El

ect
ri
cit
y
Cont
ent
s

1. 1Not
es

1. 1.
1El
ect
ri
cit
ycur
rent
,I

2. 1.
2 Pot
ent
ial
dif
fer
enceVandel
ect
romot
ivef
orce,
emf

3. 1.
3Ohm'
sLawandResi
stance

4. 1.
4Rheost
at

5. 1.
5Fact
orsaf
fect
ingr
esi
stanceofawi
re

6. 1.
6El
ect
ri
cCi
rcui
ts

1. 1.
6.1Ser
iesci
rcui
t

2. 1.
6.2Par
all
elci
rcui
t

7. 1.
7Shor
tci
rcui
t

8. 1.
8Combi
nedr
esi
stanceofr
esi
stor
sinser
iesorpar
all
el

9. 1.
9Di
ode

10.1.
10Rect
if
ier

2. 2MCQQuest
ions

1. 2.
1MCQAnswer
s

3. 3St
ruct
uredQuest
ionWor
kedSol
uti
ons

Not
es
El
ect
ri
cit
ycur
rent
,I
  def
inedast
her
ateoff
lowofel
ect
ri
cchar
ge

 Ther
eiselectri
ccur
rentonl
ywhent
her
ear
emov
ing
el
ect
riccharges

 I=Q/t

 wher
eQi st
heamountofchar
gef
lows(
inC)
,
andti
stheti
metaken(
ins)

 SIuni
tisamper
e,A

 Theammet er
,mil
li
ammet er
,andmicr
oammeterare
cur
rent-
measuri
nginst
rumentsandmustbeconnect
ed
i
nseriesint
hecir
cuit

 
Potenti
aldi
ff
erenceVandel
ect
romot
ive
f
orce,emf
 Thepot ent
ialdif
ferenceorvolt
age, Vbetween2points
i
sdef i
nedast hewor kdone,Wi ntaking1Cofpositi
ve
chargefrom thelowerpotent
ialtothepointofhi
gher
potent
ial.

 I
nacircui
t,i
tistheenergysour
cest
hatsuppl
yener
gy,
nott
heelect
riccharges.

 Theenergythatdr
ivest
hef
reeel
ect
ronsar
oundt
he
ci
rcui
tisknownasemf

 Mor
et han1cellcanbeconnect
edi
naci
rcui
t
(
ser
ies/par
all
el)

Cel
lsi
nser
ies

 t
hecombinedemfusedtodri
vetheel
ect
ri
cchar
gesi
s
t
hesum ofal
lthei
ndi
vi
dualcel
l'
semf
  wi
thmorecel
l
s, t
heci
rcui
twi
l
lhav
emor
epowert
o
dr
ivet
heel
ect
ricchar
ges

Cel
lsi
npar
all
el

 thecombinedemfusedt
odri
vetheelectr
icchar
gesi
s
theemfofoneindi
vi
dual
cel
l(eachcell
contri
but
esan
equalamountofemf)

 wi
thmor
ecell
s,theci
rcui
twi
l
lhav
elongert
imet
odr
ive
t
heel
ect
ri
ccharges

Pot
ent
ialdi
ff
erence=wor
kdone/char
get
ransf
err
ed

 V=E/Q

 whereVi
spotent
ial
dif
fer
ence,
Eisener
gy,
Qis
char
gesf
low 

 SIuni
tisv
olt

Exampl
e

Totransfer2Cofchar
gefrom poi
ntsXtoYinanelect
ri
cal
ci
rcuit50Jofener
gyisneeded.Whati
sthepotent
ial
di
fferencebet
weenXandY?

Sol
uti
on

Pot
ent
ial
dif
fer
encebet
weenXandY=50/2=25V

 1voltisdefi
nedasthepotentialdi
ff
erencebet
ween
t
wopoi ntssuchthatonejouleofworkisdonein
t
ransferr
ing1Cofchar gefrom onepointtot
heother
.

 Thevol
tmeterandmill
i
vol
tmeterarevolt
age-measur
ing
i
nstr
umentsandmustbeconnect edinparal
lel
tothe
componentacrosswhi
chthepotenti
aldi
ffer
enceis
bei
ngmeasured.

 Theemfofanel
ectr
icalsour
celi
keabatter
yisequalto
theel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gypr ovi
dedbythesour
ceforevery
coul
ombofchar
gewhi chfl
owsroundthecir
cui
t.

 Theemfofanel ectr
ical
sourcecanal
sobedefi
nedas
thepotent
ial
dif
ferenceacr
osstheter
minal
softhe
sourceinanopencircui
t
Vol
tmeterconnectedi
nparal
lel
Ammeterconnectedinser
ies

Ohm'
sLawandResi
stance
 Ohm'sLawst atesthatthecurr
entI,passingthr
ougha
conductorisdirectl
yproport
ionalt
ot hepotenti
al
dif
fer
ence, Vbet weenitsendsprovi
dedt hatthe
physi
cal conditi
onsandt emperat
ureoft heconduct
or
remainconst ant.

 ar esist
orisaconduct
orwit
hknownv al
ueof
resistance.I
tcanbeusedtocont
rol
(reduce)t
hesi
zeof
cur r
entflowi
nginacir
cui
t.

 Resi
stance,i
sther
efor
eameasureofhowdif
fi
cul
titi
s
fort
hecurrentt
opassthr
ought
hecircui
t.

 V/I=const
ant

 Conduct
orsorresi
stor
swhi
chobeyOhm'
sLawar
e
cal
ledohmic.

 Eg.puremet
al,coppersul
phatesol
uti
onwi
th
copperel
ect
rodes,metalal
loy
  Thosewhi
chdonotobeyOhm'
sLawar
ecal
l
ednon-
ohmic.

 Theresi
stance,
Rofanelectr
ical
componentisdef
ined
astherat
ioofthepot
enti
aldi
ffer
ence,Vacr
ossthe
componenttothecur
rent
,Ifl
owingthr
oughit
.

Exampl
e

Thevolt
ageacrossal
ampisfoundtobe1.
4Vwhent he
cur
renti
nthelampis0.
2A.Cal
culat
ether
esist
anceofthe
l
amp.

Sol
uti
on

Resi
stanceofl
amp,
R=V/I=1.
4/0.
2=7ohm

 Theresi
stancei
sal
sogi
venbyt
hegr
adi
entoft
he
graphVvs.I.
Rheost
at
 avari
abl
eresi
storusedt
ovar
ythecont
rol
ofel
ect
ri
c
cur
rent

 Arheost
atcanbeusedt
ofi
ndt
her
esi
stanceofan
unknownresi
stor
.

 Thev
olt
met
eri
sconnect
edi
npar
all
el

 Usetherheostattoadjustthesi
zeofthecur
rentt
oa
conveni
entvalue.Hence,recor
dthereadi
ngsshownon
theammet erandv ol
tmeter
  adj
ustt
her
heost
att
otake5set
sofr
eadi
ngsofIandV

 Cal
cul
atet
her
esi
stancef
rom t
heequat
ionR=V/I

Fact
orsaf
fect
ingr
esi
stanceofawi
re
1.Lengt
h

 f
orawireofuni
for
m cr
oss-
secti
onalar
ea,the
r
esi
stancei
sdir
ectl
ypr
oport
ionalt
othelengt
hoft
he
wi
re

 hence,
thel
ongert
hewi
re,
thehi
ghert
her
esi
stance

2.Cr
oss-
sect
ionalar
ea

 forawireoff
ixedlength,
itsr
esist
anceisi
nver
sel
y
propor
ti
onalt
ot hecross-
secti
onalarea

 so,
thet
hinnert
hewi
re,
thehi
ghert
her
esi
stance

3.Mat
eri
al

 r
esi
stancedependsont
heki
ndofsubst
ance

 copperi
sagoodconduct
orandi
susedf
orconnect
ed
wir
es

 ni
chromehasmorer
esi
stanceandi
susedi
nthe
heat
ingel
ement
sofel
ect
richeat
er

4.Temper
atur
e

 f
ormetall
icwir
es,astemper
atur
eincr
eases,
the
r
esi
stanceincr
eases

 butforsomemat er
ial
sli
kesil
iconandgermanium as
temperatur
eincr
eases,t
heresist
ancedecr
eases

El
ect
ri
cCi
rcui
ts
Anelectr
icci
rcui
tisacompleteorcl
osedpatht
hroughwhich
elect
ri
cchargesfl
owfrom oneter
minalofanel
ectr
ical
source
totheother
,passi
ngthroughoneormorecir
cui
tcomponent s.

Ser
iesci
rcui
t

 I
thasonl
yonepat
hfort
hecur
rentt
ofl
ow.
  thesum ofvolt
agesacrossindi
vi
dualcomponentsin
theci
rcuiti
sequaltothevol
tageacrosstheter
minal
s
oftheelect
ri
calsourceort
hewholecircui
t.

 Appl
icat
ion:v
olt
agedi
vi
der

Par
all
elci
rcui
t

 I
thasmor
ethan1pat
hfort
hecur
rentt
ofl
ow

 Thesum ofthecurr
entsfl
owingintheseparat
e
branchesofaparal
l
elcir
cui
tisequaltothecurr
ent
fr
om thesource.

 Appl
icat
ion:el
ect
ri
calhousehol
dconnect
ions

Shor
tci
rcui
t
 Ashor
tci
rcuitoccur
swhenalargecurrentf
lowsduet
o
t
hever
yli
ttl
eornegligi
bler
esi
stanceofthecir
cui
t

 Ashor
tci
rcui
tleadst
o
  over
heat
ingofwi
reswhi
chmaycauseel
ect
ri
c
fi
res

 damageoft heel
ect
ri
calsour
ce(
egbat
try
)and
otherci
rcui
tcomponent
s

 Topr
eventshor
tci
rcui
ts,
usef
use

 
   
  -f
usesbreakthecir
cui
tift
hecur
rentf
lowi
ngt
hrought
hem
exceedthei
rrespect
iver
ati
ngs.

Combinedresi
stanceofr
esi
stor
sin
ser
iesorparal
lel

I
nSer
ies:Ef
fect
iver
esi
stance=R1+R2+R3

Tot
alv
olt
age=V1+V2+V3+.
..

 Appl
icat
ion:v
olt
agedi
vi
der

I
nPar
all
el:Ef
fect
iver
esi
stance

1/
RTOTAL=1/
R1+1/
R2+1/
R3

Tot
alcur
rent=I
1+I
2+I
3+.
..

 Appl
icat
ion:cur
rentdi
vi
der
Di
ode
-Adiodeal
l
owst
heel
ect
ri
ccur
rentt
ofl
owi
nonl
yONE
di
recti
on

 Thefol
lowarrowonthediodesymbolshowst
hati
tis
for
wardbiased-t
hecurr
entflowseasi
ly

 Therev
ersearr
owshowsthatthedi
odei
srev
erse
bi
ased-thecur
renti
snear
lyzero

Rect
if
ier
 i
nadir
ectcurr
entord.
c.circui
t,t
hecurrentonl
yfl
ows
i
nonedir
ecti
on,i
efrom posit
ivetonegati
ve

 i
naal ternat
ingcurrentora.
c.circui
t,thepowersuppl y
canbecont rol
ledinsuchawayt hatthecur r
ent
al
ternatesbetweenf orwar
dandr ev
ersedi r
ections,i
e
fr
om posi t
ivetonegativef
orashor tperiod,thenfrom
negati
v etoposit
iveforanothershortperiod

 si
nceadiodeonlyletscurr
entfl
owi nt
hefor
ward
di
rect
ionandstopsalltherever
securr
ent
,ana.
c.can
bechangedint
oad. c.byusingadiode

 t
heconversi
onofana.
c.i
ntoad.
c.i
scal
l
ed
r
ect
if
icat
ion

 t
hedi
odeusedt
oachi
ever
ect
if
icat
ioni
scal
l
edr
ect
if
ier

 i
nhal f
-waver ect
if
icat
ion,t
hediodeconductsinthe
forwardhalfcycl
eoft hea.
c.(f
orwardbiased)andcuts
offthereversehalfcy
cleofthea.c.(
rev
ersebiased)
MCQQuest
ions
1.Thediagr
am showsthemagnit
udeanddir
ect
ionsoft
he
el
ectr
iccurr
ent
senteri
ngandleavi
ngj
unct
ionX.

Whatwi ll
bet hemagni tudeanddi
rect
ionoft
hecur
renti
nthe
wi
r eXY?
 
   
  magni t
ude    
  directi
on
a.
    
  1A    
     
   
   Xt oY
b.
    
   1A 
      
   
   
  Yt oX
c.
  
   
  
 5A    
    
   
    
 Xt oY
d.
   
  
   5A   
   
  
  
  
  
  
   YtoX
e.
  
  
  
  8A 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  Xt
oY

2.Thedi
agr
am showsaci
rcui
t.

Whatist
her
eadi
ngonv
olt
met
erV2?
a.3V
b.6V
c.9V
d.15V
e.18V

3.Whichquantit
ycanbemeasur
edi
nuni
tsofj
oul
e/coul
omb?
a.charge
b.current
c.potenti
aldi
ff
erence
d.power
e.resi
stance

4.Acurr
entflowsi
nt wor esi
storsconnect
edi
nser
iesas
shown.A1andA2aret hereadingsontheammeter
,V1andV2
aret
hereadingsonthev olt
met er
s.

Whi choft hef oll

owi ngcorrectl
ydescr
ibestheammet
erand
voltmet erreadings?
 
   
 
 
   
   ammet erreadings   
  
 v ol
tmet
erreadi
ngs
a. 
     A1<A2    
   
    
   
   
  V1<V2
b.     A1<A2    
   
    
   
   
  V1>V2
c. 
  
    A1=A2    
   
    
   
   
  V1<V2
d.     A1=A2    
   
    
   
   
  V1=V2
e. 
     A1>A2    
   
    
   
   
  V1=V2

5.Thedi
agr
am showsar
esi
storconnect
edt
oacel
lofe.
m.f
.
2V.
Howmuchheatener
gyi
spr
oducedi
nther
esi
stori
nsi
x
seconds?
a.0.4J
b.2.5J
c.4.
8J
d.10J
e.60J

6.Vrepresent
sapotenti
aldi
ffer
ent,
Iacurr
ent,
Rar esi
stance,
andtat i
me.Whichofthefol
lowinghasuni
tsofenergy
?
a.I
Rt
2
b.IR
c.V/I
d.V2/R
e.VIT

7.Anelect
ri
clampi smarked'240vol
ts150wat
ts'
.I
tisusedon
aringmainsocketmarked'30ampsmaxi mum'
.Whichfusei
s
besttouseinseri
eswiththelamp?
a.40amp
b.30amp
c.13amp
d.3amp
e.1/2amp

8.A40W fluor
escentlampt
urnshal
ftheel
ect
ri
calener
gyi
t
usesint
oli
ghtenergy
.Howmuchl i
ghtdoesi
tgiv
eoutin10s?
a.8J
b.20J
c.200J
d.400J
e.800J

9.Thedi
agr
am showsaci
rcui
t.
Whati st
heef
fect
iver
esi
stanceoft
het
hreer
esi
stor
s?
a.0.
67Ω
b.1.50Ω
c.6.
70Ω
d.15.0Ω
e.108Ω

10.Theear thwiret
oanel
ect
ri
ctoast
ershoul
dbeconnect
edt
o
a.theheatingelement
b.themet alcase
c.t
heON/ OFFswi t
ch
d.theplasti
clegs
e.t
het oast

11.Abat t
erymovesachar
geof60Car
oundacircui
tata
constantrat
einati
meof20s.Whati
sthecur
rentinthe
ci
rcuit
?
a.0.3A
b.3.0A
c.40A
d.80A
e.1200A

12.Whi choft hef ol

lowi ngchangest oawi
rewi
l
ldoubl
eit
s
resistance?
 
    
 cr oss-sect i
onalar ea     
  length
a. 
      
  double    
             
 double
b. 
      
  double    
             
 nochange
c.    
    nochange             
  halve
d.      
  halve   
    
            
 halve
e. 
      
  halv
e       
            
 nochange

13.Aheaterwhichi
stobeusedona250Vmai nsci
rcui
t,hasa
5Afuseinit
splug.Whi
chofthefoll
owingi
sthemostpowerful
heatert
hatcanbeusedwit
hthisfuse?
a.50W
b.250W
c.1000W
d.2000W
e.3000W

14.Whati
sthesmal
l
estt
otal
resi
stancewhi
chcanbeobt
ained
usingonl
ya6Ωr
esi
storanda12Ωr
esi
stor
?
a.2Ω
b.4Ω
c.6Ω
d.8Ω
e.12Ω

15.Whichoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
sauni
tofpot
ent
ial
dif
fer
ence?
a.Watt
b.Ohm
c.Ampere
d.Vol
t

16.Ther esist
ancesoftwowir
esXandYar ei
ntherat
io2:1,
thei
rlengthsareintherat
io1:
2andthei
rdi
ameter
sarealsoin
therati
o1: 2.Therat
iooft
heresi
sti
vi
ti
esofXandYisthen
a.1:
2
b.1:
1
c.2:
1
d.4:
1

17.Alengt
hofr esistancewireisconnectedt otheterminal
sof
acell
.Whichoft hefollowingwoulddecreaset hecurrent
thr
oughthecell?
a.usi
ngacel lwithhigheroutputvol
tage
b.connect
ingani denticalwi
reinparal
leltothef i
rstone
c.usi
ngat hi
ckerwi r
eoft hesamemat er
ialandt hesame
l
ength
d.usi
ngal ongerwireoft hesamemat eri
al andsamet hi
ckness

18.I
nthecir
cui
tbel
ow,t
hep.
d.bet
weenPandQi
s20V.The
p.
d.betweenXandYis

a.10V
b.20V
c.40V
d.120V

19.Athree-
pinisconnect edtotheleadf ora1kW electr
ici
ron
tobeusedona250Vsuppl y.Whichoft hefoll
owingstat
ements
i
snotcor r
ect?
a.thef
useshoul dbef i
ttedintheli
v el
ead
b.thel
ivewireiscolouredbrown
c.A13Af useisthemostsui tabl
er ati
ngt ouse
d.theyel
lowandgr eenwi reshouldbeconnect edtotheear
th
pin
20.At or
chbul
btakesacurr
entof0.4Af
rom a3Vsuppl
yfor2
minutes.Howmuchelect
ri
calener
gyisused?
a.2.4J
b.45J
c.57.6J
d.144J

21.Aplugconnectedt oat abl

elampcont ai
nsa3Af
use.Whyi
s
thefuseused?
a.toreducethevolt
ageacr ossthelamp
b.toprotectthewir
ingfrom overheat
ing
c.tomakei teasi
erforthecurrenttofl
ow
d.toreducethecurrentthatfl
owst hr
oughthel
amp

22.Whyi select
ri
cit
ytransmitt
edalongpowerl
i
nesatveryhi
gh
vol
tages?
a.toreduceresi
stanceoft hecabl
es
b.sothattransf
ormerscanbeused
c.toensurethatthecurrenti
sthesameallt
hewayalongthe
powerlines
d.toreducelossofenergy

23.Asmallheateroper
atesat12V,
2A.Howmuchener
gywi
l
lit
usewhenitisrunfor5mi nut
es?
a.30J
b.120J
c.1800J
d.7200J

24.A1.0Ωresi
storanda2.0Ωresi
storar
econnect
edinser
ies
acrossa12Vd.c.suppl
y.Whati
sthecurr
enti
nthecir
cui
t?
a.0.25A
b.4.0A
c.6.0A
d.12A

25.Inana. c.el
ectr
iccir
cuiti
nahouse, theswitchf orany
deviceisalwaysconnectedtot he'
li
ve'l
ead.Whyi sthis?
a.nocur r
enteverflowsintheneutrall
eadoft hedev ice
b.thedevicewillbeshortedi
ftheswi t
chisint heearthlead
c.thedevicecannev erbeswitchedoffift
heswi tchisi nthe
neutrall
ead
d.thedevicecanonl ybeisol
ated(madesaf e)iftheswi tchi
sin
thelivel
ead

26.Thep.d.betweentheendsofaconduct
oris12V.How
muchelectri
calener
gyisconver
tedt
ootherformsofener
gyi
n
theconductorwhen100Cofchargefl
owsthroughi
t?
a.0.
12J
b.8.
3J
c.88J
d.1200J

27.Acombinedbat
hroom uni
tofaheaterandalampis
cont
rol
ledbyoneswit
ch.Theunitcont
ainsa2kW heat
eranda
100W l amp.I
noneweek,t
helampuses1kWhofel
ect
ri
cal
energy.Howmuchelect
ri
calener
gyi
susedbyt
heheat
er
alone?
a.2kWh
b.4 kWh
c.10 kWh
d.20 kWh

28.Anelectri
calket
tlei
spluggedinandswi t
chedon.Thef use
i
ntheplugbl owsimmedi at
ely
.Whi chsingl
ef aultcoul
dcause
thi
s?
a.theearthwirei
snotconnectedt othekettl
e
b.thel
ivewi r
eandneutralwir
econnect i
onsi ntheplugare
swappedar ound
c.t
helivewiretouchesthemet al
caseoft heket tl
e
d.thewiresconnectedtotheplugaretoot hi
n

29.Howmuchel
ectri
cchargepassest
hrougha12Vbat
ter
yin
oneminut
ewhenthecur
rentis0.
5A?
a.0.
5C
b.6.
0C
c.30C
d.360C

30.Whenacurr
entof4Afl
owsfor1minutet
hroughalamp,
480Jofener
gyistr
ansf
ormed.Whati
sthepotent
ial
dif
fer
ence
acrosst
hel
amp?
a.2V
b.120V
c.480V
d.1920V

31.A800W ofelectr
ictoast
erhasbeenusedf
or12hoursi
na
monthatacostof$0.20perkWh.Whatisthecostoft
he
el
ectrical
ener
gyusedinamont h?
a.$1.60
b.$1.92
c.$13.33
d.$1920

32.Powerl ossesinthegr
idsystem ar
ereducedby
a.thinwi r
es
b.thickwi r
es
c.highv olt
ages
d.directcurrenti
nst
eadofal
ternat
ingcurr
ent

33.A6Vcellisconnect
edtoa3Ωresi
stor
.Howmuchchar
ge
fl
owsthroughtheresi
stori
n2minut
es?
a.4C
b.9C
c.240C
d.360C

34.Abatt
erydri
ves30Cofchar
ger oundaci
rcui
t.Thet
otal
workdoneis600J.Whati
stheelectr
omoti
vefor
ceofthe
batt
ery?
a.0.05V
b.5V
c.20V
d.300V

35.Api eceofwi re0.4m l

onghasacross-
sectonof2mm2.
i
Whichoft hef oll
owingwiresoft
hesamemat eri
alhashal
fit
s
resi
stance?
 
    Length   
  Ar mm2
ea/
a. 
    0.2 
   
    1.0
b. 
    0.2 
   
    4.0
c. 
    0.8 
   
    4.
0
d. 
    0.8 
   
    8.0

36.Whatist
hesmall
esttot
alresi
stancethatcanbeobt
ained
byusingonl
ya3Ωresi
storanda12Ωr esi
stor
?
a.0.
07Ω
b.2.
4Ω
c.4Ω
d.15Ω

37.Agener at
orpr
oduces100kW ofpoweratapotent
ial
dif
fer
enceof10kV.Thepoweristransmi
ttedt
hroughcablesof
tot
alresi
stance5Ω.Whati
sthepowerlostint
hecable?
a.50W
b.250W
c.500W
d.1000W

38.Ther esi
stanceofacer t
aincircui
telementisdir
ectl
y
proport
ionaltothecurr
entpassi ngthr
oughi t
.Whent hecur
rent
i
s1. 0A,thepowerdissi
patedi s6.0W.Whati sthepower
dissi
patedwhent hecurrentisraisedto2.0A?
a.6.0W
b.12.0W
c.24.0W
d.48.0W

39.Whichoft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
sacor
rectuni
tforel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy?
a.ampere
b.coul
omb
c.j
oule
d.vol
t
e.watt

40.Ahouse- ownerr eplacedaf ai

ledfusefortheli
ghtsofhis
house.Whent heli
ght swer eswit
chedont henewf usealso
fai
led.Thehouse- ownerputanot herfuseinwi t
hahigherrati
ng
thantheprev i
oust wo.Whywast hisnotasensi bl
ethingtodo?
a.fusesonlywor kifther at i
ngisexactlyri
ght
b.usingafusewi tht oohi ghar ati
ngwoul dcauseelectr
ic
shocks
c.higherr
atingfusesonl ywor kforpowerpoints
d.thefusehadal readyf ailedbecauset herat
ingwast oohigh
e.afusewithhi
gherr
ati
ngmi
ghtwor
kbutt
hef
aul
twoul
dnot
becorrect
ed

41.Whyisafuseusedi nanelectr
icalappli
ance?
a.toeart
htheappli
ance
b.toprot
ectt
heappl ianceanditscable
c.t
ochanget heeff
iciencyoftheappl i
ance
d.tochangethecurrentrat
ingoftheappl i
ance
e.t
ochanget hevol
tageoft hesuppl ytotheappl
iance

42.Whenusi ng3-corewi ri
ng(l
iv
e,neut
ral
,ear
thl
eads)
,wher
e
shoul
dt hefusebef it
t ed?
a.onl
yint heli
velead
b.onl
yint heneutrallead
c.onl
yint heeart
hl ead
d.i
neithertheli
veort heneut
rall
ead
e.i
nanyl ead

43.Whichoft hefoll
owinghasv
olt(V)asi
tsuni
t?
a.curr
ent+r esist
ance
b.powerxcur rent
c.rat
eoff l
owofchar ge
d.thechargeinacapaci t
or
e.theelect
romot i
vefor
ceofacell

44.A5kW immer si
onheaterisusedtoheatwaterf
orabath.I
t
takes40minutestoheatupthewater.Howmuchel ect
ri
cal
energyhasbeenconvert
edintother
mal ener
gy?
a.2.0x102J
b.1.2x103J
c.2.0x104J
d.2.0x105J
e.1.2x107J

45.Aresistorisusedinanel ectronicci
rcui
tbuti
tqui
ckl
ybur
ns
out.Whati sthereasonf orthis?
a.afusehasbl ownintheci rcui
t
b.thecurrentflowingistool ow
c.t
her esi
st or
'spowerr ati
ngi stoohi gh
d.theresi
st or
'spowerr ati
ngi stool ow
e.t
hev olt
ageoft hebatter
yi stool ow

MCQAnswer
s

1.b
2.a
3.c
4.c
5.c
6.e
7.d
8.c
9.b
10.b
11.b
12.e
13.c
14.b
15.d
16.b
17.d
18.a
19.c
20.d
21.b
22.d
23.d
24.b
25.d
26.d
27.d
28.c
29.c
30.a
31.b
32.c
33.c
34.c
35.d
36.b
37.c
38.d
39.c
40.e
41.b
42.a
43.e
44.e(ener
gy=powerxt
ime)
45.d

Str
uct
uredQuest
ionWor
ked
Sol
uti
ons
1.Av il
lageis5.00km from thenearestel
ectri
cit
ysubst ati
on.
Twoconduct orsareusedt oconnectthevil
lagetot he
substation.Eachmet relengthofeachconductorhasa
resist
anceof0. 00120Ω.
a.Calculate
i
.thecombi nedresi
stanceoft he2conductorsfrom the
substationtothev i
ll
age
i
i.thepowerl ossintheconduct orswhenthecur rentthrough
them is40.0A

b.Thevolt
agebetweenthe2conductorsi
s6000Vandt he
vol
tagetoeachhouseinthevil
lagei
s240V.
i
.Namet hedevicet
hatisusedtochangethe6000Vsupplyt
o
a240Vsuppl y
i
iExplai
nwhysuchahi ghvolt
ageisusedfort
ransmi
tt
ingthe
el
ect
ri
cit
y

Sol
uti
on
ai
.Resist
anceofa5.00km l
engt
hofconduct
or
=(5.00x103)x0.
00120
=6.00Ω

Theconductorsmustbeconnectedi
nseri
esi
nor
dert
hata
cl
osedcir
cuitcanbefor
med.
Combinedresi
stance=6.
00+6. 00=12.0Ω
2 2
ai
i
.Powerl
ossi
ntheconduct
ors=IR=(
40)x12.
0=19200W

bi
.st
ep-
downt
ransf
ormer

bii.Sinceelect r
icalpower=cur r
entxvol
tage,ahi
ghv ol
tage
usedmeanst hatonlyal owcurr
enti
srequir
ed.Forlowcur r
ent
s
2
thel ossofel ectri
cal powerasheati
nthecables,beingI Ri
s
alsol ow.Besi des,cablesneededtocarr
yal owcurrentcanbe
relativel
ythin, t
husr educingt
hecostoftheconductorused.

2a.Howmuchel ectri
cchar gepassest
hrougha12Vbat t
eryin
1.0swhenthecurrentis1.0A?
2b.Howmuchener gyistr
ansferr
edbya12Vbat t
eryin1.0s
whenthecurrenti
s1. 0A?
2c.Thefi
gureshowsabat ter
yofe.m.f
.12Vconnect edin
seri
eswit
ha0. 50Ωr esist
orandlampsofr esi
stance2.5Ωand
2.0ohm.

i
.calculatethecurr
enti
nthecir
cuit
i
i.cal
culatethevolt
ageacrossthe3.
0Ωl amp
i
ii
.calculatethepowerdev
elopedinthe3.0Ωl
amp

Sol
uti
ons

2a.char
ge=I
t=1.
0x1.
0=1.
0C
2b.ener
gyt
ransf
err
ed=VI
t=12x1.
0x1.
0=12J

2ci
.tot
alr
esi
stance=0.
5+3.
0+2.
5=6Ω

cur
rent-
->I=V/
R=12/6=2A

2ci
i
.vol
tage=I
R=2x3.
0=6V

2ci
i
i.Power=I
V=2x6=12W

3.Thefigureshowsacir
cuitcont
aini
ngabat
ter
yofe.
m.f
.
3.00V,
ar esist
orofr
esi
stance12.0Ωandaswit
chS.

Whenswi tchSisclosed,whati sthe

a.curr
entthroughthecircuit
b.chargepassingthrought hebatteryi
n1.
00s
c.energyoutputi
nt heresistori
n1. 00s

Sol
uti
ons

3a.cur
rent
,I=V/R=3/12=0.
25A

3b.char
ge= cur
rentxt
ime= 0.
25x1=0.
25C

3C.ener
gy=VI
t=3x0.
25x1=0.
75J

4.Thediagr
am showsthree6-Vfil
amentl ampsconnectedt o
a12-Vsupplyofnegl
igi
blei
nternalresi
stance.Theresi
stance
ofeachlampisshownont hediagram.Thecur rentt
hrough
thebat
teryi
s2.00A.
a.determi
net hecurr
entthrougheachlamp
b.cal
culatethevolt
ageacrosseachl amp
c.l
ampLi st akenfr
om itssocket.St
ateandexpl
ainwhat
happenstothebr i
ghtnessoflampM andwhathappenst othe
bri
ghtnessoflampN.
d.LampLi snowr eplacedinit
ssocketandlampM istaken
fr
om itssocket.St
ateandexpl ai
nwhathappenstothe
bri
ghtnessoflampLandwhathappenst ot
hebri
ghtnessof
l
ampN.

Sol
uti
ons

4a.cur
rentt
hrought
he3Ωl
amp=2A

cur
rentt
hrougheachoft
he6Ωl
amps=1A

4b.v
olt
ageacr
osst
he3Ωl
amp=3x2=6V

v
olt
ageacr
osseachoft
he6Ωl
amps=6x1=6V

4c.bot
hlampsM andNwil
lnotl
ightupsi
ncet
her
emov
alof
l
ampLwi ll
causet
heci
rcui
ttobeopened
2
4d.t
hebri
ghtnessofthel
ampdependsoni tspower=I R.
LampLwillbedimmersincet
hecurrentpassi
ngthr
oughitis
now1.33A.(curr
ent=12/9=1.33A)

Thisdecreaseincur
renti
sduetot
heincreasei
ntheresult
ant
resist
ance(from 6Ωto9Ω).However
,lampNwi l
lbebright
er
sincethecurr
entthr
oughiti
snowmoret han1A.

5.Anisol
atedfar
mhousehasitsownelect
ri
calgener
ator
whichsuppli
esanout
putvol
tageof250Vtoeachofthe
f
oll
owi
ngci
rcui
ts.

Cir
cui
tA:al
ight
ingci
rcui
tcont
aini
ng8l
ampseachr
atedat
250V,
150W

Ci
rcui
tB:aci
rcui
tforanel
ect
ri
ccookerr
atedat250V,
6.0kW

Foreachcir
cuit
,
a.deter
minethemaximum curr
ent
b.suggestasui
tabl
efuser
ating

Sol
uti
ons

Ci
rcui
tA

5a.maxi
mum cur
rent=8(
P/V)=8(
150/
250)=4.
8A

Si
ncethelampsar
econnect
edi
npar
all
el,
tot
alcur
rent=sum of
i
ndiv
idual
lamps

5b.sui
tabl
efuser
ati
ngi
s5A

Ci
rcui
tB

5a.maxi
mum cur
rent=P/
V=6000/
250=24A

5b.sui
tabl
efuser
ati
ngi
s30A

6.Abatt
eryhasane.m.f
.of4.0Vandnegli
gibl
eresist
ance.
a.Whatdoesthi
stel
lyouabouttheworkdonebyt hebatt
eryi
n
dri
vi
ng1coulombofchargearoundaclosedcir
cuit?

b.Whenar esistori
sconnectedacrosstheterminal
soft he
battery,
acur r
entof0. 20Aispassed.
i
.whati sthetimet akenfor1.0Cofchargetopassagi ven
pointinthecircuit
?
i
i.calculat
ether ateatwhichheatisproducedintheresi
stor

Sol
uti
ons

6a.wor
kdone=6J

6bi
.ti
me,
t=Q/
I=1/
0.2=5s

6bi
i.r
ateofheatpr
oduced=ener
gydi
ssi
pat
ed/
ti
me=4/
5=
0.
8W

7.Anel ect
riclampismarked"250V,100W"andanimmer
sion
heaterismar ked"250V,
2kW"
a.calculat
et hecurr
enti
neachdevicewhenoperat
ing
normally.

bi
.expl
ainwhyt
hef
il
amentoft
hel
ampi
smadet
ohav
ea
l
argerresi
stancet
hant
heheat
ingel
ementoft
hei
mmer
sion
heater

bi
i.suggestareasonwhythefi
lamentismadeofametalwi
th
amuchhi ghermelti
ngpoi
ntthanthatoft
heelement

ci
.theheatcapaci
tyofthefi
lamentofthel
ampi
sver
ysmal
l.
St
ateonereasonwhyt hisi
sanadv ant
age

cii
.expl
ainwhythewir
econnect
ingt
heimmersi
onheatert
o
thesupplyremai
nscoolev
enwhentheheat
erhasbeeninuse
forsomet i
me

Sol
uti
ons

7a.cur
renti
nlamp=power
/V=100/
250=0.
4A

cur
renti
nheat
er=power
/V=2000/
250=8A

7bi.t
hepoweroft
hel
ampi
ssmal
lwher
east
hepoweroft
he
heateri
slar
ge.

7bi
i.sothatthef
ilamentwouldnotbeeasil
ymeltedathi
gh
operat
ingtemperatur
e.theheat
erelementwil
lnotri
seabov
e
100oC

7ci.t
hesmallheatcapaci
tyal
lowst hefil
amenttoincreasei
n
temperat
urerapi
dlywit
hmi ni
mal heat.Inthi
sway,thefil
ament
becomesv er
yhotandemi tsl
ightinav eryshor
tti
me

6ci
i.t
heconnect
ingwir
eshavelowresi
stanceandar
erel
ati
vel
y
thi
ck,t
her
ebyproduci
ngli
tt
leheat

8.Abat t
eryischargedfor6hoursusingacurrentof0.50A.
Calcul
ate
a.thetotalchargewhichfl
owsthroughthebat t
ery
b.thewor kdoneinpassingthi
schargethrought hebatt
eryi
f
theaveragev ol
tagebetweenthebatt
eryterminalsduri
ng
chargi
ngi s11.0V

Sol
uti
ons

8a.char
ge,
Q=I
t=0.
5x6x3600=10800C

8b.wor
kdone=QV=10800x11=118800J

9a.Anelectri
cgenerat
orisconnectedbycabl
estoasmall
factor
y.Giv
ent hatt
heoutputpowerofthegener
atori
s40kW
at5000Vandt hatthetot
alresi
stanceoft
hecabl
esis0.5Ω,
calcul
ate

i
.thecur
renti
nthecabl
es
i
i.t
hevol
tagedropi
nthecabl
es
i
ii
.thepowerl
ossi
nthecabl
es

Whathappenst
othi
s'l
ost
'power
?

9b.ift
hesamepowerhadbeensuppliedat250V,t
hecurr
ent
thr
ought hesamecabl
eswouldhavebeen20timesgreat
er.
Calcul
atethepowerl
ossundert
hesecir
cumstances

9c.expl
ainwhypowerisbet
tert
ransmi
tt
edatahi
ghv
olt
age
rat
herthanalowvol
tage.

Sol
uti
ons

9ai
.cur
renti
ncabl
es,
I=P/
V=40000/
5000=8A

9ai
i
.vol
tagedr
opi
ncabl
e,V=I
R=8x0.
5=4V
2
9ai
i
i.powerl
osti
ncables,P=I R=82x0.
5=32W
Thi
s'l
ost'
poweri
sdissipat
edasheattot
hesur
roundi
ngs
2
9b.powerl
ost
,P=IR=1602x0.
5=12800W

9c.atahi
ghv
olt
age,
alowcur
renti
srequi
red.

9ci
.powerl
ossi
ntr
ansmi
ssi
oncabl
esi
ssmal
l

9ci
i
.onl
ythi
ncabl
esar
eneeded,
thusi
tismor
eeconomi
cal

10.Anumberof8Ωr esi
storsareav
ail
abl
e.I
nthespaces
below, drawdi
agramst oshowhowy oucoul
dconnecta
suitablenumberoftheseresist
orst
ogiveanef
fect
ive
resistanceof
a.24Ω
b.4Ω
c.18Ω

Sol
uti
ons

10a.

10b.
10c.

11.Theelementofanelectr
icalheat
erhasapowerrati
ngof
1150W whenusedona230Vsuppl y.Calcul
atet
hecostof
operati
ngtheheat
erfor3.0hoursifthecostof1kWhof
energyis6.
0p.

Measurement
sindi
catedthat92000Jofener
gyweregi
venout
bytheheat
erel
ementinapar ti
cul
arperi
odofti
me.What
quant
it
yofchargepassedthroughtheel
ementdur
ingt
hat
ti
me?

Sol
uti
ons

el
ect
ri
cal
ener
gydi
ssi
pat
edi
n3hour
s=Pt=1.
15x3=3.
45
kWh

costat6pperkWh=3.
45x6=20.
7p

Energy=QV
92000=Qx230
Q=92000/230=400C

12.At
orchuses3cel
ls,
eachofe.
m.f
.1.
5Vandnegl
igi
ble
i
nternalresistance,t
ol i
ghtalampr at
ed4.5V,
0.5A.I
nthe
spacebel owdr awaci rcui
tdiagr
am ofthecel
lsandl
amp
whent het orchisswitchedon.Calculat
e
a.theresistanceofthef il
amentofthelampwhenlit
b.thechar gef l
owingthroughthefil
amentofthel
ampper
minute

Sol
uti
ons

12a.r
esi
stance=V/
I=4.
5/0.
5=9Ω

12b.Quant
it
yofchar
ge=I
t=0.
5x60=30C

13.El
ect r
icalpowermaybet ransmit
tedthr
oughasystem
usi
nghi ghalternati
ngvol
tages.St
atetheadvant
agesgai
ned
byusing
a.hi
ghv oltages
b.al
ternatingvoltages

Sol
uti
ons

13a.t
helossofener
gyasheatint
hecabl
eissmal
l
.theuseof
thi
ncabl
esismoreeconomical

13b.thevol
tagecanbesteppedupatthepowerstat
ionand
steppeddownattheconsumerend,usi
ngtransf
ormers

14.Anel ectri
cheateri
sconnected,thr
oughacor r
ectlywir
ed3
-pi
nplug, t
oamai nssupplysocket.Explai
nbri
efl
y
a.thefunctionoftheeart
hwire
b.whyt hefuseisconnectedtothelivewirer
atherthanthe
neutr
alwi re

Sol
uti
ons

14a.t heearthwireisconnectedtothemet alcasi

ng.Shouldan
electri
calfaultdevel
opandt heli
vewireisnowconnect edtothe
met alcasi
ng, ahighcurrentnowflowstoear t
h.Thiswill
cause
thef usetoblowandaper sonwoul dnotrecei
veanyelectri
c
shockf rom touchingthecasing
14b.theli
veleadisatahi ghalt
ernati
ngv olt
agewhereasthe
neutralwi
reisat0V.Ifthefuseisconnect edtotheli
vel
eadand
blows,theci
rcui
twi l
lbedisconnectedfrom thehighvol
tage.I
f
thefuseisconnectedtotheneutralwireandbl ows,t
hecircui
t
i
sst i
ll"
li
ve"

15.Thebat
teryint
hecircuitbel
owhasane.
m.f
.of16Vand
negl
igi
blei
nter
nalresi
stance

Cal
culat
e
a.t
hecombi nedresi
stanceoft
het
woresist
orsconnect
edi
n
par
all
el
b.t
hecurrentfl
owingthrought
he8ohm r
esist
ors

Sol
uti
ons

15a.combi
nedr
esi
stance=1/
(1/
36+1/
18)=12Ω

15b.cur
rent
,I=V/
R=16/
(8+12)=0.
8A

16.Abatter
yofe.m.f
.9.0Vandinter
nalr
esi
stance1.
5Ωi s
connect
edinseri
eswitharesist
orandacurr
ent0.5Apasses
thr
oughtheresi
stor
.Calcul
ate

a.ther
esist
anceoft
heresi
stori
nthecircuit
b.thet
otalrat
eatwhi
chchemicalener
gyi str
ansf
ormedby
thebat
tery

Sol
uti
ons

16a.p.
d.acr
osstheint
ernal
resi
stance=0.5x1.
5=0.
75V
p.
d.acrosst
heresi
stor=9-0.75=8. 25V
Resi
stance=V/I=8.
25/0.5=16.5Ω

16b.t
otal
rat
eofheatt
ransf
ormat
ion=I
V=9x0.
5=4.
5W

17.t
hefi
gur
eshowsabatter
yofe.m.f.6.0Vconnect
edt oa
swit
chSandtot
woresi
storsinpar
all
el,eachofresi
stance3.
0
Ω.
Theswit
chSi scl osedf or5.
0mi nutes.Cal
cul
ate
a.t
hecurrentthrougheachr esi
stor
b.t
hecurrentthrought hebat t
ery
c.t
hetotalchargewhi chpassest hroughthebat
ter
y
d.t
heenergysuppl iedbyt hebatter
y

Sol
uti
ons

17a.cur
rent
,I=V/
R=6.
0/3.
0=2.
0A

17b.cur
rentthr
oughbat
ter
y=t
otal
cur
rentt
hroughr
esi
stor
s=
2x2.0A=4. 0A

17c.tot
alchar
gewhi
chpassest
hrought
hebat
ter
y=t
otal
curr
entxtime=4.
0x(5.
0x60)=1200C

17d.ener
gysuppl
i
edbybat
ter
y=VI
t=4.
0x6.
0x(
5.0x60)=
7200J

18.Thef
igureshowsthet
hreeconduct
orsofa240Va.
c.
suppl
ycable,af
use,aswi
tchandalamp
 T
Thecabl
eisr
atedat240V,
5Acont
inuouswor
king

Thel
ampi
srat
edat240V,
500W.

a.compl
etet
hefiguretoshowhowthef
use,
swi
tchandl
amp
shoul
dbeconnectedtothesuppl
y

b.whatf
user
ati
ngshoul
dbeused?

Sol
uti
ons

18a.

18b.f
user
ati
ng=2.
5A

(
cur
rentdr
awnbyl
amp=P/
V=500/
240=2.
08A)

19.Thefigur
eshowsaci r
cui
tconsisti
ngofabatter
yofe.m.
f.
6.0Vandt wopai
rsof3.
0Ωr esi
storsinser
ies,
thesepai
rsof
resi
stor
sbeingconnect
edinparall
el.
ai
.whatisthetotalresist
anceofthepathKLM
ai
i.whati
sthetotalresistanceoft
hepathKNM
ai
ii
.whatistheresistanceofthecir
cui
tbetweenKandM?

b.Cal
cul
ate
i
.thecur
rentt
hroughthebat
ter
y
i
i.t
hepowerdevelopedi
nthebatt
ery

Sol
uti
ons

19ai
.tot
alr
esi
stanceKLM =3.
0+3.
0=6.
0Ω

19ai
i
.tot
alr
esi
stanceKNM =3.
0+3.
0=6.
0Ω

19ai
i
i.r
esi
stancebet
weenKandM =(
6.0x6.
0)/
(6.
0+6.
0)=3.
0
Ω

19bi
.cur
rentt
hroughbat
ter
y=V/
R=6.
0/3.
0=2.
0A

19bi
i
.Power=I
V=3.
0x6.
0=18W

20.Anelect
ri
cironreachesit
ssteadywor ki
ngtemper at
ure
300saft
erbeingswitchedon.Theaveragecurrentfl
owing
thr
oughtheheatingelementdur
ingthi
st i
mei s1.3A.

Calculat
etheenergydr
awnf
rom t
he240Vmai
nssuppl
ywhi
lst
theironisheat
ingup

Explai
nwhythi
squant
it
yofener
gyi
sgr
eat
ert
hant
heheat
ret
ainedbyt
heiron

Sol
uti
ons
Ener
gy=Powerxt
ime=VI
t=240x1.
3x300=93600J

Thisquant
it
yisgr
eat
erthant
heheatret
ainedbyt
hei
ron
becauseheati
sal
solostt
othesur
roundi
ngs

21.Thediagram showsXY, partofacircuitint

owhi chi s
connect
edanammet erofresistance5.0ohm.Acur rentfl
ows
thr
oughtheammet er
.Aresistorofresistance0.010Ωi snow
connect
edacr osst heammet erterminals.Calculatethe
combinedresistanceoftheammet erandt her esist
or.

Whatist
heeffectofconnecti
ngther
esi
storacr
osst
hemet
er
on
i
.thecur
rentt
hroughtheammet er
i
i.t
hetot
alcurr
entinthecir
cuit
?

Expl
ainy
ouranswer
s.

Stat
eapr acti
caladv
antageofusi
nganammet
eranda
resi
storconnectedi
nthisway.

Def
inet
hecoul
omb.

Thecurrentindi
cat
edbytheammeterwas4.2Aanditf
lowed
for20s.Calcul
atet
hetot
alchar
gepassi
ngthrought
he
ammet er.

Sol
uti
ons

21.Combi
nedr
esi
stance=1/
(1/
5+1/
0.01)=0.
010Ω

i
.thecurr
entthr
ought
hemeterdecreasesbecausesomeoft
he
pr
eviouscur
renti
snowdi
ver
tedthroughtheresist
or.

i
i.t
hetotalcurr
enti
ntheci
rcui
twi
l
lbel
argerbecauset
he
eff
ect
iveresist
ancei
slower

Theammet
ercanbeusedt
omeasur
eal
argercur
renti
nthe
ci
rcui
t

Acoul
ombisthechargewhi
chfl
owsin1secondpastanypoi
nt
i
nacir
cui
tinwhichther
eisast
eadycur
rentof1ampere.

Tot
alchar
ge=I
t=4.
2x20=84C

22a.Thevol
tageacr
ossa3Ωr
esi
stancewi
rei
s6V.Howl
arge
i
sthecurr
ent?
22b.Whatist
heresi
stanceofafil
amentbul
bwhenav
olt
age
of3Vacrossi
tcausesacurrentof0.
5A?

22c.Findt
hevolt
ageacr
ossamangani
nwi
reofr
esi
stance6Ω
carr
yingacur
rentof2A.

Sol
uti
ons

22a.2A

22b.6Ω

22c.12V

23.Twor esist
ancewi r
esPandQoft hesamemat er
ialand
l
engt hbutofdiffer
entthi
cknessareconnectedinparall
elt
oa
battery
.Thecr oss-
secti
onalareaofPistwicethatofQ.What
i
sther ati
oof :
a.theresi
stanceofPt otheresist
anceofQ
b.thecurrentinPtothecurrentofQ

Sol
uti
ons

23a.1:
2
23b.2:
1

24.Twot orchbulbs, bothmar ked'

0.2A,3.
0V' ar
econnected
(a)inser i
es,(b)i
npar al
lel
,acrossa3.0Vbat t
ery.Assumethat
theresistanceoft hef il
amenti nt
hebulbsdoesnotchange.In
eachcaseof( a)and( b)
i
.descr i
bet hebri
ght nessoft hebulbs.
i
i.calculatethecur r
ent sthr
ougheachbul b
i
ii.cal
culatethecur rentsuppliedbythebattery

Sol
uti
ons

24ai
i
.0.1A
24ai
i
i.0.
1A

24bi
i
.0.2A
24bi
i
i.0.
4A

25.Aradiotakes0.1Aofcur r
entfrom a6Vbatter
y.
a.whatistheoverallr
esist
anceoft heradi
o?
b.whatisthepoweroft heradio?
c.howmuchener gywoul dbeusedi ft
heradi
oisswit
chedon
for30minutes?

Sol
uti
ons

25a.60Ω
25b.0.
6W

25c.1080J

26.i
fyouwat cheda120W tel
evi
sionf
or2hoursanduseda
20W t
ablelampf or4hour
severydayfor30days,
howmuch
woul
dy ouhav etopayatt
heendof30day s,
assumingt
hat
el
ectr
icalenergycost
s15centsperkWh?

Sol
uti
ons

$1.
44

27.Animmersionheat
erhasar
ati
ngof3.
0kW.Whatwouldi
t
costt
ouseitfor5hoursatt
her
ateof15cent
sperkWh?

Sol
uti
ons

$2.
25

28a.Howmuchelect
ri
cchargepassest
hrougha12Vbat
ter
y
i
ntwomi nut
eswhenthecur
renti
s0.5A?

b.Howmuchener
gyi
stransf
err
edbya12Vbat
ter
yint
wo
minut
eswhent
hecur
renti
s0.5A?

c.Whena1.5V,6W l
ampi sconnect
edtoa1.5Vbat
ter
y,
cal
cul
atetheamountofchar
gepassingthr
ought
hebul
bin10
minut
es.

di
.Aconsumerbuy sa250V100W readingl
amp.Ift
helamp
i
sconnectedtoa250Vmai nssuppl
y,whati
sthecur
rent
passi
ngthrought
helamp?

dii
.Iff
usesofrat
ing2A,5Aand13Aar
eav
ail
abl
e,whi
chf
use
shouldbeusedforthel
amp?

Sol
uti
on

28a.char
ge= 
cur
rentxt
ime=0.
5x(
2x60)=60C

28b.ener
gy=char
gexv
olt
age=60x12=720J

28c.I=P/V=6/1.5=4A
charge=cur
rentxt
ime=4x(
10x60)=2400C

28di
.I=P/V=100/250=4A

28di
i
.2Af
useshoul
dbeused