Water Reclamation and Reuse

Huijuan Sun1,2* , Huixin Zhang2, Rui Xu2, Xin Zou2 , and Yang Liu1,2

ABSTRACT: Literature published in 2017 related to emitter clogging.

water reclamation and reuse is reviewed in four categories: Libardi et al. (2017) evaluated the use of raw

sustainable reuse, treatment technology, implementation, domestic wastewater as a culture base medium for cellulase

and assessment and management. The development and production in a bubble column reactor. Their results

improvement of conventional treatments and new methods demonstrated the feasibility of applying raw sewage for

that afford safe wastewater reuse are examined. cellulase production, and the scaling-up potential of the

process. Pectic polysaccharides were recovered from acidic

KEYWORDS: water, wastewater treatment, water and basic processing water discharged from a citrus canning

reclamation, sustainable water reuse. factory using two-step filtration, concentration, ethanol

precipitation, and ethanol recovery (Chen, Cheng et al.,

doi: 10.2175/106143018X15289915807317 2017). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of acidic and

basic effluents (10,000 mg/L) were decreased by 75%.

Sustainable Reuse Molasses-processed wastewater was reused by adding it to a

Extent of Reuse. By conducting drip irrigation experiments silage sample to improve the silage quality and anaerobic

using reclaimed water treated with a cyclic activated sludge digestion performance of Pennisetum purpereum (Li, Yuan

system, Zhou, Wang et al. (2017) studied the effects of et al., 2017). The molasses-processed wastewater addition

microbial community variation on the bio-clogging of contributed to a higher lactic acid concentration, a lower pH,

emitters used for drip irrigation. It was found that controlling and a lower NH 3 -N concentration than in the silage samples.

gram positive bacteria, especially Pseudomonas, in the Dou et al. (2017) tested the technical and

reclaimed water was the most effective way to relieve economic feasibility of reusing flue gas desulfurization

————————— (FGD) wastewater as a calcium source for enhancing

1
School of Petroleum Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an phosphorus (P) removal from P-rich wastewater. The P

Shaanxi, P.R.China removal efficiency reached 94.3% at a volumetric ratio of

2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University FGD effluent/P-rich wastewater of 40%.
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
Safe Reuse. Ines et al. (2017) assessed the
*Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]
possibility of using reclaimed municipal wastewater for

1576
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
agricultural use. It was concluded that the reclaimed Gerber et al. (2017) studied the phytotoxic effects

municipal wastewater treated with biological stabilization of raw and treated wastewater effluents discharged from a

ponds could be used to irrigate fodder due to its low swine slaughterhouse on the germination of cucumber and

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), reduced COD, and the lettuce seeds. The results indicated that both raw and treated

absence of pathogens. wastewater may impair the germination of lettuce and

Boyte et al. (2017) examined the ability of cucumber seeds.

Escherichia coli to survive in three common soil cover After evaluating the response of switch grass and

layers: a pea straw mulch, a bark-based mulch, and a rapeseed to irrigation with treated shale oil/gas produced

water, Pica et al. (2017) recommended that the

coconut husk mulch irrigated with synthetic greywater
concentrations of organic matter and total organic carbon in
containing bathing soap, shampoo, vegetable oil, and
the irrigation water should be less than 50 mg/L and 5 mg/L,
laundry powder. E. coli was added prior to application of the
respectively, to keep leaf cell damage low and to maintain a
synthetic greywater to the mulch. Over 50 days, E. coli
sustainable biomass production.
numbers declined in the bark and coconut husk mulches, but
Ren et al. (2017) evaluated the cytotoxicity and
proliferated in the pea straw mulch. Beneduce et al. (2017)
molecular toxicity to human embryonic kidney 293 cells of
investigated the safety of irrigating food crops, e.g., tomato
reclaimed water samples: wastewater treatment plant
and broccoli, with treated vegetable processing wastewater
influent, wastewater treatment plant effluent, and membrane
from a secondary settler before it was chlorinated. The
bioreactor permeate. All samples induced molecular toxicity
results showed that although Listeria monocytogens and E.
through affecting expressions of cell cycle regulatory
coli O157:H7 were detected on broccoli plants during the
proteins and apoptosis-related regulatory proteins.
broccoli crop season, no pathogen was detected on the edible
Disinfection Byproducts. Du et al. (2017)
part when the final product was harvested. Amha et al.
reviewed formation and control strategies for disinfection
(2017) characterized the persistence of mycobacteria in
byproducts (DBPs) and toxicity in reclaimed water during
treated municipal wastewater by screening the microbial
chlorination. Two methods were suggested to prevent the
diversity of the genus Mycobacterium using
formation of excessive toxicity: a relatively low chlorine
pyrosequencing. Analysis of post disinfected municipal
dose together with a short contact time, and quenching of
wastewater showed that the presence of M. kansasii, M.
chlorine residual with reductive reagents.
szulgai, M. gordonae, M. asiaticum, M. mageritense, M.
Roux et al. (2017) compared the cytotoxicity and
poriferae, and M. insubricum increased during chlorine
genotoxicity of organic matter in wastewater secondary
disinfection, and could be inhibited below a detection level
effluent from a wastewater treatment plant before and after
only at CT (chlorine concentration u time of contact) values
chloramination. It was concluded that unknown halogenated
greater than 180 mg min/L.

1577
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
compounds formed in the chloraminated wastewater effluent

could be responsible for a significant part of the toxicity, and Treatment Technology

nonhalogenated byproducts (e.g., nitrosamines) might also Cheng et al. (2017) reviewed physicochemical and

contribute to the toxicity of chloraminated effluents. Dong biological determinants of 55 trace organic compound

et al. (2017) evaluated the genotoxicity to Chinese hamster (TOrC) removal efficiencies for water reuse. It was

ovary (CHO) cells induced by municipal secondary concluded that tertiary treatments are capable of attenuating

wastewater effluent amended with elevated Br- and I- after a broad spectrum of TOrCs depending on the

disinfection by chlorine, chloramines, and ozone, physicochemical properties of the compounds, but physical

respectively. The ozonated wastewater was found to yield effects (e.g., light absorption) and chemical effects (e.g.,

organics with lower genotoxicity to CHO cells than the degradation mechanisms, radical scavenging, and reactive

chlorine-based disinfection. oxygen species) remain challenging in the evaluation of

Lv et al. (2017) examined the cytotoxicity of the different treatments.

total organic halogen changes in chlorinated reclaimed water Integrated Processes. Couto et al. (2017)

exposed to solar light. It was found that 12 hours of solar combined microfiltration, a membrane bioreactor (MBR),

light irradiation decreased the cytotoxicity of chlorinated and nanofiltration (NF) for textile effluent reclamation.

reclaimed water by 75% as a result of the dehalogenation of Complete recovery of indigo blue dye, a COD removal of

DBPs. 73%, and ammonia removal of 100% were achieved. The

McCurry et al. (2017) used kinetic modeling and treated wastewater could be used to wash equipment, screens

bench-scale reverse osmosis (RO) to examine the in the printworks, print paste containers, and floors in the

reformation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water textile industry. “Fracsis,” i.e., ion fractionation and

treated with ultraviolet (UV)-based advanced oxidation. metathesis with a NF-electrodialysis (ED) integrated system

Bench-scale and field-scale experiments showed that was developed by Zhang et al. (2017) for desalination of

NDMA reformation could be reduced significantly by brackish wastewater. Fracsis NF separated bivalent ions

shortening the time interval between RO and the final pH from monovalent ions and ED metathesis synthesized salts

adjustment. with high solubility to achieve a water recovery rate of

Tilbury et al. (2017) assessed the safety of using 98.5%.

alkaline disinfection to achieve the required recycled water Ledakowicz et al. (2017) compared three

quality for end uses in Australia. An alkaline decay combined processes, i.e., ozonation followed by

experiment using Kwinana cooling pond water biodegradation, biodegradation followed by ozonation, and

demonstrated that alkali disinfection was reliable and biodegradation followed by ozonation and a second

effective. biodegradation for dye house wastewater treatment. The

1578
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
three-step configuration, biodegradation-ozonation- A compact reactor including a first-stage inclined-

biodegradation, achieved the highest removal of organic tube/biofilm compartment (Tube 1), a second-stage inclined-

carbon, whereas biodegradation before ozonation was the tube/biofilm compartment (Tube 2), and an aerobic

most economical method. Jin et al. (2017) proposed a hybrid membrane compartment was developed to remove

ozonation-coagulation process within a single unit under biological nutrients in wastewater from a 20-floor building

slow mixing for domestic wastewater reclamation. The where the organic loading rate was 1.6 kg COD/m3 per day

system removed dissolved organic matter better than for toilet flushing (Ratanatamskul and Katasomboon, 2017).

conventional preozonation-coagulation because hydroxide Sludge recirculation from the aerobic compartment to Tube

oxidation was enhanced by Al-based coagulants and their 2 and then from Tube 2 to Tube 1 achieved a removal

hydrolyzed products. efficiency of COD, nitrogen, and phosphorus of 95%,

A combined disinfection using alkaline control 96.4%, and 94%, respectively.

and UV radiation was evaluated by Bilotta et al. (2017) to Zou and He (2017) investigated a forward osmosis

suit the sanitary parameters of secondary effluent from a (FO)-ED hybrid system using diammonium phosphate

swine farm for all types of agricultural water reuse. Alkaline (DAP) as a non-regeneration draw solute to achieve water

inactivation (pH 9–10) followed by UV radiation (160.5 ± reuse and mitigation of salinity for agricultural irrigation.

20.8 mJ/cm2) achieved 3.7 log for total coliform, 3.8 log for The system was energy efficient and cost effective due to a

E. coli, and 4.0 log for Salmonella. low energy consumption of 0.72 kWh/m3 DAP, but

A sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor periodical membrane cleaning was required due to
(SBBGR) followed by sand filtration was conducted at pilot-
membrane fouling. Choi, Zhan et al. (2017) systematically
scale to provide a simplified scheme for municipal and
evaluated dilution with FO and RO at pilot-scale for
domestic wastewater treatment (De Sanctis et al., 2017). The
integrating the treatment of wastewater from a coal-fired
SBBGR removed suspended solids and COD at > 90%, total
power plant with seawater desalination for five months. The
nitrogen at 80%, and total phosphorous at 60%; SBBGR physical cleaning of fouling saved 15% energy consumption

treatment enhanced by sand filtration provided water for compared with typical seawater desalination by RO, and

more restrictive reuse than irrigation. A treatment unit achieved superior water quality for reuse as power plant

composed of a rotating biological contactor and a filter was cooling water. Choi, Son and Choi (2017) tested thin-film

evaluated to treat water for reuse at a heavy-duty vehicle composite mixed matrix membranes with functionalized

washing facility (Subtil et al., 2017). After five-months of carbon nanotubes blended in a polyethersulfone support

operation, the maximum reuse potential was 40%, but this layers for integrating seawater desalination and FO of

value could be increased to 70% if clean water was used in synthetic wastewater at the laboratory scale. The

the final rinse. membrane’s water flux, permselectivity, and suppressed

1579
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
fouling indicated its potential for integrating seawater (DOC) was removed and the five most hydrophobic

desalination and wastewater reclamation. micropollutants were almost completely removed.

Lee et al. (2017) optimized the virus removal A polymeric UF membrane for removing turbidity

efficiency of coagulation followed by ultrafiltration using a together with an RO membrane for surfactant recovery were

secondary treated effluent from a pilot-scale wastewater implemented by Venkatesh and Senthilmurugan (2017) to

treatment plant as feed water. The coagulation efficiency treat greywater discharged from a washing machine. The

could be improved significantly by adjusting the pH, leading integrated system produced 300 L of reusable water, 80 L of

to a stable operation with a high virus removal rate for more concentrated detergent solution, and 20 L of turbid water

than 30 days. Wei (2017) used coagulation-sedimentation- from 400 L of greywater. The membranes were found to be

sand filtration-activated carbon adsorption to treat toilet stable after the backwash-back-flush regeneration of the RO

wastewater from an office building for flushing, greening, membrane and the gravity backwash of the UF membrane.

and watering roads. All pollutants were removed at pH 6.5– Chen, Luo et al. (2017) developed an integrated isoelectric

7.5 with 0.2 g/L polyaluminium chloride for coagulation, a precipitation (IP)–UF–NF–lactic acid (LA) fermentation

coagulation time of 20 min, and a contact time with activated process for recovering water, proteins, cells, and LA from

carbon of 18 min at room temperature. dairy wastewater. IP-UF pretreatment greatly reduced

Cheng and Hu (2017) conducted laboratory scale fouling and concentration polarization of NF contributed to

experiments by combining biochemistry and obtaining concentrated lactose from NF retentate, and LA

electrochemistry to remove low concentration antibiotics in was produced after LA fermentation.

a sequencing batch biofilm reactor and a bioelectrochemical In the Lunar Palace 1 in China, a ground-based

system. The results showed that the antibiotics and the COD bioregenerative life support system employing activated

and NH 3 -N could be removed at 98%, 90%, and 80%, carbon adsorption / ultrafiltration, a membrane-biological

respectively over 12 hours with an initial cefuroxime activated carbon reactor, and reduced pressure distillation

concentration of 0.5 mg/L, an aeration intensity of 15.8 technology to purify condensate water, sanitary and kitchen

m3/(m2·h), an influent COD concentration of 1,000 mg/L, wastewater, and urine, respectively, achieved complete

and a pH of 7. regeneration of water in 105 days (Xie et al., 2017). The

A submerged membrane-filtration/granular purified water condensate was potable, the purified sanitary

activated carbon (GAC) adsorption hybrid system was tested and kitchen wastewater met the standards for irrigation,

to remove organic micropollutants in RO concentrate 88.12% of the ions from urine were removed, and 20.5% of

(Shanmuganathan et al., 2017). By initially adding 10 g the nitrogen in urine was recovered.

GAC/L of membrane reactor volume and replacing 10% Membrane treatment. Ramlow et al. (2017)

GAC daily for 10 days, 80% of the dissolved organic carbon reviewed the application of direct contact membrane

1580
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
distillation for textile wastewater treatment. It was suggested recovered over 90% of reusable water with an average water

that capital and operating costs could be reduced by flux of 5 L/(m2·h), then the DES could be recovered by

optimizing permeate, feed velocities, temperatures, the freezing at -7ºC without great decrease in the dewatering

membrane supply, and possible water reuse. Chemical or performance. Chekli et al. (2017) evaluated the potential of

physical membrane cleaning could reduce the impact of fertilizer drawn forward osmosis for simultaneous water

membrane fouling. Naidu et al. (2017) evaluated the reuse and sustainable agriculture application. An optimal

potential of membrane distillation (MD) to achieve high water recovery of 95% was achieved for further anaerobic

water recovery from RO concentrate in wastewater membrane bioreactor treatment. However, substantial

reclamation plants. Water recovery was 85% with a flux dilution of the water product was required for fertigation.

decline of 13–15% and an ion rejection of 99% at a feed The effectiveness of slow sand filters (SSF) to

temperature of 55ºC. MD and membrane crystallization remove pythiacious organisms from captured runoff was

were applied by Quist-Jensen et al. (2017) to treat industrial examined by regular addition of tobacco mosaic virus into

wastewater containing high amounts of sodium sulfate. the runoff (Oki et al., 2017). Tobacco mosaic virus was

Na 2 SO 4 was recovered as thénardite with a narrow size completely eliminated in 6–9 weeks, indicating that other

distribution and a low incorporation of impurities. plant pathogenic viruses might also be removed using SSF.

An RO membrane was used by Ochando-Pulido Manouchehri and Kargari (2017) used a mixed

and Martínez-Férez (2017) to address the significant salinity cellulose ester 0.22 µm pore microfiltration membrane to

in olive mill effluent after advanced oxidation. Over 99% recycle domestic laundry wastewater. The recycled laundry

rejection of divalent anions and cations followed the order wastewater was mixed with fresh water for reuse in washing

SO 4 2->Cl->NO 3 - and Ca2+>Mg2+>K+>Na+, respectively, machines, flushing toilets, and irrigation. Flux decline

permitting the reuse of effluent for irrigation. occurred when a cake layer formed on the membrane

Draw solutes (DS) based on oxalic acid (OA)- surface.

transitional metal complexes for FO were examined for oily Reactor. A novel modified down-flow biological

wastewater reclamation (Ge et al., 2017). The OA aerated filter (BAF) reactor with polystyrene coated with

complexes showed superior FO performance in terms of sand media was assessed by Nikoonahad et al. (2017) for

high water fluxes up to 27.5 and 89.1 LMH under respective advanced wastewater treatment. Top backwashing, bottom

FO and pressure retarded osmosis modes, negligible reverse backwashing, and simultaneous top and bottom

solute fluxes, and efficient water recovery. Mahto et al. backwashing for 65 min, 35 min, and 25 min, respectively,

(2017) examined the potential of deep eutectic solvents did not influence effluent quality significantly. The return of

(DES) as DS for FO to recover fresh water from seawater, backwash effluent to the BAF raised the water reuse

dye contaminated wastewater, and tannery wastewater. DES

1581
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
potential to more than 99.91% for irrigation and livestock ozonation can lead to the production of toxic reaction

drinking. intermediates. Solid catalysts and solar light catalytic

Xu et al. (2017) developed a microaerated moving ozonation might help to improve the mineralization level

bed biofilm reactor (stage A) and a step-feed sequencing achieved by ozone. Integration of ozonation and biofiltration

batch reactor (stage B) to remove biological nutrients from appeared to be the most cost-effective alternative.

municipal wastewater; 55% of the COD and 15% of the Aguas et al. (2017) studied the solar oxidation of

NH 3 -N were removed in stage A and 88% of the nitrogen agricultural pathogenic fungi in effluent from a municipal

and 93% of the phosphorous were removed in stage B. A wastewater treatment plant used for irrigation. Curvularia

submerged MBR system was used to eliminate dissolved sp. was efficiently inactivated under photo-Fenton (10/20

substances present in paper mill wastewater (Erkan and mg/L of Fe2+/H 2 O 2 ) with previous water acidification to pH

Engin, 2017). The bioreactor removed COD, NH 3 -N, and 3, followed by solar treatment.

total phosphorus with efficiencies of 98%, 92.99%, and Soil Aquifer Treatment. Lakretz et al. (2017)

96.36%, respectively. Calcium was not removed. examined the efficacy of soil aquifer treatment (SAT) for the

Kobayashi et al. (2017) used a cost-effective removal of organic matter, TOrCs, and microorganisms

down-flow hanging sponge reactor at pilot-scale to remove from ozonated secondary effluents. After biofiltration,

10 types of human pathogen viruses in municipal ozonation (1.0–1.2 mg ozone/mg DOC), and short SAT (22-

wastewater. The reactor effluent could not be used directly day retention), DOC, UV absorbance, and Mn2+ were

for irrigation. reduced to 0.8 mg/L, 2.2 1/m, and 29–35 µg/L, respectively,

Advanced Oxidation. Gassie and Englehardt and ammonia and nitrite were not detected. Velasquez et al.

(2017) reviewed the use of TiO 2 -UV, UV-H 2 O 2 , H 2 O 2 - (2017) conducted a laboratory scale SAT using secondary

ozone, ozone-UV, UV, ozone, H 2 O 2 , filtration, and chlorine effluents and found that the SAT in southwestern Ontario

disinfection, in the mineralization of organics in net-zero was suitable for polishing secondary effluents and combined

greywater. Peroxone was the most energy-efficient chemical sewer overflows.

where delivery of chemicals to the site in portable The removal, fate, and degradation pathway of

application was a concern. Ozone-UV was more energy- erythromycin (ERY) in municipal secondary effluent during

efficient than other UV-based treatments. TiO 2 -UV and UV- SAT was evaluated by Wei et al. (2017). Laboratory tests

H 2 O 2 mineralized organics without bromate formation, but showed that aerobic biodegradation contributed to 60% of

microbial regrowth had to be prevented with a secondary ERY removal. Destruction of the 14-member macrocyclic

treatment. Gomes et al. (2017) reviewed the use of ozone for lactone ring and breakdown of two cyclic sugars were the

municipal wastewater reclamation and for natural and main pathways of ERY degradation.

drinking water treatment. The main drawback was that

1582
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
 Sasidharan et al. (2017) studied the transport and Implementation

fate of bacteriophages in sediment and stormwater collected Sweeney and Kabouris (2017) reviewed literature

from a managed aquifer recharge site in Australia. The on topics related to water resource recovery facilities that

aquifer sediment was found to remove bacteriophage over focused on modeling, automation, measurement, sensors,

92.3% at a pore-water velocity of 1 or 5 m/day; greater virus and optimization of wastewater treatment/water resource

removal required a lower pore-water velocity. reclamation. They noticed that plant-wide scale modeling

Other Treatments. Lopez et al. (2017) used and the integration of multiple models were increasing, and

traditional electrodialysis as well as electrodeionization to applications involving mechanistic models and neural

remove contaminant ions from brackish water and samples networks had become more sophisticated.

from industrial sources. Electrodialysis removed ion Modeling. A water evaluation and planning

contaminants at an energy consumption of 0.9–1.5 KWh/m3 (WEAP) model was applied in a strategic environmental

water recovered, with high water productivity of 40–90 assessment (SEA) of the impact of planned activities using

L/m2•h; while ion-exchange resin wafer electrodeionization local water resources in arid/semiarid regions in China (Gao

exhibited promise with an energy consumption of 0.6–1.1 et al., 2017). The WEAP model was found to be useful for

KWh/m3 water recovered and a productivity at 10–40 the rapid assessment of water utilization, however, SEA

L/m2•h. scenarios needed further research.

Wang, Zhang et al. (2017) conducted a review of An integrated urban water model (IUWM) was

performance and mechanisms of microalgae-based developed to forecast urban water demand with explicit

treatments for advanced nutrient removal from municipal options to access effects associated with various water

secondary effluents. Two major limitations were (1) a conservation and reuse strategies (Sharvelle et al., 2017).

maximum shortening of hydraulic retention time while The IUWM indicated that irrigation conservation could

maintaining satisfactory nutrient removal and (2) achieve the highest potable water demand reduction among

microalgae-water separation after treatment. These other options such as the installation of indoor conservation

limitations could be addressed by developing microalgae fixtures, and the use of greywater, roof runoff, stormwater,

biofilm. Qi et al. (2017) evaluated a sequential process of and treated wastewater to meet nonpotable demands.

dark anaerobic fermentation followed by microalgae A quantitative molecular properties model was

cultivation for treating high-strength fermentable developed on the basis of experimental data obtained from a

wastewater. The heat conversion efficiency for the NF membrane for the efficient removal of chemicals of

wastewater reached 41.2%, while organic metabolites and emerging concern (CEC) (Jones, Watts, and

NH 4 +-N were removed at 100% and 98.3%, respectively. Wickramasinghe, 2017). Results showed that model

parameters, such as log (K ow /K aw ) and the polar surface

1583
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
areas of CEC molecules could successfully predict NF Based on models for urban water management

membrane rejection in bench testing. A solution-diffusion- planning and decision making, a simulation model was

film model and an energy analysis model were proposed to developed to research community opinion regarding water

describe ion rejections in electrolyte mixtures in MBR reuse and the perceptions of individuals regarding the reuse

effluents from an RO membrane and to analyze the energy of reclaimed water (Kandiah et al., 2017). The research

consumption of the RO system, respectively. The model revealed that public opinion dynamics emerge differently

simulation results were found to be in line with the depending on the individuals involved in opinion clusters,

experimental results obtained from the operation of a pilot- the frequency of discussion, and the structure of the social

scale hybrid MBR-RO system, where industrial wastewater network.

from a poly vinyl chloride production site was desalinated to An Israeli version of the multiyear water

produce reclaimed water (Hu et al., 2017). A sensitivity allocation mathematical programming model was developed

analysis of the authors’ recently developed first-principles for a statewide, long-term analysis of three aspects of

model of filtration and fouling during wastewater treatment agricultural reuse of wastewater: the welfare contribution of

and water reuse was performed by Cogan and Chellam agricultural reuse of treated wastewater (TWW), the

(2017). Sobol indices were used to measure the sensitivity, assessment of potential long-term damage caused by TWW

and the results indicated that the model made parameter irrigation to soil properties and groundwater quality, and the

effects on the volume of wastewater filtered by the optimal level of TWW desalination for agricultural use

microfilter were easier to interpret than the timing and (Reznik et al., 2017). An end-use model was employed to

duration of the backwashing cycle. The results implied that assess the theoretical impact of onsite supplementary

the backwashing could be tailored by either optimizing the household water resources on potable water demand in

water quantity or adjusting the cycling. The treatment residential areas in South Africa where various household

performance and cost analysis of two wastewater water sources such as groundwater by abstraction, harvested

reclamation processes—fiber filtration-ultrafiltration- rainwater, and reclaimed greywater were available to be

reverse-osmosis (FF-UF-RO) and sand filtration- used as nonpotable water sources (Nel et al., 2017). The

electrodialysis reversal (SF-EDR) in a pilot-scale simulation results showed that a significant theoretical

wastewater reclamation study treating industrial high reduction in potable municipal water demand (55–69%)

conductivity effluents from the Xianxi wastewater treatment would be achieved for relatively large properties when those

plant in Taiwan were evaluated and compared (Yen et al., household sources were maximally utilized.

2017). FF-UF-RO showed better treatment efficiency and To assess how influent conditions, effluent

lower treatment cost than SF-EDR. quality, and energy requirements for aeration are related, a

water reclamation plant (WRP) model was adopted to

1584
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
simulate the treatment response to long-term successive performance monitoring for direct and indirect portable

storm flows in a WRP in Chicago (Zhu and Anderson, reuse.

2017a). Plant resistance and recovery time were employed Cadmium tolerance and cadmium accumulation

to quantify plant resilience. Results revealed that resilience were analyzed in two eucalypt plant clones used for

decreased with an increased storm flowrate, more wastewater phytoremediation (Lori et al., 2017). Results

importantly, there was an aeration threshold (6 m3/s in their showed that cadmium accumulation mainly occurred in the

WRP model) above which resilience stopped increasing. roots, which suggested that completely harvesting the root

An integrated stochastic simulation system, biomass could remove most of metal absorbed by the plants

including stochastic generators of domestic wastewater from wastewater.

streams and gross solids (GS), a sewer network model, and A one year case study used a horizontal subsurface

a dynamic process model of a wastewater treatment plant flow to construct a wet land in southeastern Spain to treat

was developed to analyze greywater reuse in urban areas artificially aerated domestic wastewater for agricultural

(Penn et al., 2017). The simulation system was validated reuse (Andreo-Martínez et al., 2017). The reclaimed

based on field experiments in a real sewer segment and wastewater met the agricultural quality required by Spanish

results depicted how various greywater reuse scenarios regulations for reclaimed wastewater reuse. A

would affect the GS movement in sewers and wastewater geoinformatics tool with an emerging accounting approach

treatment plant performance. A model was presented to was developed to evaluate the sustainability of water

identify the best-case design and operation schedule for systems in the Lerma River in Mexico (Fonseca et al., 2017).

infrastructure systems that deliver recycled water to The tool focused on a spatial-temporal analysis of water

underutilized stormwater spreading basins to augment resources and water allocation to domestic, industrial, and

groundwater recharge (Bradshaw and Luthy, 2017). The agricultural uses. The evaluation indicated that the highest

model provided comprehensive and precise analyses of cost, environmental sustainability index value of the water supply

water volume, and energy trade-offs among various design system could be achieved for agriculture, industry, and

scenarios. selected urban reuse.

Case Studies. A survey identified a set of 95 CEC The greywater characteristics and handling

that were persistent in primary and secondary effluents from practices of urban households in three communities in the

three municipal water resource recovery facilities practicing Kumasi metropolis in Ghana were assessed (Dwumfour-

conventional water reclamation in Texas and Oklahoma, Asare et al., 2017). Results showed that although the

USA (Jones, Chowdhury, and Watts, 2017). A list of 11 greywater was high in nutrients, the reuse of greywater for

recalcitrant CECs were identified for advanced treatment activities such as irrigation was constrained due to an

1585
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
excessive presence of heavy metals, pathogens, and exhibited better performance than activated sludge in

micropollutants. eliminating ECs.

The effluent quality of four integrated systems of A survey of opportunities and challenges

phytodepuration (ISP) for treating municipal wastewater associated with wastewater treatment systems and the

were monitored over a five-year course (Petroselli et al., potential for wastewater reuse was conducted in the West

2017). Results obtained from the investigation showed an Bank, Tunisia, and Qatar (Dare et al., 2017). In the West

average removal efficiency of 83%, 84%, 89%, 91%, and Bank and Tunisia, existing wastewater treatment technology

85% for COD, BOD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and produced reclaimed water suitable for agricultural

total suspended solids, respectively. Three of the ISP production, and the water reuse concept was accepted by the

effluents could be reused for irrigation. public. However, people in Qatar were reluctant to reuse

A case study employing an engineered plant-based treated water, despite its high quality.

treatment to reclaim water in Beijing’s Olympic Park An estimation of the levels and patterns in indirect,

showed that phytoremediation techniques could prevent de facto portable wastewater reuse within China’s largest

eutrophication and reduce aesthetic problems caused by the river basin showed that the highest levels (> 20%) of de facto

reuse of reclaimed water as a supplement to natural inflows reuse appeared along the Han River, a major tributary of the

in the park’s dragon-shaped river (Zhou, Staffon et al., Yangtze River, demonstrating an estimate of de facto reuse

2017). Local recycled water (LRW) reuse in Sydney, even with limited geospatial and hydrologic national

Australia, has been reported as a policy and regulatory tug- datasets (Wang, Shao, and Westerhoff, 2017)

of-war due to the counteraction of multiple opposing levers A life cycle assessment of environmental impacts

(Watson et al., 2017). LRW reuse was found to mitigate and benefits associated with water and waste management in

against further and broader investment in LRW reuse a wastewater treatment plant was performed in the Kinmen

systems, although local policy and institutional and islands, Taiwan (Shiu et al. 2017). Reuse of reclaimed

regulatory environments were conducive to LRW reuse. wastewater for agricultural applications reduced 27.8% of

Detailed review of these levers and arrangements could the eutrophication potential associated with direct discharge

support the strategic development of LRW reuse and of the reclaimed wastewater to natural water bodies.

encourage further investment in the water industry. A Monte-Carlo based method was employed to

The treatment efficiency of 25 target emerging identify potential locations for sewer mining (SM), a

contaminants (ECs) in a full-scale WRP was evaluated (Tran decentralized option that could provide nonpotable water for

and Gin, 2017). The WRP had two concurrent treatment urban uses by extracting wastewater from local sewers,

trains: conventional activated sludge and a MBR. The MBR treating the wastewater at the point of demand, and returning

treatment residuals back to the sewer (Tsoukalas et al.,

1586
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
2017). The method provided rational results and useful system for 223 inhabitants in Berlin, Germany. The system

guidelines for the upscaling of SM technology at a city level. removed organic substrates efficiently, reducing COD,

Wastewater from the vegetable oil industry was BOD, and DOC by 94%, 99%, and 91%, respectively. Azis

reused to cuOWLYDWH [DQWKDQ %DMLü HW DO  A Box- et al. (2017) assessed the efficacy and effluent quality of a

Behnken design was employed to determine the pilot-scale, intermittently aerated and fed, externally

concentrations of amendments (glucose, nitrogen, and submerged membrane bioreactor treating municipal

phosphorous) to be added to the wastewater. Graphical wastewater in Greece. Removal efficiencies of BOD, COD,

optimization using a response surface methodology total nitrogen, PO 4 3—P, and total suspended solids were

illustrated that when 15–16 g/L of carbon source, 0.02–0.09 97.8, 93.1, 89.6, 93.2, and 100%, respectively; turbidity was

g/L of nitrogen, and 0.01–0.02 g/L of phosphorous were reduced by 94.1%. The bioreactor provided an unrestricted

amended to the vegetable oil industry waster, xanthan irrigation and urban reuse source. An up-flow anaerobic

production was possible. sludge blanket methanogenic reactor with vertical and

A capstone project at Northeastern University was horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands, solar-

designed in 2016 to task Civil and Environmental driven anodic oxidation, and UV disinfection was

Engineering students to develop onsite wastewater implemented in two pilot plants for treating municipal

reclamation and reuse technology and prepare educational wastewater generated at two university campuses in India for

materials for students, educators, and a general audience. seven months and one year, respectively. The quality of

The educational materials were included to increase public effluents from both pilot plants met reuse standards for

perception of and reduce institutional barriers against water irrigation and toilet flushing (Álvarez et al., 2017). Hyde et

reuse and reclamation (Onnis-Hayden et al, 2017). The al. (2017) tested a manufactured aeration and nanofiltration

technical aspect of the capstone initiative was intended to MBR greywater system during continuous operation and

equip the next generation of engineers to work on emerging surveyed the acceptance of using treated or recycled

solutions for modern day resource-depleting problems. greywater at the University of Reading. The high-quality of

Chrispim et al. (2017) studied a pilot-scale moving the treated greywater met British Standard criteria and

bed biofilm reactor and a settling tank treating 248 L aesthetic standards with respect to odor and clarity. The

greywater per day in a building on a university campus in survey results indicated that 95% of respondents accepted

Brazil. It was found that BOD and COD removal efficiencies the use of treated or recycled greywater.

were 59% and 70%, respectively. Saidi et al. (2017)

investigated an integrated process, including three moving Assessment and Management

bed biofilm reactors followed by sand filtration and UV Assessment. Troldborg et al. (2017) developed a

disinfection, treating greywater in a decentralized recycling universal quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to gage the

1587
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
potential harm to human health of irrigation with reclaimed largely on the selection of wastewater treatment strategies

water. The backward calculation of the QRA started with a and capital expenditure.

predefined acceptable risk level and estimated Carré et al. (2017) proposed that ultraviolet/visible

corresponding acceptable concentration ranges of given (UV/Vis) spectrometry could estimate the water quality in

pollutants in the effluent. The QRA suggested an acceptable routine monitoring of reclaimed water production. UV/Vis

risk level of water treatment and helped to establish quality absorbances of total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity,

standards for reclaimed water. COD, and nitrate concentration were correlated by partial

An adenosine triphosphate (ATP) luminescence- least squares regression (PLSR). The best models were built

based method was developed to determine assimilable on PLSR for COD, TSS, and turbidity at R2=0.80, 0.86, and

organic carbon (AOC) in reclaimed water (Li, Yu et al., 0.96, respectively.

2017). Good correlations between ATP luminescence and Prodanovic et al. (2017) tested a range of media,

acetate concentration in the water samples was observed, including (1) hydraulically slow coir, rockwool, and fyto-

indicating the applicability of monitoring AOC using the foam, and (2) hydraulically fast perlite, vermiculite,

luminescence method. growstone, expended clay, and river sand, for application in

Courault et al. (2017) proposed a numeric model greywater recycling green walls using synthetic greywater.

to evaluate the risks of reclaimed wastewater containing A combination of slow and fast media provided the best

viral bioaerosols used to treat human enteric viruses in strategy for the application of greywater green walls, as slow

wastewater treatment plants. The health risks of inhaled media performed better, but easily became clogged.

norovirus were also evaluated with a quantitative microbial Focusing on five water quality categories

risk assessment. Results showed that doubling the distance (nutrients, heavy metals, ecotoxicity, algae growth, and

of the emission source could decrease the risk possibility by pathogenic risks), Chen, Ao et al. (2017) compared three

3 log. King et al. (2017) presented an integrated approach to urban landscape ponds replenished with reclaimed

quantitate both Cryptosporidium oocysts numbers and wastewater (RW) and surface water in three cities in China.

infectivity levels across different treatment stages at five Algal growth and pathogen risk were found to be

wastewater treatment plants in Australia. Results showed significantly different in these ponds. Moreover, the

that Cryptosporidium removal targets were associated with regrowth of viral pathogens with continued RW

the community disease burden of sewage, seasons, and replenishment resulted in a higher risk in RW ponds.

inflow variability. The risk level of Cryptosporidium was Economics. Iglesias et al. (2017) calculated

much lower than previously thought, and the accuracy of risk capital and operating costs of full-scale MBRs in Spain. The

assessments of water reuse systems was found to depend MBR cost for similar treatment capacities (8,000 to 15,000

m3/d) was 700–960 €/m3·d. The MBR was found to be cost-

1588
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
competitive for water reuse application at capacities greater treatment systems such as MBR, activated sludge,

than 10,000 m3/d. Chang et al. (2017) provided energy cost constructed wetlands, pond systems, microfiltration, and

data for reuse systems, and examined energy consumption ultrafiltration and compared the bacteriophage LRVs with

and greenhouse gas emission in different types of water human enteric virus LRVs. The results showed that MS2

reuse plants in Korea. Decentralized water reuse was found coliphage could be an operational monitoring tool, however,

to be the most energy-efficient type of water management. LRVs of human viruses and LRVs of bacteriophage in

Zhu and Anderson (2017b) assessed the cost of multiple treatment unit systems should be further studied.

aeration-associated energy at a conventional water Yuan et al. (2017) developed a multicriteria

reclamation plant in Chicago. Results showed that the plant approach to identify priority contaminants in wastewater

frequently operated under excess aeration because at least 35% effluent for managed aquifer recharge (MAR). The authors

of the annual cost (more than $1.2 million) could be saved suggested that (i) regulations for the quality of water for

by cutting aeration by 35%. reuse, drinking water, and environmental water can be

Buabeng-Baidoo et al. (2017) assessed water targets for MAR, (ii) statistical analysis of effluent

usage in Amul Dairy, India, and identified optimization monitoring data would facilitate critical contaminant

techniques for minimizing water usage in raw milk receiving selection, and (iii) potential contaminants are contaminants

and processing departments. An overall mixed-integer that exist with a high probability in wastewater effluent.

nonlinear programming framework was developed to Bayesian networks (BNs) were employed to

evaluate RO membrane-based water recycle/reuse and correlate health risks engendered with wastewater irrigation

regeneration reuse/recycle procedures that would achieve 33% of a public open space. Beaudequin et al., (2017) suggested

reduction in freshwater consumption and 85% reduction in that BNs combined with quantitative microbial risk

wastewater generation. assessment models or other types of information could

Management. Juan-Garcia et al. (2017) reviewed provide transparent and defensible evidence for mapping

resilience in the wastewater sector, particularly elements for and quantifying risk pathways. Furlong et al. (2017) assessed

assessing resilience such as stressors, system properties, risk management, financial evaluation, and funding for

metrics, and interventions to increase resilience. wastewater and stormwater reuse projects in Australia. Two

Publications documented that a lack of (i) a resilience procedures were proposed: (1) a standard evaluation process

definition, (ii) an assessment of resilience elements, and (iii) of wastewater and stormwater reuse and (2) an infrastructure

an assessment framework of resilience hinder the funders’ forum with representation of utilities and regulators.

implementation of resilience in wastewater management.

Amarasiri et al. (2017) analyzed the average log 10 References

reduction values (LRVs) of bacteriophages in wastewater

1589
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
Aguas, Y.; Hincapie, M.; Fernández-Ibáñez, P.; Polo-López, M. I. Wastewaters. Part I: Modelling and Optimization. Chem. Ind.

(2017) Solar Photocatalytic Disinfection of Agricultural Chem. Eng. Q., 23(3), 329-339.

Pathogenic Fungi (Curvularia, sp.) in Real Urban Beaudequin, D.; Harden, F.; Roiko, A.; Mengersen, K. (2017)

Wastewater. Sci. Total Environ., 607-608, 1213-1224. Potential of Bayesian Networks for Adaptive Management in

Álvarez, J. A.; Ávila, C.; Otter, P.; Kilian, R.; ,VWHQLþ, D.; Water Recycling. Environ. Modell. Softw., 91(C), 251-270.

Rolletschek, M.; Molle, P.; Khalil, N.; Ameršek, I.; Mishra, Beneduce, L.; Gatta, G.; Bevilacqua, A.; Libutti, A.; Tarantino, E.;

V.K.; Jorgensen, C.; Garfi, A.; Carvalho, P.; Brix, H.; Arias, Bellucci, M.; Troiano, E.; Spano, G. (2017) Impact of the

C. A. Constructed Wetlands and Solar-Driven Disinfection Reusing of Food Manufacturing Wastewater for Irrigation in

Technologies for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and a Closed System on the Microbiological Quality of the Food

Reclamation in Rural India: SWINGS Project. Water Sci. Crops. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 260, 51-58.

Technol., 76(5-6), 1474-1489. Bilotta, P.; Steinmetz, R. L. R.; Kunz, A.; Mores, R. (2017) Swine

Amarasiri, M.; Kitajima, M.; Nguyen, T. H.; Okabe, S.; Sano, D. Effluent Post-treatment by Alkaline Control and UV

(2017). Bacteriophage Removal Efficiency as a Validation Radiation Combined for Water Reuse. J. Clean. Prod.,

and Operational Monitoring Tool for Virus Reduction in 140(3), 1247-1254.

Wastewater Reclamation. Water Res., 121, 258-269. Boyte, S.; Quaife, S.; Horswell, J.; Siggins, A. (2017) Survival of

Amha, Y. M.; Anwar, M. Z.; Kumaraswamy, R.; Henschel, A.; Escherichia Coli in Common Garden Mulches Spiked with

Ahmad, F. (2017) Mycobacteria in Municipal Wastewater Synthetic Greywater. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 64(5), 386-391.

Treatment and Reuse: Microbial Diversity for Screening the Buabeng-Baidoo, E.; Mafukidze, N.; Pal, J.; Tiwari, S.; Srinivasan,

Occurrence of Clinically and Environmentally Relevant B.; Majozi, T.; Srinivasan, R. (2017) Study of Water Reuse

Species in Arid Regions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 51(5), 3048- Opportunities in a Large-Scale Milk Processing Plant

3056. Through Process Integration. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 121, 81-

Andreo-Martínez, P.; García-Martínez, N.; Quesada-Medina, J.; 91.

Almela, L. (2017) Domestic Wastewaters Reuse Reclaimed Bradshaw, J. L.; Luthy, R. G. (2017) Urban Groundwater Recharge

by an Improved Horizontal Subsurface-Flow Constructed Through Underutilized Stormwater Spreading Basins.

Wetland: A Case Study in the Southeast of Spain. Bioresour. Environ. Sci. Technol., 51(20), 11809-11819.

Technol., 233, 236-246. Carré, E.; Pérot, J.; Jauzein, V.; Lin, L.; Lopez-Ferber, M. (2017)

Azis, K.; Vardalachakis, C.; Ntougias, S.; Melidis, P. (2017) Estimation of Water Quality by UV/Vis Spectrometry in the

Microbiological and Physicochemical Evaluation of the Framework of Treated Wastewater Reuse. Water Sci.

Effluent Quality in a Membrane Bioreactor System to Meet Technol., 76(3-4), 633-641.

the Legislative Limits for Wastewater Reuse. Water Sci. Chang, J.; Lee, W.; Yoon, S. (2017) Energy Consumptions and

Technol., 76(7), 1796-1804. Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Operation Phases

%DMLü % ä 9XþXURYLü ' * 'RGLü 6 1 5RQþHYLü = = of Urban Water Reuse Systems in Korea. J. Clean. Prod.,

Grahovac, J. A.; 'RGLü-07KH%LRWHFKQRORJLFDO 141, 728-736.

Production of Xanthan on Vegetable Oil Industry Chekli, L.; Kim, Y.; Phuntsho, S.; Li, S.; Ghaffour, N.; Leiknes, T.;

Shon, H. K. (2017) Evaluation of Fertilizer-Drawn Forward

1590
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
 Osmosis for Sustainable Agriculture and Water Reuse in Arid Chrispim, M. C.; Nolasco, M. A. (2017) Greywater Treatment

Regions. J. Environ. Manage., 187, 137-145. Using a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor at a Universtiy Campus

Chen, J.; Cheng, H.; Wu, D.; Linhardt, R. J.; Zhi, Z.; Yan, L.; Chen, in Brazil. J. Clean. Prod., 142, 290-296.

S.; Ye, X. (2017) Green Recovery of Pectic Polysaccharides Cogan, N. G.; Chellam, S. (2017) Global Parametric Sensitivity

from Citrus Canning Processing Water. J. Clean. Prod., 144, Analysis of a Model for Dead-End Microfiltration of

459-469. Bacterial Suspensions. J. Membrane Sci., 537, 119-127.

Chen, R.; Ao, D.; Ji, J.; Wang, X. C.; Li, Y.-Y.; Huang, Y.; Xue, T.; Courault, D.; Albert, I.; Perelle, S.; Fraisse, A.; Renault, P.;

Guo, H.; Wang, N.; Zhang, L. (2017) Insight into the Risk of Salemkour, A.; Amato, P. (2017) Assessment and Risk

Replenishing Urban Landscape Ponds with Reclaimed Modeling of Airborne Enteric Viruses Emitted from

Wastewater. J. Hazard. Mater., 324(B), 573-582. Wastewater Reused for Irrigation. Sci. Total Environ., 592,

Chen, Z.; Luo, J.; Wang, Y.; Cao, W.; Qi, B.; Wan, Y. (2017) A 512-526.

Novel Membrane-Based Integrated Process for Fractionation Couto, C. F.; Marques, L. S.; Amaral, M. C. S.; Moravia, W. G.

and Reclamation of Dairy Wastewater. Chem. Eng. J., 313, (2017) Coupling of Nanofiltration with Microfiltration and

1061-1070. Membrane Bioreactor for Textile Effluent Reclamation. Sep.

Cheng, L.; Zhang, T.; Vo, H.; Diaz, D.; Quanrud, D.; Arnold, R. G.; Sci. Technol., 52(13), 2150-2160.

Sáez, A. E. (2017) Effectiveness of Engineered and Natural Dare, A. E.; Mohtar, R. H.; Jafvert, C. T.; Shomar, B.; Engel, B.;

Wastewater Treatment Processes for the Removal of Trace Boukchina, R.; Rabi, A. (2017) Opportunities and Challenges

Organics in Water Reuse. J. Environ. Eng., 143(7), for Treated Wastewater Reuse in the West Bank, Tunisia, and

03117004. Qatar. T. ASABE, 60(5), 1563-1574.

Cheng, Z.; Hu, X. (2017) Performance and Degradation Mechanism De Sanctis, M.; Del Moro, G.; Chimienti, S.; Ritelli, P.; Levantesi,

of a Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor Combined with an C.; Di Iaconi, C. (2017) Removal of Pollutants and Pathogens

Electrochemical Process for the Removal of Low by a Simplified Treatment Scheme for Municipal Wastewater

Concentrations of Cefuroxime. Chem. Eng. J., 320, 93-103. Reuse in Agriculture. Sci. Total Environ., 580, 17-25.

Choi, B. G.; Zhan, M.; Shin, K.; Lee, S.; Hong, S. (2017) Pilot-scale Dong, S.; Masalha, N.; Plewa, M. J.; Nguyen, T. H. (2017) Toxicity

Evaluation of FO-RO Osmotic Dilution Process for Treating of Wastewater with Elevated Bromide and Iodide After

Wastewater from Coal-Fired Power Plant Integrated with Chlorination, Chloramination, or Ozonation Disinfection.

Seawater Desalination. J. Membrane Sci., 540, 78-87. Environ. Sci. Technol., 51(16), 9297-9304.

Choi, H.; Son, M.; Choi, H. (2017) Integrating Seawater Dou, W.; Zhou, Z.; Ye, J.; Huang, R.; Jiang, L.; Chen, G.; Fei, X.

Desalination and Wastewater Reclamation Forward Osmosis (2017) Reusing Effluent of Flue Gas Desulfurization

Process Using Thin-Film Composite Mixed Matrix Wastewater Treatment Process as an Economical Calcium

Membrane with Functionalized Carbon Nnanotube Blended Source for Phosphorus Removal. Water Sci. Technol., 76(6),

Polyethersulfone Support Layer. Chemosphere, 185, 1181- 1429-1435.

1188. Du, Y.; Lv, X.; Wu, Q.; Zhang, D.; Zhou, Y.; Peng, L.; Hu, H.

(2017) Formation and Control of Disinfection Byproducts

1591
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
 and Toxicity During Reclaimed Water Chlorination: A Gomes, J.; Costa, R.; Quinta-Ferreira, R. M.; Martins, R. C.

Review. J. Environ. Sci., 58, 51-63. Application of Ozonation for Pharmaceuticals and Personal

Dwumfour-Asare, B.; Adantey, P.; Nyarko, K. B.; Appiah-Effah, E. Care Products Removal from Water. Sci. Total Environ., 586,

(2017) Greywater Characterization and Handling Practices 265-283.

Among Urban Households in Ghana: The Case of Three Hu, K.; Fiedler, T.; Blanco, L.; Geissen, S-U.; Zander, S.; Prieto, D.;

Communities in Kumasi Metropolis. Water Sci. Technol., Blanco, A.; Negro, C.; Swinnen, N. (2017) Model-Based

76(3-4), 813-822. Performance and Energy Analyses of Reverse Osmosis to

Erkan, H. S.; Engin, G. O. (2017) The Investigation of Paper Mill Reuse Wastewater in a PVC Production Site. J. Environ. Sci.

Industry Wastewater Treatment and Activated Sludge Heal. A Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng., 52(13), 1218-

Properties in a Submerged Membrane Bioreactor. Water Sci. 1225.

Technol., 76(7), 1715-1725. Hyde, K.; Smith, M. J.; Adeyeye, K. (2017). Developments in the

Fonseca, C. R.; Díaz-Delgado, C.; Esteller, M. V.; García-Pulido, Quality of Treated Greywater Supplies for Buildings, and

D. (2017) Geoinformatics Tool with an Emergy Accounting Associated User Perception and Acceptance. Int. J. Low-

Approach for Evaluating the Sustainability of Water Carbon Technol., 12(2), 136-140.

Systems: Case Study of the Lerma River, Mexico. Ecol. Eng., Iglesias, R.; Simón, P.; Moragas, L.; Arce, A.; Rodriguez-Roda, I.

99, 436-453. (2017) Cost Comparison of Full-Scale Water Reclamation

Furlong, C.; De Silva, S.; Gan, K.; Guthrie, L.; Considine, R. (2017) Technologies with an Emphasis on Membrane Bioreactors.

Risk Management, Financial Evaluation and Funding for Water Sci. Technol., 75(11), 2562.

Wastewater and Stormwater Reuse Projects. J. Environ. Ines, B. S.; Imed, M.; Frikha, D.; Mohamed, C.; Adele, M. (2017)

Manage., 191, 83-95. Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater for Forage Production.

Gao, J.; Christensen, P.; Li, W. (2017) Application of the WEAP Water Sci. Technol., 75(8), 1784-1793.

Model in Strategic Environmental Assessment: Experiences Jin, X.; Jin, P.; Hou, R.; Yang, L.; Wang, X. C. (2017) Enhanced

from a Case Study in an Arid/Semi-Arid Area in China. J. WWTP Effluent Organic Matter Removal in Hybrid

Environ. Manage., 198, 363-371. Ozonation-Coagulation (HOC) Process Catalyzed by Al-

Gassie, L. W.; Englehardt, J. D. (2017) Advanced Oxidation and based Coagulant. J. Hazard. Mater., 327, 216-224.

Disinfection Processes for Onsite Net-Zero Greywater Jones, S. M.; Chowdhury, Z. K.; Watts, M. J. (2017) A Taxonomy

Reuse: A Review. Water Res., 125, 384-399. of Chemicals of Emerging Concern Based on Observed Fate

Ge, Q.; Amy, G. L.; Chung, T. (2017) Forward Osmosis for Oily at Water Resource Recovery Facilities. Chemosphere, 170,

Wastewater Reclamation: Multi-charged Oxalic Acid 153-160.

Complexes as Draw Solutes. Water Res., 122, 580-590. Jones, S. M.; Watts, M. J.; Wickramasinghe, S. R. (2017) A

Gerber, M. D.; Lucia Jr., T.; Correa, L.; Neto, J. E. P.; Correa, É. K. Nanofiltration Decision Tool for Potable Reuse: A New

(2017) Phytotoxicity of Effluents from Swine Rejection Model for Recalcitrant CECs. Water Environ. Res.,

Slaughterhouses Using Lettuce and Cucumber Seeds as 89(11), 1942-1951.

Bioindicators. Sci. Total Environ., 592, 86-90. Juan-García, P.; Butler, D.; Comas, J.; Darch, G.; Sweetapple, C.;

Thornton, A.; Corominas, L. (2017) Resilience Theory

1592
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
 Incorporated into Urban Wastewater Systems Management. Li, L.; Yuan, Z.; Sun, Y.; Kong, X.; Dong, P.; Zhang, J. (2017) A

State of the Art. Water Res., 115, 149-161. Reused Method for Molasses-Processed Wastewater: Effect

Kandiah, V.; Binder, A. R.; Berglund, E. Z. (2017) An Empirical on Silage Quality and Anaerobic Digestion Performance of

Agent-Based Model to Simulate the Adoption of Water Pennisetum Purpereum. Bioresour. Technol., 241,1003-

Reuse Using the Social Amplification of Risk Framework. 1011.

Risk Anal., 37(10), 2005-2022. Libardi, N.; Soccol, C. R.; Goes-Neto, A.; de Oliveira, J.; de Souza

King, B.; Fanok, S.; Phillips, R.; Lau, M.; Akker, B. V. D.; Monis, Vandenberghe, L. P. (2017) Domestic Wastewater as

P. (2017) Cryptosporidium Attenuation Across the Substrate for Cellulase Production by Trichoderma

Wastewater Treatment Train: Recycled Water Fit for Harzianum. Process Biochem., 57, 190-199.

Purpose. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 83(5), 61-68. Lopez, A. M.; Williams, M.; Paiva, M.; Demydov, D.; Do, T. D.;

Kobayashi, N.; Oshiki, M.; Ito, T.; Segawa, T.; Hatamoto, M.; Kato, Fairey, J. L.; Lin, Y. J.; Hestekin, J. A. (2017) Potential of

T.; Yamaguchi, T.; Kubota, K.; Takahashi, M.; Iguchi, A.; Electrodialytic Techniques in Brackish Desalination and

Tagawa, T.; Okubo, T.; Uemura, S.; Harada, H.; Motoyama, Recovery of Industrial Process Water for Reuse.

T.; Araki, N.; Sano, D. (2017) Removal of Human Desalination, 409, 108-114.

Pathogenic Biruses in a Down-flow hanging Sponge (DHS) Lori V.; Pietrini, F.; Bianconi, D.; Mughini, G.; Massacci, A.;

Reactor Treating Municipal Wastewater and health Risks Zacchini, M. (2017) Analysis of Biometric, Physiological,

Associated with Utilization of the Effluent for Agricultural and Biochemical Traits to Evaluate the Cadmium

Irrigation. Water Res., 110, 389-398. Phytoremediation Ability of Eucalypt Plants Under

Lakretz, A.; Mamane, H.; Cikurel, H.; Avisar, D.; Gelman, E.; Hydroponics. iForest, 10(2), 416-421.

Zucker, I. (2017) The Role of Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) Lv, X.; Zhang, X.; Du, Y.; Wu, Q.; Lu, Y.; Hu, H. (2017) Solar Light

for Effective Removal of Organic Matter, Trace Organic Irradiation Significantly Reduced Cytotoxicity and

Compounds and Microorganisms from Secondary Effluents Disinfection Byproducts in Chlorinated Reclaimed Water.

Pre-Treated by Ozone. Ozone: Sci. Eng., 39(5), 385-394. Water Res., 125, 162-169.

Ledakowicz, S.; ĩ\ááD, R.; 3DĨG]LRU . :UĊELDN - 6yMND- Mahto, A.; Mondal, D.; Polisetti, V.; Bhatt, J.; Nidhi, M. R.; Prasad,

Ledakowicz, J. (2017) Integration of Ozonation and K.; Nataraj, S. K. (2017) Sustainable Water Reclamation

Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater From from Different Feed Streams by Forward Osmosis Process

Dyehouse. Ozone: Sci. Eng., 39(5), 357-365. Using Deep Eutectic Solvents as Reusable Draw Solution.

Lee, S.; Ihara, M.; Yamashita, N.; Tanaka, H. (2017) Improvement Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 56(49), 14623-14632.

of Virus Removal by Pilot-scale Coagulation-ultrafiltration Manouchehri, M.; Kargari, A. (2017) Water Recovery from

Process for Wastewater Reclamation: Effect of Optimization Laundry Wastewater by the Cross Flow Microfiltration

of pH in Secondary Effluent. Water Res., 114, 23-30. Process: A Strategy for Water Recycling in Residential

Li, G.; Yu, T.; Wu, Q.; Lu, Y.; Hu, H. (2017) Development of an Buildings. J. Clean. Prod., 168, 227-238.

ATP Luminescence-Based Method for Assimilable Organic McCurry, D. L.; Ishida, K. P.; Oelker, G. L.; Mitch, W. A. (2017)

Carbon Determination in Reclaimed Water. Water Res., 123, Reverse Osmosis Shifts Chloramine Speciation Causing Re-

345-352.

1593
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
 Formation of NDMA during Potable Reuse of Wastewater. Petroselli, A.; Giannotti, M.; Marras, T.; Allegrini, E. (2017)

Environ. Sci. Technol., 51(15), 8589-8596. Integrated System of Phytodepuration and Water

Naidu, G.; Jeong, S.; Choi, Y.; Vigneswaran, S. (2017) Membrane Reclamation: A Comparative Evaluation of Four Municipal

Distillation for Wastewater Reverse Osmosis Concentrate Wastewater Treatment Plants. Int. J. Phytoremediat., 19(6),

Treatment with Water Reuse Potential. J. Membrane Sci., 563-571.

524, 565-575. Pica, N. M.; Carlson, K.; Steiner, J. J.; Waskom, R. (2017) Produced

Nel, N.; Jacobs, H. E.; Loubser, C.; Plessis, K. D. (2017) Water Reuse for Irrigation of Non-Food Biofuel Crops:

Supplementary Household Water Sources to Augment Effects on Switchgrass and Rapeseed Germination,

Potable Municipal Supply in South Africa. Water SA, 43(4), Physiology and Biomass Yield. Ind. Crop. Prod., 100, 65-76.

553-562. Prodanovic, V.; Hatt, B.; McCarthy, D.; Zhang, K.; Deletic, A.

Nikoonahad, A.; Ghaneian, M. T.; Mahvi, A. H.; Ehrampoush, M. (2017) Green Walls for Greywater Reuse: Understanding the

H.; Ebrahimi, A. A.; Lotfi, M. H.; Salamehnejad, S. (2017) Role of Media on Pollutant Removal. Ecol. Eng., 102, 625-

Application of Novel Modified Biological Aerated Filter 635.

(MBAF) as a Promising Post-treatment for Water Reuse: Qi, W.; Chen, T.; Wang, L.; Wu, M.; Zhao, Q.; Wei, W. (2017)

Modification in Configuration and Backwashing Process. J. High-Strength Fermentable Wastewater Reclamation

Environ. Manage., 203 (Pt 1), 191-199. Through a Sequential Process of Anaerobic Fermentation

Ochando-Pulido, J. M.; Martínez-Férez, A. (2017) Regarding the Followed by Microalgae Cultivation. Bioresour. Technol.,

Rejection Performance of a Polymeric Reverse Osmosis 227, 317-323.

Membrane for the Final Purification of Two-phase Olive Mill Quist-Jensen, C. A.; Macedonio, F.; Horbez, D.; Drioli, E. (2017)

Effluents Previously Treated by an Advanced Oxidation Reclamation of Sodium Sulfate from Industrial Wastewater

Process. Grasas Aceites, 68(1), e179. by Using Membrane Distillation and Membrane

Oki, L. R.; Bodaghi, S.; Lee, E.; Haver, D.; Pitton, B.; Nackley, L.; Crystallization. Desalination, 401, 112-119.

Mathews, D. M. (2017) Elimination of Tobacco Mosaic Ramlow, H.; Machado, R. A. F.; Marangoni, C. (2017) Direct

Virus from Irrigation Runoff Using Slow Sand Filtration. Sci. Contact Membrane Distillation for Textile Wastewater

Hortic., 217, 107-113. Treatment: A State of the Art Review. Water Sci. Technol.,

Onnis-Hayden, A.; Venegas-Martinez, C. B.; Dreyer, M. P. (2017) 76(10), 2565-2579.

Integrating Engineering, Innovation, and Research at All Ratanatamskul, C.; Katasomboon, J. (2017) Effect of Sludge

Levels: An Educational Model for Water Reuse Design. Recirculation Pattern on Biological Nutrient Removal by a

Proceedings of the ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition; Prototype IT/BF-MBR (Inclined Tube/Biofilm-membrane

Columbus, Ohio, June 25-28; American Society for Bioreactor) and Microbial Population Characteristics. Int.

Engineering Education: Washington DC. Biodeter. Biodegr., 124, 26-35.

Penn, R.; Schütze, M.; Alex, J.; Friedler, E. (2017) Impacts of Ren, X.; Kou, Y.; Kim, T.; Chae, K. J.; Ng, H. Y. (2017) Toxicity

Onsite Greywater Reuse on Wastewater Systems. Water Sci. Study of Reclaimed Water on Human Embryonic Kidney

Technol., 75(7-8), 1862-1872. Cells. Chemosphere, 189, 390-398.

1594
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
Reznik, A.; Feinerman, E.; Finkelshtain, I.; Fisher, F.; Huber-Lee, Sweeney, M. W.; Kabouris, J. C. (2017) Modeling, Instrumentation,

A.; Joyce, B.; Kan, I. (2017) Economic Implications of Automation, and Optimization of Water Resource Recovery

Agricultural Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Israel: A Facilities. Water Environ. Res., 89(10), 1299-1314.

Statewide Long-Term Perspective. Ecol. Econ., 135, 222- Tilbury, A. L.; Deere, D.; Rodriguez, C.; Vorster, F.; Fox, N. J.;

233. Marunczyn, M.; Piper, B. B. (2017) Validation of Alkaline

Roux, J. L.; Plewa, M. J.; Wagner, E. D.; Nihemaiti, M.; Dad, A.; Disinfection for Recycled Water Schemes. Hydrometallurgy,

Croué, J. P. (2017) Chloramination of Wastewater Effluent: 170, 82-89.

Toxicity and Formation of Disinfection Byproducts. J. Tran, N. H.; Gin, K. Y. (2017) Occurrence and Removal of

Environ. Sci., 58, 135-145. Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, Personal Care Products, and

Saidi, A.; masmoudi, K.; Nolde, E.; El Amrani, B.; Amraoui, F. Endocrine Disrupters in a Full-Scale Water Reclamation

Organic Matter Degradation in a Greywater Recycling Plant. Sci. Total Environ., 599-600, 1530-1516.

System Using a Multistage Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Troldborg, M.; Duckett, D.; Allan, R.; Hastings, E.; Hough, R. L.

(MBBR). Water Sci. Technol., 76(12), 3328-3339. (2017) A Risk-Based Approach for Developing Standards for

Sasidharan, S.; Bradford, S. A.; Simunek, J.; Torkzaban, S.; Irrigation with Reclaimed Water. Water Res., 126, 372-384.

Vanderzalm, J. (2017) Transport and Fate of Viruses in Tsoukalas, I. K.; Makropoulos, C. K.; Michas, S. N. (2017)

Sediment and Stormwater from a Managed Aquifer Recharge Identification of Potential Sewer Mining Locations: A

Site. J. Hydrol., 555, 724-735. Monte-Carlo Based Approach. Water Sci. Technol., 76(11-

Shanmuganathan, S.; Loganathan, P.; Kazner, C.; Johir, M. A. H.; 12), 3351-3357.

Vigneswaran, S. (2017) Submerged Membrane Filtration Velasquez, D.; Yanful, E. K.; Sun, W. (2017) Soil Aquifer

Adsorption Hybrid System for the Removal of Organic Treatment of Secondary Effluents and Combined Sewer

Micropollutants from a Water Reclamation Plant Reverse Overflows in Highly Permeable Soils Typical of

Osmosis Concentrate. Desalination, 401, 134-141. Southwestern Ontario. Can. J. Civ. Eng., 44(5), 329-337.

Sharvelle, S.; Dozier, A.; Arabi, M.; Reichel, B. (2017) A Venkatesh, T.; Senthilmurugan, S. (2017) Grey Water Treatment

Geospatially-Enabled Web Tool for Urban Water Demand and Simultaneous Surfactant Recovery Using UF and RO

Forecasting and Assessment of Alternative Urban Water Process. Sep. Sci. Technol., 52(14), 2262-2273.

Management Strategies. Environ. Modell. Softw., 97, 213- Wang, J.; Zhang, T.; Dao, G.; Xu, X.; Wang, X.; Hu, H. (2017)

228. Microalgae-Based Advanced Municipal Wastewater

Shiu, H-Y.; Lee M.; Chiueh, P-T. (2017) Water Reclamation and Treatment for Reuse in Water Bodies. Appl. Microbiol.

Sludge Recycling Scenarios for Sustainable Resource Biotechnol., 101(7), 2659-2675.

Management in a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Kinmen Wang, Z.; Shao, D.; Westerhoff, P. (2017) Wastewater Discharge

Islands, Taiwan. J. Clean. Prod., 152, 369-378. Impact on Drinking Water Sources Along the Yangtze River

Subtil, E. L.; Rodrigues, R.; Hespanhol, I.; Mierzwa, J. C. (2017) (China). Sci. Total Environ., 599-600, 1399-1407.

Water Reuse Potential at Heavy-Duty Vehicles Washing Watson, R.; Mukheibir, P.; Mitchell, C. (2017) Local Recycled

Facilities- The Mass Balance Approach for Conservative Water in Sydney: A Policy and Regulatory Tug-of-War. J.

Contaminants. J. Clean. Prod, 166, 1226-1234. Clean. Prod., 148, 583-594.

1595
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation
Wei, L.; Qin, K.; Zhao, N.; Noguera, D. R.; Qiu, W.; Zhao, Q.; Dragon-Shaped River in the Beijing Olympic Park. Water

Kong, X.; Zhang, W.; Kabutey, F. T. (2017) Transformation Int., 42(4), 486-494.

of Erythromycin During Secondary Effluent Soil Aquifer Zhu, J.; Anderson, P. R. (2017a) Effect of Long-Term Successive

Recharging: Removal Contribution and Degradation Path. J. Storm Flows on Water Reclamation Plant Resilience. Water

Environ. Sci., 51, 173-180. Res., 111, 1-9.

Wei, T. (2017) Application of Reclaimed Water Reuse Technology Zhu, J.; Anderson, P. R. (2017b) Exploring Aeration-Associated

in Office Buildings. Revista de la Facultad de Ingeniería Energy Savings at a Conventional Water Reclamation Plant.

U.C.V., 32(12), 129-136. Water Sci. Technol., 76(8), 2222-2231.

Xie, B.; Zhu, G.; Liu, B.; Su, Q.; Deng, S.; Yang, L.; Liu, G.; Dong, Zou, S.; He, Z. (2017) Electrodialysis Recovery of Reverse-fluxed

C.; Wang, M.; Liu, H. (2017) The Water Treatment and Fertilizer Draw Solute during Forward Osmosis Water

Recycling in 105-Day Bioregenerative Life Support Treatment. Chem. Eng. J., 330, 550-558.

Experiment in the Lunar Palace 1. Acta Astronaut., 140, 420-

426.

Xu, G.; Wang, H.; Gu, J.; Shen, N.; Qiu, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, Y. (2017)

A Novel A-B Process for Enhanced Biological Nutrient

Removal in Municipal Wastewater Reclamation.

Chemosphere, 189, 39-45.

Yen, F. C.; You, S. J.; Chang, T. C. (2017) Performance of

Electrodialysis Reversal and Reverse Osmosis for

Reclaiming Wastewater from High-Tech Industrial Parks in

Taiwan: A Pilot-Scale Study. J. Environ. Manage., 187, 393-

400.

Yuan, J.; Dyke, M. I. V.; Huck, P. M. (2017) Identification of

Critical Contaminants in Wastewater Effluent for Managed

Aquifer Recharge. Chemosphere, 172, 294-301.

Zhang, Y.; Liu, L.; Du, J.; Fu, R.; Van der Bruggen, B.; Zhang, Y.

(2017) Fracsis: Ion Fractionation and Metathesis by a NF-ED

Integrated System to Improve Water Recovery. J. Membrane

Sci., 523, 385-393.

Zhou, B.; Wang, T.; Li, Y.; Bralts, V. (2017) Effects of Microbial

Community Variation on Bio-Clogging in Drip Irrigation

Emitters Using Reclaimed Water. Agr. Water Manage., 194,

139-149.

Zhou, X.; Li, Z.; Staddon, C.; Wu, X.; Song, H. (2017) Issues and

Challenges of Reclaimed Water Usage: A Case Study of the

1596
Water Environment Research, Volume 90, Number 10 - Copyright © 2018 Water Environment Federation