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Synchronous Motor

Synchronous machines can operate as either generators or motors. They have a rotor with DC excitation windings and a multiphase stator winding. Synchronous generators are the primary source of electrical power and rely on synchronization between electrical and mechanical frequencies. Synchronous motors are used for constant speed industrial drives requiring high power at low speeds. The power factor can be controlled by varying the field current.

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Janani Rangarajan
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256 views

Synchronous Motor

Synchronous machines can operate as either generators or motors. They have a rotor with DC excitation windings and a multiphase stator winding. Synchronous generators are the primary source of electrical power and rely on synchronization between electrical and mechanical frequencies. Synchronous motors are used for constant speed industrial drives requiring high power at low speeds. The power factor can be controlled by varying the field current.

Uploaded by

Janani Rangarajan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Synchronous Machine

Prabu T

15EEE303 Electrical
Machines II
Synchronous Machines

• Synchronous generators or alternators are used to


convert mechanical power derived from steam, gas, or hydraulic-
turbine to ac electric power
• Synchronous generators are the primary source of electrical energy
we consume today
• Large ac power networks rely almost exclusively on synchronous
generators
• Synchronous motors used for constant speed industrial drives
Construction
 Basic parts of a synchronous Machine:
• Rotor - dc excited winding
• Stator - 3-phase winding in which the ac emf is generated

 The manner in which the active parts of a synchronous machine are


cooled determines its overall physical size and structure
Various Types

 Salient-pole synchronous machine

 Cylindrical or round-rotor synchronous machine


Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator
1. Most hydraulic turbines have to turn at low speeds
(between 50 and 300 r/min)
2. A large number of poles are required on the rotor
d-axis

N Non-uniform
air-gap
D » 10 m

q-axis S S

Turbine
N
Hydro (water)

Hydrogenerator
• Salient-Pole Rotor
Excitation Windings
Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator

Stator
Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator

Turbine D1m

L  10 m
Steam d-axis
Stator winding

 High speed N
Uniform air-gap
 3600 r/min  2-pole
Stato
 1800 r/min  4-pole r
q-axis Rotor winding
 Direct-conductor cooling (using
hydrogen or water as coolant) Rotor

 Rating up to 2000 MVA


S

Turbogenerator
Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator

Stator

Cylindrical rotor
Operation Principle

The rotor of the generator is driven by a prime-mover

A dc current is flowing in the rotor winding which produces a


rotating magnetic field within the machine

The rotating magnetic field induces a three-phase voltage in


the stator winding of the generator
Frequency and Voltage control of Alternator
Electrical Frequency

Electrical frequency produced is locked or synchronized to the


mechanical speed of rotation of a synchronous generator:

P nm
fe 
120
where fe = electrical frequency in Hz
P = number of poles
nm= mechanical speed of the rotor, in r/min
• If all the coil side of any one phase under one
pole are bunched in one slot, the winding
obtained is known as concentrated winding
and the total emf induced is equal to
arithmetic sum of the emfs induced in all the
coils of one phase under one pole.
Generated Voltage
The generated voltage of a synchronous generator is given by

E  K c f fe

where f = flux in the machine (function of If)


fe = electrical frequency
Kc= synchronous machine constant
E

If
Saturation characteristic of a synchronous generator.
Salient-Pole Motor operating at
both no-load and loaded conditions

Angle δ is the power angle, load angle, or torque angle


Synchronous Motor
Constant-speed machine
Synchronous Motors
P, Q
Motor
Vt

• A synchronous motor is the same physical machine as a


generator, except that the direction of real power flow is
reversed
• Synchronous motors are used to convert electric power to
mechanical power.
• Most synchronous motors are rated between 150 kW (200
hp) and 15 MW (20,000 hp) and turn at speed ranging from
150 to 1800 r/min. Consequently, these machines are used in
heavy industry
• At the other end of the power spectrum, we find tiny single-
phase synchronous motors used in control devices and
electric clocks
Operation Principle
• The field current of a synchronous motor produces a steady-
state magnetic field BR
• A three-phase set of voltages is applied to the stator windings of
the motor, which produces a three-phase current flow in the
windings. This three-phase set of currents in the armature
winding produces a uniform rotating magnetic field of Bs
• Therefore, there are two magnetic fields present in the machine,
and the rotor field will tend to line up with the stator field, just
as two bar magnets will tend to line up if placed near each other.
• Since the stator magnetic field is rotating, the rotor magnetic
field (and the rotor itself) will try to catch up
• The larger the angle between the two magnetic fields (up to
certain maximum), the greater the torque on the rotor of the
machine
Rotating Field Flux and Counter-emf

• Rotating field flux f due to magnetic field in the


rotor. A “speed” voltage, “counter-emf”, or
“excitation” voltage Ef is generated and acts in
opposition to the applied voltage.
• Ef = nsfkf
Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Motor
Armature (One Phase)

V  I R  I jX  I X  E
T a a a l a ar f

X X X
s l ar

V  E  I (R  jX )
T f a a s

V E I Z
T f a s
Salient-Pole Motor operating at
both no-load and loaded conditions

Angle δ is the power angle, load angle, or torque angle


Phasor Diagram for one phase of a Synchronous
Motor Armature
Vector Diagram

• The equivalent circuit of a synchronous motor is exactly same as


the equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator, except that the
reference direction of Ia is reversed.
• The basic difference between motor and generator operation in
synchronous machines can be seen either in the magnetic field
diagram or in the phasor diagram.
• In a generator, Ef lies ahead of Vt, and BR lies ahead of Bnet. In a
motor, Ef lies behind Vt, and BR lies behind Bnet.
• In a motor the induced torque is in the direction of motion, and in a
generator the induced torque is a countertorque opposing the
direction of motion
Vector Diagram
Ia Bs
Vt
d jIa Xs
Bnet
wsync
d

Ef BR

Fig. The phasor diagram (leading PF: overexcited and |Vt|<|Ef|) and
the corresponding magnetic field diagram of a synchronous motor.

Vt
d jIa Xs

Ia Ef

Fig. The phasor diagram of an underexcited synchronous


motor (lagging PF and |Vt|>|Ef|).
Damper Winding
Application of Synchronous Motors

Synchronous motors are usually used in large sizes because in small sizes
they are costlier as compared with induction machines. The principal
advantages of using synchronous machine are as follows:

– Power factor of synchronous machine can be controlled very easily


by controlling the field current.
– It has very high operating efficiency and constant speed.
– For operating speed less than about 500 rpm and for high-power
requirements (above 600KW) synchronous motor is cheaper than
induction motor.

In view of these advantages, synchronous motors are preferred for driving


the loads requiring high power at low speed; e.g; reciprocating pumps and
compressor, crushers, rolling mills, pulp grinders etc.
• The machine supplies a lagging power factor
current when over-excited
• The machine supplies a leading power factor
current when under-excited

• The machine draws a leading power factor current


when over-excited
• The machine draws a lagging power factor current
when under-excited
V curves
Inverted V Curves

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