𝟏

(Time: 𝟐 𝟐 hours)
[Marks: 75]
Please check whether you have got the right question paper.
N. B.: (1) All questions are compulsory.
(2) Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary and state the assumptions made.
(3) Answers to the same question must be written together.
(4) Numbers to the right indicate marks.
(5) Draw neat labeled diagrams wherever necessary.
(6) Use of Non-programmable calculator is allowed.

1. Attempt any three of the following: 15

a. What is a mathematical model? With the help of a flow chart , explain the of solving an
engineering problem ?

……1.1

where the dependent variable is a characteristic that usually reflects the behavior or state
of the system; the independent variables are usually dimensions, such as time and space,
along which the system’s behavior is being determined; the parameters are reflective of the

1
 system’s properties or composition; and the forcing functions are external influences acting
upon the system.
The actual mathematical expression of Eq. (1.1) can range from a simple algebraic relationship
to large complicated sets of differential equations. For example, on the basis of
his observations, Newton formulated his second law of motion, which states that the time
rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the resultant force acting on it. The
mathematical
expression, or model, of the second law is the well-known equation
F = ma …… (1.2)
where F = net force acting on the body (N, or kg m/s2), m = mass of the object (kg), and
a = its acceleration (m/s2).
b. Create a hypothetical floating-point number set for a machine that stores information using 7-
bit words. Employ the first bit for the sign of the number, the next three for the sign and the
magnitude of the exponent, and the last three for the magnitude of the mantissa.

Figure 3.8

2
c. Suppose that you have the task of measuring the lengths of a bridge and a rivet and come up
with 9999 and 9 cm, respectively. If the true values are 10,000 and 10 cm, respectively, compute
(i) the true error and (ii) the true percent relative error for each case.

d. Use zero- through fourth-order Taylor series expansions to approximatethe function

𝑓(𝑥) = −0.1𝑥 4 − 0.15𝑥 3 − 0.5𝑥 2 − 0.25𝑥 + 1.2
from xi = 0 with h = 1. That is, predict the function’s value at xi+1 = 1.

Because we are dealing with a known function, we can compute values for
f(x) between 0 and 1. The results indicate that the function starts at f (0) = 1.2
and then curves downward to f (1) = 0.2. Thus, the true value that we are trying to predict
is 0.2.
The Taylor series approximation with n = 0 is
f (xi11) = 1.2

e. Compute the condition number for

𝜋 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥̃ = + 0.1 ( )
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥̃ = + 0.01 ( )
2 2

3
f. Explain blunders, formulation errors and data uncertainty.

Blunders:

Formulation Errors:

Data Uncertainty:

2. Attempt any three of the following: 15

a. Find the roots of the equation
𝑥 3 − 12.2𝑥 2 + 7.45𝑥 + 42 = 0
between 11 and 12 using Regula-Falsi method correct upto 4 decimal places.
A

The approximate value of root is 11.20

b. Find the roots of the equation 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 1

near 4 using Newton Raphson method correct up to 4 decimal places.

4
A Use the formula
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′(𝑥)

Answer 3.4256
c. Use the Secant method to find a solution to 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 correct up to 4 decimal places.

Use the formula:

Answer: 0.739085

d. Given log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log 5 = 0.6990 and log 7 = 0.8451. Find the value of
log 47.
A X0=40, log40=1+log4=1+2log2=1.6020=y0
X1=42,log42=log7+log3+log2=1.6234=y1
X2=45,log45=2log3+log5=1.6532=y2
X=47,log47=……………=?=y
X3=49,log49=2log7=1.6902=y3
X4=50,log50=1+log5=1.6990=y4
Applying Lagrange’s interpolation formula(where x=47)
(𝑥−𝑥1)(𝑥−𝑥2)(𝑥−𝑥3)(𝑥−𝑥4) (𝑥−𝑥0)(𝑥−𝑥2)(𝑥−𝑥3)(𝑥−𝑥4)
log47= (𝑥0−𝑥1)(𝑥0−𝑥2)(𝑥0−𝑥3)(𝑥0−𝑥4)y0+(𝑥1−𝑥0)(𝑥1−𝑥2)(𝑥1−𝑥3)(𝑥1−𝑥4)y1+
(𝑥−𝑥0)(𝑥−𝑥1)(𝑥−𝑥3)(𝑥−𝑥4)
( 𝑥2−𝑥0)(𝑥2−𝑥1)(𝑥2−𝑥3)(𝑥2−𝑥4)
𝑦2
(𝑥−𝑥0)(𝑥−𝑥1)(𝑥−𝑥2)(𝑥−𝑥4) (𝑥−𝑥0)(𝑥−𝑥1)(𝑥−𝑥2)(𝑥−𝑥3)
+ (𝑥3−𝑥0)(𝑥3−𝑥1)(𝑥3−𝑥2)(𝑥3−𝑥4)
y3+(𝑥4−𝑥0)(𝑥4−𝑥1)(𝑥4−𝑥2)(𝑥4−𝑥3) 𝑦4
After substituting the values
Log47 = 1.6721
e. The table below gives the value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃. Evaluate 𝑡𝑎𝑛67°20′
𝜃 65° 66° 67° 68° 69°
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2.1445 2.2460 2.3559 2.4751 2.6051
A The difference table is
𝜃 Y = tan𝜃 ∆y ∆2 y ∆3 y ∆4 y
650 2.1445 0.1015 0.0884 0.0023 0.0078
660 2.2460 0.1099 0.0107 0.0101
670 2.3559 0.1192 0.0208
680 2.4751 0.1300
690 2.6051

Taking x0 = 650, u = (65020’-650)/10 = 670.3333-650=2.3333

𝑟
4𝑢
∴ tan67 20 =∑0
0. ’
∆ry0
𝑟!
(2.1333)(1.3333) (2.1333)(1.3333)(0.3333)
= 2.1445+(2.3333)(0.1015)+ (0.0084)+ (0.0023)+
2! 3!
(2.1333)(1.3333)(0.3333)(−0.6667)
(0.0078)
4!
=2.37296
67.3333−67
If we take x0 =670, u= =0.3333
1
(0.3333)(−0.6667)
∴ tan 670.20’ = 2.3559+(0.3333)(0.1192)+ (0.0208)
2!

5
 = 2.3932
Correct value is 2.3945
f. From the table of Bessel function 𝐽𝑛 (1), estimate the value of 𝐽3 (1)
2
n −1 3 1 1 0 1 1 3 1
− − −
4 2 4 4 2 4
𝐽𝑛 (1) -0.4401 0.0447 0.4311 0.6694 0.7652 0.7522 0.6714 0.5587 0.4401
Use Newton’s backward interpolation formula.

3. Attempt any three of the following: 15

a. Solve the following simultaneous equations by Gauss – Jordan elimination method:
2 x1  6 x 2  x3  14
5 x1  x 2  2 x3  29
x3  3 x1  4 x 2  4
A 2 6 −1 𝑥1 −14
[5 −1 2 ] [𝑥2]=[ 29 ]
1 −3 −4 𝑥3 4
Final solution is
x1=3.8620
X2==-3.0689
X3=3.3103
b. Solve the following simultaneous equations by Gauss – Seidel method:
3x1  0.1x 2  0.2 x3  7.85
0.1x1  7 x 2  0.3x3  19.3
0.3x1  0.2 x 2  10x3  71.4
A X1=(7.85+0.1x2+0.2x3)/3
X2=(-19.3-0.1x1+0.3x3)/7
X3=(71.4-0.3x1+0.2x2)/10
First iteration:
X1=2.6166
X2=-2.7945
X3=7.0056
Second Iteration:
X1=2.9905
X2=-2.4996
X3=7.0002
c. 𝑑𝑦
For the set of points (0, 2), (2, -2), (3, -1), evaluate (𝑑𝑥 )
2
x
1 e
2
d. Evaluate 
1
x
dx using trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s 3/8 rule.

Let n =5
(2−1)
Hence h = 5 = 0.2
X0=1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Y0=0.6321 Y1=0.5823 Y2=0.5381 Y3=0.4988 Y4=0.4637 Y5=0.4323

Trapezoidal Rule

6
 = 0.51674

By Simpson’s 3/8 th rule = 0.5110725

dy
e. Solve  x  y ; y(1) = 1 for the interval 1 (0.1) 1.2, using method of Taylor series.
dx
A Y0=x0=1
X1=1.1 y1=?
X2=1.2 y2=?
h=0.1
y’=x+y y’0=2
y”=1+y’ y”0=3
y”’=y” y”’0=3
yiv=y”’ yiv0=3
hence by Taylor series
ℎ𝑦′ ℎ𝑦" ℎ𝑦′′′ ℎ𝑦 𝑖𝑣
y(1.1)=yo+ 0 + 0+ 0
+ 0
+…….
1 2! 3! 4!
Y(1.1)=1.2155
Y(1.2)=1.3486
dy y  x
f. Solve  , where y(0) = 1, to find y(0.1) using Runge-Kutta method.
dx y  x
𝑦−𝑥
f(x,y)=𝑦+𝑥
A
x0=0 y0=1
h=0.1
k1=h.f(x0,y0)= 0.1f(0,1)
k1=0.1
ℎ
k2=hf(x0+ ,y0+k1)
2
k2=0.1 f(0.05,0.2)
k2=0.06
1
k=2(k1+k2)
k=0.08
y1=y0+k
y1=1+0.08
y1=1.08 at x1=0.1

4. Attempt any three of the following: 15

a Fit a straight line to the x and y values in the two rows:
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 0.5 2.5 2.0 4.0 3.5 6.0 5.2

A M=7 which is odd

Let three required set line for best fit be
Y=a+bx ………...1
Normal equations are
∑y=ma+b∑x …….2
∑xy=a∑x+b∑x2 …..3

7
 Consider the table
no
x Y xy X2
1 0.5 0.5 1
2 2.5 5.0 4
3 2.0 6.0 9
4 4.0 16.0 16
5 3.5 17.5 25
6 6.0 36.0 36
7 5.2 36.4 49
∑x =28 ∑y=23.7 ∑xy=118 ∑ X2=140

Substituting in equation (2) & (3) we get

23.7=7a+28b
118.4=28a+140b
Solving we get
a=0.0145
b=0.8428
Required straight line is
y=0.0145+0.8428x
b Fit a second degree parabola for the following:
x 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
y 4.32 4.83 5.27 5.47 6.26 6.79 7.23

The equation of second degree parabola is given by

Y=a+bx+cx2
Normal equations are
∑y=ma+b∑x+c∑x2 …………….(2)
∑xy=a∑x+b∑x2+c∑x3 ……………(3)
∑x2y=a∑x2+∑x3+c∑x4 ………..(4)
Here m=7
x y X2 X3 X4 xy X2y
2.5 4.32 6.25 15.625 39.0625 10.8 27
3 4.83 9 27 81 14.49 43.47
3.5 5.27 12.25 42.875 150.0625 18.445 64.5575
4 5.47 16 64 256 21.88 87.52
4.5 6.26 20.25 95.125 410.0625 28.17 126.765
5 6.79 25 125 625 33.95 169.75
5.5 7.23 30.25 166.375 915.0625 39.765 218.7075

∑x=28 ∑y=40.17 ∑x2=119 ∑x3=532 ∑x4=2476.25 ∑xy=167.5 ∑x2y=737.77

Substituting in 2,3,4 we get
40.17=7a+28b+119c
167.5=28a+119b+532c
737.77=119a+532b+2476.25c
a=2.7557 b=0.4866 c=0.06095
y=a+bx+cx2
y=2.7557+0.4866x+0.06095x2
is the required parabola
c Fit the function 𝑓(𝑥; 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 ) = 𝑎0 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑎1 𝑥 ) to the data:
x 0.25 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.25
y 0.28 0.57 0.68 0.74 0.79

8
 using initial guesses 𝑎0 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎1 = 1. (Use Gauss Newton Method)

d Maximize 50x 100y subject to 10x 5y  2500; 4x 10y  2000; x 1.5y  450and
x  0; y  0
A Maximize Z= 50x + 100y
Subject to
10x+5y≤ 2500 ………….(1)
4x+10y≤ 2000 ………….(2)
X+1.5y≤ 450 …………(3)
9
 And x≥ 0,y≥ 0
Convert the given constraints into equations 10x+5y= 2500 , 4x+10y= 2000 , X+1.5y= 450
Consider 10x+5y= 2500 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
X 0 250
y 500 0

Consider 4x+10y= 2000 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

X 0 500
y 200 0

Consider X+1.5y= 450 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

X 0 450
y 300 0

Feasible region is ABCDA

A(0,0) ,B(0,200) ,C(200,110) D(250,0)
Points Z=50x+100y
A 0
B 20000
C 21000
D 12500
Optimal Value of z is at C
X=200 and Y=110 is optimal solution
e A firm makes two types of furniture – chairs and tables. The contribution for each product as
calculated by the accounting department is Rs. 20 per chair and Rs. 30 per table. Both products
are processed on three machines M1 , M2 and M3 .The time required in hours by each product
and total time available in hours per week on each machine are as follows:
MACHINE CHAIR TABLE AVAILABLE TIME
M1 3 3 36
M2 5 2 50
M3 2 6 60
How should the manufacturer schedule his production in order maximize contribution?
A Maximize Z= 20x+30y
Subject to
3x+3y≤36
5x+2y≤50
2x+6y≤60
Non Negative constraints x≥ 0,y≥ 0

3x+3y≤36 5x+2y≤50 2x+6y≤60

X 0 12 X 0 10
y 12 0 y 25 0 X 0 30
y 10 0

10
 Vertex Z=20x +30y
O=(0,0) 0
A=(0,10) 300
B=(5,8) 340
C=(4,5) 230
D=(10,0) 200
The maximum contribution come upto point b=(5,8) as x=5 and y=8
f An aged person must receive 4000 units of vitamin, 50 units of minerals and 1400 calories a
day. A dietician advises to thrive on two foods F1 and F2 that cost Rs 4 and Rs 2 respectively
per unit of food. It one unit of F1 contains 200 units of vitamins, 1 unit of mineral and 40 calories
and one unit of F2 Contains 100 units of vitamins 2 units of minerals and 40 calories, formulate
a linear programming model to minimize the cost of diet.
A
Product Food F1 Food F2 Requirements
Vitamins 200 100 4000
Minerals 1 2 50
Calories 40 40 1400
Cost/Units 4 2
Z=4x+2y
Subject to
200x+100y≥4000
x+2y≥50
40x+40≥1400
x,y≥0

5. Attempt any three of the following: 15

a. The diameter of an electric cable; say X, is assumed to be a continuous random variable with
p.d. f. 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 ( 1 − 𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
(i) Check that above is p.d.f,
(ii) Determine a number b such that P (X <b) = P (X> b)
A
a) f(x) = 6x(1-x) , 0≤x≤1
(i) f(x)= 6x(1-x)
𝑏 1
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 6𝑥(1 − 𝑥)dx
1
= ∫0 (6𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 )dx
=1
∴ pdf =1
f(x) is pdf.

11
 b) P(x < b) = Integral 0 to b ∫ 6x(1-x) dx
P( x > b) = integral b to 1 ∫ 6x(1-x) dx

∫ 6x(1-x) dx =3x^2-2x^3
3b^2-2b^3 = [3(1)^2-2(1)^3 - 3b^2+2b^3]
3b^2-2b^3 = [ 1-3b^2+2b^3]
6b^2 -4b^3-1=0

b=1/2
b. Define and explain the concept of probability density function.
A Where the continuous probability distribution takes place called as probability distribution function.
Let X be a continuous random variable. The function f|(X) is called the probability density function of x,
if it satisfies the following
i) f(x)≥ 0 xℰ 𝑅
∞
ii) ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Note :
i) If x takes in a<x<b then the function f(x) is such that
ii) 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏
𝑏
iii) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
iv) 𝑖𝑓 (c,d) is an interval contained (a,b) then

𝑑
P(c<x<d) = ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 also P(c≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑑)=P(C<x∑ 𝑑)
𝑑
P(C≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑑) = ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∴ P(X=c) =0=P(X=d)

c. The probability mass function of a random variable X is zero except at the points 𝑖 = 0, 1,2. At
these points it has the values 𝑝 (0) = 3𝑐 3 ,𝑝(1) = 4𝑐 − 10𝑐 2 , 𝑝(2) = 5𝑐 − 1 for some 𝑐 > 0.
(i) Determine the value of c.
(ii) Compute the following probabilities, 𝑃 (𝑋 < 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 (1 < 𝑋 ≤ 2).
(iii) Describe the distribution function and draw its graph.
1
(iv) Find the largest x such that𝐹 (𝑥) < 2.
1
(v) Find the smallest x such that𝐹 (𝑥) ≥ 3.
A

12
** Consider a as c

13
d. What is exponential distribution? Suppose the time till death after infection with Cancer, is
exponentially distributed with mean equal to 8 years. If X represents the time till death after
infection with Cancer, then find the percentage of people who die within five years after
infection with Cancer.
A Exponential distribution:
The exponential probability distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is useful in
describing the time it takes to complete some task. The pdf for an exponential probability
distribution is given by formula below (where µ is the mean of the probability distribution and
e = 2.71828 to five decimal places.
1 −𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝜇 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝜇
The graph for the pdf of a typical exponential distribution is shown below:

The percentage of people who die within five years after infection with cancer is
5
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 5) = 1 − 𝑒 −8 = 1 − 𝑒 −0.625 = 1 − 0.535 = 0.465 𝑖. 𝑒. 46.5 %

14
e. The price for a litre of whole milk is uniformly distributed between Rs. 45 and Rs. 55 during
July in Mumbai. Give the equation and graph the pdf for X, the price per litre of whole milk
during July. Also determine the percent of stores that charge more than Rs. 54 per litre.
A The equation of pdf is
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = = = 0.1 45 < 𝑥 < 55
55 − 45 10
=0 elsewhere
The pdf is shown in the figure below:
pdf
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
45 46 47 48 59 50 51 52 53 54 55

pdf

The probability P(X>54) is shaded in the figure below:

pdf
0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
45 46 47 48 59 50 51 52 53 54 55

pdf

The area of the shaded region is 0.1*1 = 0.1

Hence 0.10 * 100 = 10% of the stores charge more than Rs. 54/- per litre.

f. The monthly worldwide average number of airplane crashes of commercial airlines is 2.2.What
is the probability that there will be (i)more than 2 such accidents in the next month? (ii) more
than 4 such accidents in the next 2 months?

15
A

_____________________________

16