Improvement of The Physicochemical Properties of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Powder by Recrystallization at Different PH Values
Improvement of The Physicochemical Properties of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Powder by Recrystallization at Different PH Values
Research Article
IMPROVEMENT OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMOXICILLIN TRIHYDRATE
POWDER BY RECRYSTALLIZATION AT DIFFERENT pH VALUES
SHAHHET L, D. ALRAGHBAN Aa, D. CHEHNA. M. Fb
a Department of Pharmaceutics, bDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aleppo University,
Aleppo, Syria
Received: 17 Feb 2011, Revised and Accepted: 11 March 2011
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research was to investigate and improve some physicochemical and solid‐state properties of amoxicillin trihydrate. This raw
material was obtained from different suppliers and differed in both particle size distribution and crystal shape.
The particle size and crystal shape were determined using eight sieves and a scanning fluorescence microscope, respectively. The drug was filled in
hard gelatin capsules as a single dose of 250 mg. Drug dissolution was evaluated using dissolution tester. Samples were analyzed using U.V
spectrophotometer at a wavelength 272nm.
The results indicated that the dissolution rates of amoxicillin trihydrate are affected by both the crystal shape and the particle size.
To improve the dissolution rate of amoxicillin trihydrate , it was recrystallized from aqueous solutions at different pH values (2, 4, 7, 9 and 11).
Amoxicillin trihydrate samples recrystallized from aqueous solutions at pH7 and pH9 appear to have superior physicochemical properties to the
original amoxicillin trihydrate samples.
The pH of crystallization medium had a significant effect on the dissolution rate of amoxicillin trihydrate powder.
Samples recrystallized at pH 11 and pH9 showed higher dissolution rates compared to samples recrystallized at pH 2, pH4 , pH7 and the original
amoxicillin trihydrate samples but the flowability of the powder recrystallized at pH 11 was very poor compared to other samples.
Keywords: Amoxicillin trihydrate, Dissolution rate, Particle size, Crystal shape, Recrystallization.
INTRODUCTION crystallization conditions such as the type of the crystallization
medium and the pH of crystallization3.
Solid‐state forms exhibit variable physicochemical properties that
affect their processing and product performance. There are several reports of changing the crystal habit in the
presence of impurities during crystallization2,4&10. The objective of
The shape and the surface area of a particle affect the flow ability of this study was to achieve improved physicochemical properties of
a powder. The surface area per mass unit is an important amoxicillin trihydrate powder through recrystallization from
characteristic of a powder when undertaking dissolution rate aqueous solutions at different pH values.
studies. According to the classic dissolution equation of Noyes and
Whitney, the dissolution rate of a drug is directly proportional to its Amoxicillin is semisynthetic antibiotic (present as amoxicillin
surface area available for dissolution1. This fact could be used to trihydrate and amoxicillin sodium). It is an analog of ampicillin,
enhance the dissolution rate of slightly soluble drugs in water like derived from the basic penicillin nucleus 6‐aminopenicillanic
amoxicillin trihydrate. Many substances that are chemically identical acid5,6&9. The amoxicillin trihydrate molecular formula is
can have significant differences in their physicochemical properties C16H19N3O5S•3H2O, and the molecular weight is 419.45. Chemically,
like flow ability and dissolution profiles2. amoxicillin trihydrate is (2S,5R,6R)‐6‐[(R)‐(‐)‐2‐Amino‐2‐(p‐
hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]‐3,3 dimethyl7‐oxo‐4‐thia‐1‐azabi‐
The crystallization technique can change the crystal form and the cyclo[3.2.0]heptane‐2‐carboxylic acid trihydrate and may be
particle size. The nature and extent of these changes depend on the represented structurally as shown in figure 1.
Fig. 1: Molecular structure of amoxicillin trihydrate
Also, various hydrated forms of amoxicillin, including monohydrate, further enhanced by the addition of β‐lactamase inhibitors such as
dihydrate, and trihydrate, have been reported, among which, the clavulanic acid, this combination makes amoxicillin more resistant to
trihydrate is the most stable hydrated form7,8&15. Amoxicillin enzymatic hydrolysis of the amid bond in the β‐lactam ring and thus
trihydrate has a good oral bioavilability that is not affected by the enhances amoxicillin bacterial activities against many β‐lacatmase
concomitant ingestion of food. The effectiveness of amoxicillin is producing bacteria16.
Shahhet et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 3, Suppl 3, 2011, 92100
Amoxicillin is bactericidal in action and acts through the inhibition Flowability Test
of biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptide of susceptible organisms.
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate has been shown to have a wide range of Amoxicillin trihydrate samples obtained from different suppliers
activity which includes β‐lactamase‐producing strains of both gram‐ were subjected to this test by using a 250 ml volumetric cylinder on
positive and gram‐negative aerobes, facultative anaerobes, and the tapped density apparatus with a test sample weight of 100 g.
obligate anaerobes. Many strains of the following organisms, The unsettled apparent volume (V0) and the final tapped volume
including β‐lactamase producing strains, isolated from veterinary (Vtap) were measured, an average of three determinations was
sources, were found to be susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate in obtained.
vitro but the clinical significance of this activity has not been
demonstrated for some of these organisms in animals16. Bulk density and tapped density were calculated as follows:
Amoxicillin in trihydrate form is available in the market in various
forms including capsules, tablets, suspensions and vials.
Amoxicillin trihydrate as a raw material was obtained from different The compressibility index and the Hausner ratio were calculated as
suppliers. This material differed in both particle size and crystal described in the United States Pharmacopeia USP 30 monograph
shape12,14. using measured values for bulk density and tapped density as
follows:
Crystallization of amoxicillin trihydrate, like the other crystalline
drugs, plays a critical role in controlling the crystal form, shape, size,
and size distribution11.
The objective of this study was to achieve improved physicochemical
properties of amoxicillin trihydrate powder through
recrystallization from aqueous solutions at different pH values 13. Procedure for particle size distribution estimation
In this study, scanning fluorescence microscope (SFM) was used to Amoxicillin trihydrate samples were sieved with eight sieves using
investigate the crystal shape of amoxicillin trihydrate obtained from electromagnetic sieve shaker for 10 minutes. Sieves were selected
different suppliers and from recrystallization at different pH values. to cover the entire range of particle sizes present in the test samples
The particle size distribution has been determined using sieves (45 μm‐1 mm).
(particle size analyzer). The nest of sieves were assembled with the coarsest screen at the
MATERIALS AND METHODS top and the finest at the bottom.
MATERIALS Electromagnetic sieve shaker was used to perform sieve analyses. The
sieving analysis is complete when the weight of any of the test sieves
Amoxicillin trihydrate standard (U.S. Pharmacopeia, Catalog does not change by more than 5% or 0.1 g of the previous weight as
number: 1031503, RTECS Number: XH8310000), amoxicillin described in the USP 30 monograph. Sieve analysis was performed at
trihydrate as a raw material was obtained from (1‐ DSM anti‐ controlled room temperature and at ambient relative humidity.
infectives Egypt S.A.E, batch. No: A449822, 2‐Oman Chemicals,
batch. No: 53‐06090‐0730A, 3‐DSM Anti‐Infectives India Limited, Preparation of hard gelatin capsules and dissolution testing
batch. No: M521414 ), Hard Capsules (size 4), electromagnetic sieve Amoxicillin trihydrate obtained from different suppliers and
shaker equipped with eight sieves (1‐1mm, SS‐316, Serial. No: recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate at different pH values were
0500083, 2‐850μm, SS‐316, Serial. No: 0500298, 3‐600μm, SS‐316, filled in hard gelatin capsules as a dose of 250mg.
Serial. No: 0500107, 4‐500μm, SS‐316, Serial. No: 02020126, 5‐
250μm, SS‐316, Serial. No:0201981, 6‐125μm, SS‐316, Serial. A dissolution apparatus I of USP (baskets) was used. The capsules
No:02019652, 7‐63μm, SS‐316, Serial. No:02010043, 8‐45μm, SS‐ were placed into the baskets before the initiation of the dissolution
316, Serial. No:02107007), tapped density apparatus (Campbell testing, which was performed at 370 C and 100 rpm using 900 ml
Electronics, model:C‐TDA2, Serial. No:CTD‐30), pH meter (CRISON water as a dissolution medium.
Instrument S.A Titromatric, Serial. No: 00404), A double‐beam
JASCO V‐650 spectrophotometer (Serial. No:A025561150), Scanning Samples were collected at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 minutes
fluorescence microscope (BRUNEL Microscope Ltd, model: SP‐98‐FL and analyzed immediately after sampling using U.V
Inverted). spectrophotometer at a wavelength 272nm on filtered portions of
the test solution.
METHODS
Each test was performed in triplicate and the relative standard
Buffer preparation deviation was found to be less than 3%
Potassium chloride KCl and hydrochloric acid HCl were used for USP Tolerance: Not less than 80% of the indicated amount of
preparation of medium with pH = 2. Buffers pH =4 and pH=7 were amoxicillin trihydrate is dissolved in 60 minutes.
prepared from potassium phosphate monohydrate K2HPO4 and
sodium hydroxide NaOH. Buffers pH=9 and pH=11 were prepared The in vitro release profiles of different amoxicillin trihydrate
from sodium hydroxide NaOH and sodium chloride NaCl. samples were compared using similarity factors, F2, as defined by
the following equation12:
Recrystallization procedure
F2=50.log{[1+1/n∑(Rt‐Tt)2]‐0.5.100}
Amoxicillin trihydrate samples were recrystallized from aqueous
solutions at different pH values (2, 4, 7, 9 and 11). Saturated aqueous where n: is the number of time points at which percent of dissolved
solutions of amoxicillin trihydrate with different pH values were drug was determined, Rt: is the % dissolved from the sample at a
prepared by dissolving 3 g of amoxicillin trihydrate in 90 mL of given time point and Tt: is the % dissolved from the sample for
appropriate medium at 80 °C. comparison at the same time point. The similarity factor fits the
result between 0 and 100. It is 100 when the test and reference
The saturated solutions were filtered through Milipore filter with profiles are identical and approaches 0 as the dissimilarity increases.
pore size less than 0.45 mm and the filtrates were kept at 8 °C for a An F2 above 50 indicates that the two profiles are similar.
period of 48 hours. The precipitated crystals were filtered off and
collected after 48 hours. pH measurement
The crystals were spread out on a Petri dish, air‐dried overnight and The pH of a solution of 2 mg/mL amoxicillin trihydrate in distilled
further dried in a vacuum oven, at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) for water (prepared using an ultrasonic bath) was measured using a pH
2 days. The crystals were stored at room temperature before use. meter.
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The measured values using a calibrated pH meter could be pH9 and pH11 resulted in larger crystals than that of untreated
reproduced to 0.02 pH units, as described in the USP30 monograph. samples.
Crystal shape determination for amoxicillin trihydrate The untreated samples of amoxicillin trihydrate which were
obtained from three different suppliers, showed different lengths of
Fluorescence microscope (BRUNEL Microscope Ltd) with a digital amoxicillin trihydrate crystals.
camera along with computer software were used to record the
particle images. Optical images were performed by gently spreading Changes in the length of the original crystals could be due to pH
the powder sample onto the glass stubs. variation of the preparation medium of amoxicillin trihydrate which
differed from one supplier to another9.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Solution pH is among the most important factor affecting amoxicillin
Figure 2 shows the scanning fluorescence micrographs (SFM) of
trihydrate crystal form, which should be carefully monitored based
untreated (starting amoxicillin trihydrate obtained from different
on the United States Pharmacopeia (USP 30) specifications.
suppliers) and treated amoxicillin trihydrate crystals obtained by
recrystallization at different pH values. It is clear from the figure that The relationship between the solution (2mg/ml) pH of amoxicillin
recrystallization of amoxicillin trihydrate at different pH values trihydrate original samples and the length of the crystal was
affected the size of amoxicillin trihydrate crystals. According to investigated.
SFM, the length of amoxicillin trihydrated crystals changed in all
recrystallized samples and had the values between 2.2μm and As in table 1, amoxicillin trihydrate powder subjected to the present
26.4μm. The crystallization medium pH had no significant effect on study had a narrower pH range of 4.29 to 483. However, these
the crystal shape. powders showed a significant variation in physicochemical
characteristics. Despite the fact that USP 30 monograph broadens
Changes in the length of amoxicillin trihydrate crystals could be due the amoxicillin trihydrate solution (2mg/ml) pH range from 3.5 to
to pH alteration or the presence of some additives in the medium13. 6.0, amoxicillin trihydrate powder subjected to the present study
The figures also show a clear difference in size of the treated crystals had a narrower pH range of 4.29 to 4.83. However, these powders
in comparison with untreated material. It can be concluded that showed a significant variation in the physicochemical
crystallization of amoxicillin trihydrate from distilled water at pH7, characteristics.
Table 1: pH values of amoxicillin trihydrate solutions (2mg/ml) that have been obtained from different suppliers.
Supplier's number pH value
1 4.29
2 4.43
3 4.83
Supplier's number: 1 Supplier's number: 2 Supplier's number: 3
Solution pH value:4.29 Solution pH value:4.33 Solution pH value:4.83
Supplier's number: 1 Supplier's number: 2 Supplier's number: 3
Recrystallized at pH2 Recrystallized at pH2 Recrystallized at pH2
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Supplier's number: 1 Supplier's number: 2 Supplier's number: 3
Recrystallized at pH4 Recrystallized at pH4 Recrystallized at pH4
Supplier's number: 1 Supplier's number: 2 Supplier's number: 3
Recrystallized at pH7 Recrystallized at pH7 Recrystallized at pH7
Supplier's number: 1 Supplier's number: 2 Supplier's number: 3
Recrystallized at pH9 Recrystallized at pH9 Recrystallized at pH9
Supplier's number: 1 Supplier's number: 2 Supplier's number: 3
Recrystallized at pH11 Recrystallized at pH11 Recrystallized at pH11
Fig. 2: Optical images of amoxicillin trihydrate crystals using scanning fluorescence microscope
Dissolution profiles of untreated and recrystallized amoxicillin Crystal formation and it's related properties, such as particle size,
trihydrate are shown in Figures 6, 7 and 8. It is clear from the figures crystal length and hydrodynamic conditions during dissolution
that the highest dissolution rate was observed for the crystals influence the dissolution profiles of crystals. The observed effects
recrystallized in media with pH 11 and the lowest dissolution rate have been attributed to the different intrinsic dissolution rates of
was observed for the crystals recrystallized in media with pH 2 different crystals whose relative areas differ from habit to habit and
also to their interaction with the solvent involved 3. It is possible that
(f2<50). Dissolution rate of crystals recrystallized in media with pH
the presence of some additives in the crystal growth medium may
7 was higher than untreated amoxicillin trihydrate crystals as shown block the growth of the higher energy sites of crystal surface, making
in Fig 3, 4 and 5. them less available for active dissolution4.
Dissolution rate of materials could be affected by several factors, These findings suggest that the preparation technique of amoxicillin
including morphology changes, particle size and adsorption of trihydrate control the crystallization pH and the shape of the crystal
additives on the crystal surface2. as a result13.
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120
100
Dis s olution %
80
60
Supplier,s number:3
40
20 pH=7
0
0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 75 90
T im e (m in)
Fig. 3: Dissolution profiles of capsules prepared from untreated and recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate at pH7 of supplier's number 3
F2=71.68.
120
100
Dissolution %
80
60
Supplier,s number:2
40
pH=7
20
0
0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 75 90
T im e (m in)
Fig. 4: Dissolution profiles of capsules prepared from untreated and recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate at pH7 of supplier's number 2
F2=47.919.
120
100
Dissolution %
80
60
Supplier,s number:1
40
pH=7
20
0
0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 75 90
T im e (m in)
Fig. 5. Dissolution profiles of capsules prepared from untreated and recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate at pH7 of supplier's number 1
F2=43.28.
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120
100
pH=2
Dissolution %
80
pH=4
60
pH=7
40 pH=9
pH=11
20
Supplier,s number:3
0
0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 75 90
T im e (m in)
Fig. 6: Dissolution profiles of capsules prepared from untreated and recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate at pH2, 4, 7,9 and 11 obtained
from supplier's No3.
It is clear from the figures 3, 4 and 5 that the dissolution profiles of This can be explained by the presence of different solid forms of the
recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate at pH7 of supplier's number 1 same chemical compound which can exhibit different physical and
and 2 were dissimilar to the dissolution profiles of the original chemical properties including solubility and dissolution profiles.It
samples but the dissolution profile of recrystallized amoxicillin could be suggested that the physicochemical characteristics of
trihydrate at pH7 of supplier's number3 was similar to the amoxicillin trihydrate powder are significantly variable between
dissolution profile of the original sample. different batches from different suppliers12.
120
pH=2
100
Dissolution %
pH=4
80
pH=7
60
pH=9
40
pH=11
20
Supplier,s number:2
0
0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 75 90
T im e (m in)
Fig. 7: Dissolution profiles of capsules prepared from untreated and recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate at pH2, 4, 7,9 and 11 obtained
from supplier's No2.
120
100
pH=2
pH=4 80
pH=7 60
pH=9
40
pH=11
supplier,s No.1 20
0
0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 75 90
Fig. 8. Dissolution profiles of capsules prepared from untreated and recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate at pH2, 4, 7,9 and 11 obtained
from supplier's No1.
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Untreated and recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate samples were in particle sizes from less than 45μm to more than 1 mm and the
sieved by electromagnetic sieve shaker which contains eight sieves particle size distribution are different from one sample to another.
for 10 minutes. The results have shown that these samples differed The results are shown in figures 9, 10 and 11
Fig. 9: Particle size distribution of untreated and recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate obtained from supplier's number 1
Fig. 10: Particle size distribution of untreated and recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate obtained from supplier's number 2
Fig. 11: Particle size distribution of untreated and recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate obtained from supplier's number 3
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Figures 9, 10 and 11 show that recrystallized amoxicillin trihydrate and cohesiveness of materials because all of these can influence the
at pH 11 and 9 contain small particles more than amoxicillin observed Compressibility index. The Compressibility index and the
trihydrate recrystallized at pH 2 and 4. Therefore, the flowability of Hausner ratio are determined by measuring both the bulk density
these powders could be estimated to study the effect of different and the tapped density of a powder.
particle size distribution on the powder flow.
For the Compressibility index and the Hausner ratio, the generally
The Compressibility index has been proposed as indirect measure of accepted scale of flowability as described in the USP30 monograph is
bulk density, particle size and shape, surface area, moisture content given as follows:
Table 2: The accepted criteria for compressibility index and the Hausner ratio
Hausner ratio Flow character Compressibility index (CI)%
1.00‐1.11 Excellent <10
1.12‐1.18 Good 11‐15
1.19‐1.25 Fair 16‐20
1.26‐1.34 Passable 21‐25
1.35‐1.45 Poor 26‐31
1.46‐1.59 Very poor 32‐37
>1.60 Very, very poor >38
Table 3: Compressibility index and Hausner ratio values of amoxicillin trihydrate samples
Amoxicillin trihydrate Bulk density Tapped Density Compressibility index Hausner Flow
samples (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (CI)% Ratio character
Supplier's N0.1 0.64 0.8 20 1.25 Fair
pH=2* 0.63 0.78 19.2 1.23 Fair
pH=4* 0.62 0.79 21.5 1.27 Passable
pH=7* 0.61 0.8 23.7 1.3 Passable
pH=9* 0.6 0.8 25 1.33 Passable
pH=11* 0.4 0.73 45.2 1.8 Very, very
poor
Supplier's N0.2 0.65 0.81 19.7 1.2 Fair
pH=2** 0.63 0.79 20.25 1.25 Fair
pH=4** 0.62 0.8 22.5 1.29 Passable
pH=7** 0.63 0.79 20.25 1.25 Fair
pH=9** 0.6 0.79 24.05 1.31 Passable
pH=11** 0.39 0.72 45.8 1.84 Very, very
poor
Supplier's N0.3 0.63 0.79 20.25 1.25 Fair
pH=2*** 0.61 0.78 21.79 1.27 Passable
pH=4*** 0.62 0.79 21.51 1.27 Passable
pH=7*** 0.63 0.8 21.25 1.26 Passable
pH=9*** 0.6 0.78 23.07 1.3 Passable
pH=11*** 0.4 0.71 43.66 1.77 Very, very
poor
*Amoxicillin trihydrate obtained from supplier's NO.1 and recrystallized at different pH values.
**Amoxicillin trihydrate obtained from supplier's NO.2 and recrystallized at different pH values.
***Amoxicillin trihydrate obtained from supplier's NO.3 and recrystallized at different pH values.
The flowability results in Table 3 showed that the recrystallized particles increase in size, mechanical or physical properties of
amoxicillin trihydrate at pH 11 was very poor in comparison to particles and their packing become important.
amoxicillin trihydrate recrystallized at pH 2, 4, 7, 9 and untreated
amoxicillin trihydrate powder. As evident from the Table 3, there were no significant differences in
flow character between recrystallized materials in different pH
The flow properties of a material result from a number of forces. media (2,4,7 and 9), but a different value was obtained at pH 11. It
Solid particles attract one another and forces acting between was mainly due to differences in the particle size distribution.
particles when they are in contact are predominately surface forces.
There are many types of forces that can act between solid particles: CONCLUSIONS
(i) frictional forces, (ii) surface tension forces, (iii) mechanical forces Amoxicillin Trihydrate samples recrystallized from aqueous
caused by interlocking of particles of irregular shape, (iv) solutions at pH7 and pH9 appear to have superior solubility and
electrostatic forces, (v) cohesive or van der Waals forces. All of these physicochemical properties compared to the original amoxicillin
forces can affect the flow properties of a solid. In case of fine trihydrate samples. Amoxicillin Trihydrate recrystallized at pH11
particles (≤ 125μm), the magnitude of frictional and van der Waals showed higher dissolution rates and very, very poor flow character
forces usually predominate. For larger particles (>125μm), frictional compared to samples recrystallized at pH 2, pH4 , pH7 and the
forces normally predominate over van der Waals forces 3. Also, as original amoxicillin trihydrate samples.
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