is taken to think
gave higher displacements compared to dynamic method. about reaction of the considerable number of structures.
They have considered six models for analysis. One is of
G. Rahila Thaskeen, Shinu Shajee (2016) : general structure and remaining are unpredictable structural
models. From their investigation on reviews they
The objective of their work aimed at enhanced
concluded that, the static analysis strategy demonstrate
understanding of the torsional behavior of building
lesser story displacements when compared with response
systems. In the analysis both symmetric and asymmetric
spectrum analysis. This variation may be because of
structures with plan irregularity were compared. To assess
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National Conference on Innovative Trends in Civil Engineering (NCITCE-2018) , Department of Civil Engineering, AGI

nonlinear distribution of force. In diaphragm irregularity, walls must be symmetrical in the plan in order to prevent
story displacement and story drift observed to be less when torsional irregularity.
compared with normal structures in both static and
response spectrum analysis. III. SUMMERY
For the determination of seismic responses there is
J. O. A. Mohamed and O. A. Abbass (2015) : necessary to carry out seismic analysis of structure. The
analysis can be performed on the basis of external action,
Explains review about the Consideration of torsional
the behaviour of structure or structural materials, and the
irregularity in Modal Response Spectrum Analysis. The
type of structural model selected. Based on the type of
motivation behind their work is to determine the impacts of
external action and behaviours of structure, the analysis can
torsional irregularity on seismic reaction as per ASCE 7–
be further classified as: (1) Linear Static Analysis, (2)
10, when MRSA is utilized for count of seismic forces and
Nonlinear Static Analysis, (3) Linear Dynamic Analysis;
drifts. They discussed about why torsional irregularity must
and (4) Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis. Linear static analysis
be represented, notwithstanding when MRSA is utilized.
or equivalent static method can be used for regular
From their investigation on reviews they concluded that the
structure with limited height. Linear dynamic analysis can
torsional irregularity of building diaphragm or floor
be performed by time history analysis method.
frameworks prompts increased structural reactions
including bending moments and drift and should be A linear time-history analysis of this type overcomes all
represented in the computational model to maintain a the disadvantages of RSA. The method involves
strategic distance from structural failures and building significantly greater computational effort than the
pounding effects. corresponding RSA and at least three representative
earthquake motions must be considered to allow for the
K. Turgut Ozturk , Zubeyde Ozturk and Onur Ozturk
uncertainty in precise frequency content of the design
(2015):
motions at a site. With current computing power and
Presented a review about the seismic behavior analysis software, the task of performing the number crunching and
of multi-story reinforced concrete buildings having then handling the large amount of data produced has
torsional irregularity. The purpose of their work is to become a non-specialist task.
understanding of the characteristics of an earthquake and
As the time history method makes use of the
correct determination of the behavior of buildings under
acceleration details of earthquakes, it is mostly adopted for
earthquake excitation turn out to be the most important
asymmetrical and high-rise buildings. In this study, the
requirement to build earthquake resistant buildings. In their
configuration of buildings like C, L and T are considered.
study torsional effects that occur during earthquake
The above buildings are modelled in SAP2000. To
excitations are analyzed in multi-story reinforced concrete
understand the dynamic behavior of above buildings linear
buildings. In that manner the behavior of reinforced
time history analysis is performed. The above said
concrete structures under earthquake loads are examined
buildings are subjected to suit of ground motions to
and by the way the behaviors of structures having torsional
understand the dynamic behavior. The dynamic
irregularities are enlightened and clarified. From the results
characteristics such as time period and modes,
they explains that the torsional irregularity can occur in the
displacement responses are performed for the above
buildings that have regular geometrical shape and regular
buildings.
rigidity distribution. The reason of this irregularity which is
called hidden torsional irregularity, is due to lack of rigidity
along the extern axes. In certain cases, torsional irregularity
can be lowered or totally removed as a result of decrease IV. MODELLING
shear wall rigidity at central zone. torsional irregularity is
Irregular buildings constitute a large portion of the
more related to the rigidity distribution than the
modern infrastructure. Because of more people involved in
geometrical plan of the building. For this reason,
constructing the building facilities, it leads to building the
determination of the load carrying system of a structure is
structures with irregular distributions in their plan, mass
the most important issue at the planning stage of the
and stiffness of building. For the purpose of study the
project. It is essential that shear wall locations and cross-
configuration of buildings like C, L and T are considered.
sectional areas must be properly selected, and the shear

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National Conference on Innovative Trends in Civil Engineering (NCITCE-2018) , Department of Civil Engineering, AGI

SAP2000 v14 has been used for the modelling and to carry C. Boundary Conditions
out the analysis.
If the displacement of a joint along any of its available
A. Geometrical Properties degrees of freedom has a known value, either zero (e.g., at
support points) or non-zero (e.g., due to support
The geometrical properties of the buildings are as settlement), a Restraint must be applied to that degree of
shown in below table. freedom. Restraints can be of different types Fixed, Pinned,
TABLE I
Roller, Hinge etc., use of particular restraint depends on
GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES type of structure and resemblance of it with the actual site
conditions, for present case foundation of the structure is
Column size 250mm x 350mm assumed to be fixed.

Beam size 300 mm x 450mm D. Loading

Slab thickness 150mm Ground Motions Characteristics: characteristics of
ground motions, such as station name, pre-ground
Thickness of masonry wall 300mm
acceleration and frequency (time) is shown in the below
table.

TABLE IIIII
B. Material Properties
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND MOTIONS

The material properties of the buildings are as shown

Station Pre-Ground Acceleration Frequency
in below table. Name (PGA) (Time)
TABLE III cm/sec2 sec
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
SPZ 684.420 0.2 - 1.33
Grade of Concrete M20
JAV 206.958 0.36 - 0.66
Weight per Unit Volume 25 kN/m3
KRD 132.999 0.21 - 0.66
Modulus of Elasticity 22360000 N/mm2
KTP 254.785 0.24 - 0.38
Poisson’s Ratio 0.2
PTN 150.683 3.85 - 4.54
Specified Concrete Compressive 20000 kN/m2
THM 149.303 3.85 - 4.54
Strength
TVU 228.753 1.28 - 3.84
Grade of Steel Fe-415

Steel Properties As per IS:1786 Table: 3

E. 3D View of Structures
Weight per Unit Volume 78 kN/m3

Modulus of elasticity 2.0E+8 kN/m2

Minimum Yield Stress 415000 kN/m2

Effective Tensile Stress 533500 kN/m2

Effective Yield Stress 456500 kN/m2

Minimum Tensile Stress 485000 kN/m2 Time Period (Sec)

Type of Building X Direction Y Direction Z(Torsional)
Direction
C Shape Building 0.38774 0.50233 0.40805
L Shape Building 0.76008 0.97575 0.89189
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T Shape Building 0.96486 1.18651 1.04098
National Conference on Innovative Trends in Civil Engineering (NCITCE-2018) , Department of Civil Engineering, AGI

F. Dynamic Characteristics

Dynamic characteristics of the building are fundamental

to the structural response and thus the earthquake. It
became possible to measure and understand the dynamic
response of buildings when they were subjected to real
earthquake induced ground motion.

1) Time Period

FIGURE 1 2) Mode Shapes: A mode shape is a specific

C SHAPE BUILDING pattern of vibration executed by a mechanical system
at a specific frequency. Different mode shapes will be
associated with different frequencies. The
experimental technique of modal analysis discovers
these mode shapes.

FIGURE 2
L SHAPE BUILDING

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. C shape building

FIGURE 3
T SHAPE BUILDING

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National Conference on Innovative Trends in Civil Engineering (NCITCE-2018) , Department of Civil Engineering, AGI

1) Along X-Direction

Joint no. Displacement responses at different stations (m)

SPZ JAV KRD KTP PTN THM TVU

4 4.800 1.012 2.250 0.723 2.780 1.760 2.910

70 4.800 1.012 2.250 0.723 2.780 1.760 2.910

262 4.800 1.012 2.250 0.723 2.780 1.760 2.910

410 4.800 1.012 2.250 0.723 2.780 1.760 2.910

566 4.800 1.012 2.250 0.723 2.780 1.760 2.910

570 4.800 1.012 2.250 0.723 2.780 1.760 2.910

2) Along Y-Direction

Joint no. Displacement responses at different stations (m)

SPZ JAV KRD KTP PTN THM TVU

4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

70 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

262 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

410 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

566 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

570 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

The building is subjected to the ground motions in the X-Direction and the response of the structure is observed at the roof
level at different joints which are shown in figure. The displacement response in C-Shape building along Y-Direction is
observed to as almost zero where as the displacement response in X-Direction is not zero.

The responses of the structure at different joints are as shown below:

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1) Along X-Direction 2) Along X-Direction

B. L shape building

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National Conference on Innovative Trends in Civil Engineering (NCITCE-2018) , Department of Civil Engineering, AGI

Along X-Direction

Joint no. Displacement responses at different stations (m)

SPZ JAV KRD KTP PTN THM TVU

545 6.100 6.450 5.700 4.000 4.800 4.000 5.600

555 6.100 6.000 5.700 4.000 4.800 4.000 5.600

574 6.100 6.800 5.700 4.000 4.800 4.000 5.600

581 6.100 6.780 5.700 4.000 4.800 4.000 5.600

591 6.100 6.780 5.700 4.000 4.800 4.000 5.600

593 6.100 6.780 5.700 4.000 4.800 4.000 5.600

Along Y-Direction

Joint no. Displacement responses at different stations (m)

SPZ JAV KRD KTP PTN THM TVU

545 0.245 0.180 0.135 0.120 0.150 0.170 0.300

555 0.140 0.135 0.120 0.120 0.110 0.120 0.290

574 0.060 0.057 0.047 0.0453 0.052 0.049 0.125

581 0.245 0.175 0.130 0.120 0.150 0.170 0.30

591 0.140 0.175 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.290

593 0.060 0.057 0.047 0.045 0.052 0.049 0.125

C. T shape building

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National Conference on Innovative Trends in Civil Engineering (NCITCE-2018) , Department of Civil Engineering, AGI

1) Along X-Direction

Joint no. Displacement responses at different stations (m)

SPZ JAV KRD KTP PTN THM TVU

194 1.800 2.400 7.125 4.000 6.500 7.835 5.280

202 1.800 2.400 7.125 4.000 6.500 7.835 5.280

218 1.800 2.400 7.125 4.000 6.500 7.835 5.280

222 1.800 2.400 7.125 4.000 6.500 7.835 5.280

236 1.800 2.400 7.125 4.000 6.500 7.835 5.280

238 1.800 2.400 7.125 4.000 6.500 7.835 5.280

Along Y-Direction

Joint no. Displacement responses at different stations (m)

SPZ JAV KRD KTP PTN THM TVU

194 0.125 0.017 0.050 0.028 0.048 0.038 0.080

202 0.100 0.017 0.042 0.023 0.039 0.038 0.070

218 0.125 0.017 0.050 0.028 0.048 0.035 0.080

222 0.100 0.017 0.045 0.023 0.039 0.037 0.070

236 0.060 0.008 0.015 0.012 0.020 0.017 0.040

238 0.035 0.006 0.017 0.008 0.015 0.015 0.027

VI. CONCLUSIONS
1. The displacement response in C-Shape building
along Y-Direction almost zero where as the
displacement response in X-Direction is not zero.

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2. The displacement response of L-shape and T-shape [12] Chopra A.K. (2001), Dynamics of structures - Theory and application
to earthquake engineering(2nd edition.), Pearson Education, Inc.
buildings along Y-Direction is not zero, but in case
[13] Indian standard criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures,
of C-shape building it is zero. part-1 general provisions and buildings, IS:1893-2016, Bureau of
Indian standards, New Delhi.
Acknowledgements
[14] Pradeep, R. K., and Murty, C. V. R., Critical Review of Indian
Seismic Code; IS:1893-2002, Proc. of International Colloquium on
We express our deep sense of gratitude and honour to Architecture & Structural Interaction for Sustainable Development,
our project guide Sri.B.BHASKAR, M.Tech., Assistant 2013, New Delhi.
Professor in C.E of R.G.M. College of Engineering and [15] Pradeep, K. R., and Murty, C. V. R., Earthquake safety of houses in
India: Understanding the bottlenecks in implementation, Indian
Technology, Nandyal, Kurnool District, A.P. for his Concrete Journal, 2014, Vol.88, No.9, pp.51-63.
encouragement and inspired guidance throughout our
project work for successful completion of this dissertation.

We are thankful to Dr.CHENNA RAJARAM, Ph.D.,

Associate Professor in C.E of R.G.M.College of
Engineering and Technology, Nandyal, Kurnool District,
A.P. for his encouragement and inspired guidance
throughout our project work for successful completion of
this dissertation.

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