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Autonext Study Material 5 (Exhaust System) PDF

The document discusses the exhaust system of vehicles. It aims to reduce pollutants from vehicles that are harmful to both the environment and human health. The main components of an exhaust system are the exhaust manifold, oxygen sensor, catalytic converter, resonators, and EGR system. Stricter emission standards have been implemented in India over time to regulate the amount of pollutants vehicles can emit.

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122 views8 pages

Autonext Study Material 5 (Exhaust System) PDF

The document discusses the exhaust system of vehicles. It aims to reduce pollutants from vehicles that are harmful to both the environment and human health. The main components of an exhaust system are the exhaust manifold, oxygen sensor, catalytic converter, resonators, and EGR system. Stricter emission standards have been implemented in India over time to regulate the amount of pollutants vehicles can emit.

Uploaded by

spider Man
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AutoNext

(A UNIT OF ENGINEER’S HERITAGE TRUST)

STUDY MATERIAL
EXHAUST SYSTEM
Page no. 2 Study Material- 5 [Exhaust system]

STUDY MATERIAL -1

EXHAUST SYSTEM

INDEX
SL. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO
1. EXHAUST SYSTEM
3
2. COMPONENTS OF EXHAUST SYSTEM
5
3. EXHAUST MANIFOLD
5
4. O2 SENSOR
6
5. CATALYTIC CONVERTER
6
6. RESONATOR
7
7. E.G.R SYSTEM
8

By - AUTO-NEXT Website: www.groupautonext.com


Page no. 3 Study Material- 5 [Exhaust system]

EXHAUST SYSTEM:
Emission control on cars and trucks have
one purpose i.e. to reduce amount of
pollutants and environmentally
damaging substances released by
vehicles. The consequences of pollutants
are dangerous. The air we breathe and
water we drink may become
contaminated with chemicals that
adversely affect our health.

The pollutants of concern are soot (thick carbon particles), carbon


monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Hydro carbon emissions are caused largely by unburned fuel from


combustion chambers, and can also originate from evaporative sources
such as a petrol tank. CO emissions are a by-product of combustion
process and they result from incorrect air/fuel mixtures. NOX emissions
are caused when cylinder temperatures exceed 1371 degree centigrade;
in this case, nitrogen and oxygen combine to form NOx.

All these components are harmful in their own way and thus are subject
to government scrutiny.

By - AUTO-NEXT Website: www.groupautonext.com


Page no. 4 Study Material- 5 [Exhaust system]

Emission Standards
There are laws on emission standards which limit each pollutant in the
exhaust gas emitted by the automobile engines.

The European emission standards are called Euro norms. In India Euro I
emission norms were implemented in New Delhi from June 1999 and Euro II
norms have taken effect from April 2000 throughout India. All the
manufacturers need to comply with these regulations.

By - AUTO-NEXT Website: www.groupautonext.com


Page no. 5 Study Material- 5 [Exhaust system]

Emission Norms in India


It was in 1991 that first time emission norms were introduced in India for
petrol cars; diesel cars followed in 1992. From then onwards, new
cars manufactured in India had to adhere to these standards; their exhaust
fumes could not contain more than specified quantity of pollutants.

These standards were compounded with the implementation of mandatory


catalytic converters in 1995 for the 4 Metro cities, thus reducing pollution
further.

From 2000, India introduced stricter Emission standards modeled on the


European ones. This meant the birth of Bharat Norms, with the first set of
norms known as Bharat Stage II, followed by BS III, and BS IV (BS I was the
earlier, Indian standard).

Components of Exhaust System

 Exhaust Manifold
 Oxygen Sensor (Petrol engines)
 Catalytic Converter
 Main Resonator
 Tail Resonator
 Tail Pipe
 EGR

 Exhaust Manifold
Exhaust manifold is a tube for
carrying the burnt gases away from
the engine cylinders.

By - AUTO-NEXT Website: www.groupautonext.com


Page no. 6 Study Material- 5 [Exhaust system]

 O2 Sensor

The oxygen sensor is used in the


petrol vehicles which measures the
amount of oxygen still present in
the exhaust gas and transmits this
information to ECU in the form of
voltage. Accordingly the injection
quantity will be corrected by the
ECU.

 Catalytic Converter

Catalytic converter converts the


pollutant gases present in the exhaust
gas into non pollutant gases through
chemical reaction. It works between 650
and 800 degree Celsius. If the
temperature is beyond 1000 degree
Celsius the catalytic converter will melt.
Rhodium and platinum or palladium
plates are used in the catalytic
converter.

By - AUTO-NEXT Website: www.groupautonext.com


Page no. 7 Study Material- 5 [Exhaust system]

There are three types of catalytic converters:


 Oxidation catalyst
 Dual-bed catalyst
 Three way catalytic converter

The three-way catalyst is effective in a wide variety of engine applications


and fuels, including natural gas, propane and gasoline. It converts all three
pollutants such as CO, HC and NOx into non poisonous ones. A closed loop
air-fuel ratio controller (O2 Sensor) is required for the three-way catalyst to
work effectively.

Oxidation catalyst is generally used in diesel engines in combination with


EGR. Dual bed catalyst is the improved version of oxidation catalyst and is
fitted one behind the other.

 Resonator

Resonator is also known as silencer


or muffler fitted in a vehicle to
reduce the temperature, the pressure
and the sound of the exhaust gas.
There are two types of resonators;
straight type and maze type. Maze
type has more effective sound
absorption ability but has flow
resistance. The straight muffler has
more enhanced output but has more
sound.

By - AUTO-NEXT Website: www.groupautonext.com


Page no. 8 Study Material- 5 [Exhaust system]

 E.G.R System
(Exhaust Gas Recirculation)
This is an emissions control
technology whereby the oxides of
nitrogen will be reduced to
minimum in the tail pipe.

The core of the EGR system is an


exhaust gas recirculation valve
fitted to the intake manifold and is
connected to the exhaust manifold
through a duct. The integration of
exhaust and inlet ducts allows
exhaust gases to be re-circulated
into the cylinder which reduces the
peak temperature of the engine.

The EGR valve is vacuum operated and is actuated by ECU through a vacuum
modulator. The ECU actuates the vacuum modulator as per the signals received
from various sensors such as engine speed sensor, TPS and ECT sensor.

Higher than normal NOX emissions may be caused by

 An overheated engine
 Lean air/fuel mixtures
 Vacuum leaks
 Over advanced ignition timing
 Defective EGR system

By - AUTO-NEXT Website: www.groupautonext.com

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