AP HUG Study Guide:

All you “need” to know after Corona yeets everyone

Unit 1 – Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives 3

Regions 3
Projections 5
Map Types 7
Diffusion Types 12
Culture 12
Mapping 13
Density 15
People 15
Landscape 15
Location 17
Interaction 17
Data 18
Economics 18
Stimuli and Related Terms 19

Unit 2 – Population and Migration 19

Demographics 19
Demographic Transition Model 20
Epidemiological Transition Model 21
Population Pyramid 22
Demographic change causes (rename this) 22
Population Clusters 23
Migration 23
Population and density 25
Migration history (mostly US) 25
People 27
Stimuli and related terms 28
Population Growth, Rate of Natural Increase, and Anti-natal policies 28
Refugees and their impacts on their countries of origin and receiving countries 30
Reasons for and consequences of aging populations in Developing Countries 32
Muslim Population growth in Europe 33
Malthusian Theory 35

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 Population Pyramids/Demographic Transition Model 37
Regional Migration Patterns in the United States 39
International Migration Patterns 41
Historical Immigration to the United States 43
Historical Migrations to and from Europe/Demographic Transition Model 46

Unit 3 – Cultural Patterns and Processes 47

Language 47
Culture 49
Ethnicity/race 51
Regions/movement/diffusion 52
Religion 54
People 56
History 56
Stimuli and related terms 57
Cultural Diffusion 57
English as the world’s most important lingua franca 59
Religion clusters in the United States 61
Extinct and Revived Languages 63
Effects of tourism on the Cultural Landscape 65
Effect of Religion on the Cultural Landscape 66

Unit 4 – Political Organization of Space 67

State morphology 67
Boundaries and territory 68
States 72
Politics/Economics 74
Culture 77
States/Culture/Supranationals 78
History 80
Stimuli and related terms 81
Federal and Unitary governments 81
Politics of language – Bilingualism in Canada 84
Gerrymandering and reapportionment 87
Consequences of superimposed borders in Africa 90
Border Walls and Barriers 92
National Identity 94
Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces 96
Supranationalism and Devolution 99
Nations, States, and Nation-States 101

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Unit 5 – Agriculture and Rural Land Use 103
Agriculture 103
Crop Hearths 114
Geography / Environment 115
Settlements/density 118
Economics 119
Culture 122
Stimuli and Related terms 123
Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture and their impacts 123
Effects of coffee production of producer & consumer countries 126
Subsistence Farming and Shifting Cultivation 129
Organic and Dairy Farm trends in the United States 131
Von Thunen Model of Land Use 134
Distribution of Poultry Farms in the United States 138
Green Revolution 139

Test related
ESPE impacts​ - Economic, Social, political, and Environmental impacts
Describe​: give a detailed account including reasons or causes; provide the relevant
characteristics of a specified topic. Examples may or may not be needed. Good idea to include
one anyways.
Explain​: Give a detailed account including reasons or causes; provide information about how or
why a relationship, pattern, position, situation, or outcome occurs, using evidence and/or
reasoning. Give an example also.
Compare​: Give an account of the similarities and differences between two or more items or
situations referring to both or all of them throughout; provide a description or explanation of
similarities and/or differences. Provide possible reasons for similarities or differences.
How to analyze data
A: Identify the different types of data presented in maps and in quantative and geospatial data.
Also identify different scales of analysis.
B: Describe spatial patterns presented in maps and in quantative and geospatial data.
C: Explain patterns, spacial relationships, and trends in maps and in quantative and geospatial
data using models, concepts, theories to draw conclusions
D: Compare patterns and trends in maps and in quantative and geospatial data to draw
conclusions. Also comapre things at various scales.

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E: Explain what maps or data imply or illustrate about geographic principles, processes, and
outcomes. Also explain the degree to which a geographic concept, process, model, or theory
effectively explains geographic effects across various geographic scales.
F: Explain possible limitation of the data provided.

Unit 1 – Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives

Regions
Boundary​ - vertical plane that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the
surface
Perceptual/Vernacular ​- A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity (e.g,
The South, Da hood)

Formal/uniform/homogeneous region​ - A region that is able to be defined by by officially

defined boundaries.

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Nodal/ Functional region​ - ​An area organized around a node or focal point

Projections
Projection​ - The scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map
Types of Distortion​ - shape, distance, relative size, or direction of places
Mercator​ - a map projection that fairly accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts
distance and size of land masses.

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Robinson​ - a projection that maintains overall shapes and relative positions without extreme
distortion.

Gall Peters ​- a projection that displays accurate axes, but shapes are distorted. They are hard
to navigate when the shapes are not accurate

Azimuthal (polar)​ - a map that shows true compass directions; longitude lines are straight and
latitude lines are circles; distorts shape and size more toward the outer edges.

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Fuller/ Dymaxion Projection - ​Maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses.
Rearranges direction so the cardinal directions no longer have any meaning. unfolded
polyhedron

Goode's Interrupted Projection​ - Map that has an equal-area projection where both the
shapes and the sizes of landmasses are represented with a large amount of accuracy, but
distance is distorted. This is the one that is like drawing on an orange and then peeling it

Winkle-Triple Projection - ​curved lines of longitude and latitude. Most accurate map we have
but not perfect. Adopted by National Geographical in 1998. Tries to minimize area, direction,
and distance distortion. Line of latitude are slightly curved, nonparallel lines. Severe shape
distortion of the polar regions near the east and west edges of the map

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 Map Types
Statistical Map​ - A special type of map in which the variation in quantity of a factor such as
rainfall, population, or crops in a geographic area is indicated
ex: dot map, cartogram map, choropleth map, isoline map

Mental Map​ - A useful way to identify a perceptual region, also an internal representation of a
portion of Earth's surface

reference map​ - map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it
useful for finding landmarks and for navigating. emphasis on location

topographic maps​ - maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations

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Atlas/physical maps​ - maps that often include much of the same data found on a political map,
but their primary purpose is to show landforms like deserts, mountains, and plains. their
topography style presents an overall better picture of local terrain.

political map​ - maps that are designed to show governmental boundaries of countries and
states

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thematic map​ - type of map that displays one or more variables such as population, or income
level within a specific area

choropleth map​ - thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average
values per unit of data

dot maps​ - thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific observations
or occurrences, such as crimes, car accidents, or births

graduated symbol map​ - a map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the
attribute they represent

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isoline map​ - map with continuous lines joining points of the same value examples would be
equal altitude (contour lines), temperature (isotherms), barometric pressure (isobars), etc.

cartogram map​ - map in which some thematic mapping variables - such as travel time,
population, gross national product, is substituted for land area or distance. the geometry or
space of the map is distorted in order to convey the information of this alternate variable

flow map ​- a mix of maps and flowcharts that show the movement of objects from one location
to another

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 Diffusion Types
Diffusion​ - The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to
another over time
Hearth​ - The place from which an invention originates
Relocation diffusion​ - The spread of an idea through the physical movement of people from
one place to another
Examples: Indians spreading Hinduism to SE Asia, Amish Culture diffusing to Kentucky
Expansion diffusion​ - The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing
process
Hierarchical diffusion​ - The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority of power to
other persons or places (e.g, Nebil’s professional cadding going down to his worshippers)
Contagious diffusion​ - The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the
population
Examples: Internet Culture, c o r o n a l m f a o
Stimulus diffusion ​- The spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself
apparently fails to diffuse
Examples: McDonald’s in the anarcho-monarchist state of Saudi India,

Culture
Regional studies​ - The contemporary cultural landscape approach in geography
Culture​ - The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute
the distinct tradition of a group of people
Cultural Ecology​ - The geographic study of human-environment relationships
Environmental determination​ ​- how the physical environment caused social development
(becoming less accepted)
Possibilism​ - The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the
ability to adjust to their environment
Sequent Occupancy​ - the use and modification of the cultural landscape by successive cultural
groups, reflecting differing cultural values , technologies and social relations

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Culture Trait​ - a single distinguishing feature of regular occurrence within a culture, such as the
use of chopsticks or the observance of a particular caste system. A single element of learned
behavior; these are interrelated with each other, their collective function forms a culture
complex.
ex: Wearing of a turban
Culture Complex​ - a related set of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society's
behavior or activity; may be as basic as those associated with food preparation, serving and
consumption or as involved as those associated with religious beliefs or business practices
ex: Americans love cars (trait) the culture complex is how Americans use cars to show their
social/economic status. Movies are oftentimes based on something auto-related.
material culture​ - the physical things of a culture; money, clothes, etc
non-material culture​ - The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.
Independent Invention​ - innovations developed in two or more unconnected locations by
individuals or groups acting independently
ex: agriculture
Cultural Barrier​ - prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas or practices
unacceptable or adaptable in that particular culture
ex: different languages/accents
Activity Space​ - the local areas within which people move or travel in the course of their daily
activities. is a measure of individual spatial behavior that theoretically accounts for these
individual and environmental differences and offers an alternative approach to studying
geographic accessibility
ex: home -> school -> home

Mapping
Cartography​ - Art of mapmaking
Map Scale​ - Refers to the relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on earth
Remote sensing​ - The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or
from other long-distance methods
GIS​ - a computing system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data
GPS ​- A system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth
Toponym​ - The name given to a place on earth
Site​ - The physical characteristic of a place
Situation​ -
Latitude (Parallels)​ - Angular distance north or south of the equator. Drawn from East to West-
horizontal lines across the world to find absolute location
Longitude (Meridians)​ - Angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian. Drawn from
North to South- vertical lines that are used to find absolute location
Parallel​ - A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the
meridians
Meridian​ - An arc drawn between the North and South poles

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Prime Meridian​ - The meridian that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich,
England is 0 degrees Longitude, also called?
Time Zones​ - An area with an established standard time. There are 24. Each is 15 degrees
apart. Prime Meridian. The meridian at 0 degrees longitude that intersects Greenwich, England.
ex: eastern standard time (EST)
Greenwich Mean Time​ - The master reference time for all points on Earth. ​The time in that time
zone encompassing the prime meridian or 0 degree longitude
International date line​ - 180 degrees longitude, when you cross it, you turn the clock back 24
hours, or an entire day
Land Ordinance of 1875​ - Divided much of the country into a system of townships and ranges
to facilitate the sale of land to settlers of the West
Township​ - a square 6 miles on each side
Sections ​- A township is divided into 36 of these
Principal Meridians​ - Some of the north-south lines separating townships
Baselines​ - principal east-west line (i.e., a parallel) upon which all rectangular surveys in a
defined area are based.
DOGSTAILS​ -
D​ate - when was the map made, is it still reliable
O​rientation - Is there a compass rose?
G​rid - is there a grid, is it alphanumeric or latitude and longitude
S​cale - is there a scale, what unit of measurement is it using
T​itle - What is the title of the map, always read first
A​uthor - Who made the map, cartographer
I​ndex - is there an alphabetical listing of the places on the map
L​egend - is there a place on the map that explains the symbols used on the map
S​ituation/source - is there a place on the map that indicates where the map information
came from think bibliography works
North and South Poles​ - the points farthest north and south on the Earth along its axis
Equato​r - An imaginary line around the middle of the earth, halfway between the North Pole and
the South Pole
Geographic Scale​ - the scale at which a geographer analyzes a particular phenomenon;
Generally the finer the scale of analysis the richer the level of detail in the findings
ex: global, national, census tract, neighborhood, etc

Small Scale Map​ - refers to world maps or maps of large regions such as continents or large
nations. In other words, they show large areas of land on a small space. They are called this
because the representative fraction is relatively small.
ex: world map country map
Large Scale Map​ - have higher resolution and cover much smaller regions
ex: city map, neighborhoods

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 Density
Density​ - The frequency with which something occurs in space
Arithmetic density​ - The total number of objects in an area
Physiological density​ - The number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture
Agricultural density​ - Ratio of farmers to the amount of arable land
Concentration​ - The extent of a feature's spread over space
Pattern​ - The geometric arrangement of objects in space
Linear Pattern​ - straight pattern
ex: houses along a street
Centralized Pattern​ - clustered or concentrated at a certain place
ex: Central Business Districts of Cities
Random Pattern​ - a pattern with no specific order or logic behind its arrangement
ex: The data in which how many immigrants migrate into the United States would be considered
a random pattern due to the fact there is no constant pattern as to why.
Aggregation​ - a process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities; often
refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they
share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities
ex: Cultures,Religions,& Traditions occurring in one location
Distribution​ - the spatial arrangement of a phenomenon
Dispersed/ Scattered Settlement​ - a type of distribution in which there does not seem to be
any type of agglomeration incidences are well separated from one another
Clustered/Agglomerated/ Nucleated Settlement​ - a distribution in which data show distinct
pockets of concentration

People
Aristotle​ - First to demonstrate that the earth was spherical
Eratosthenes ​- The head librarian at Alexandria during the third century B.C.; one of the first
cartographers. Performed a remarkably accurate computation of Earth's circumference. He is
also credited with coining the term geography
Ptolemy ​- some bloke
Carl Sauer​ - Modern American Geographer, Came up with term cultural landscape, Fierce critic
of environmental determinism, cultural ecology, landscape morphology, Thought modern
capitalism was destroying cultural diversity, Regional geography

Landscape
Five themes of geography ​-
Location -​ position on the Earth's Surface (using coordinates)
Place - ​The physical and human characteristics of a particular geographic location with
its unique biophysical, cultural, and social characteristic
Human-environment-interaction -​ How humans and the environment affect each other.

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 Movement -​ the study of movement of people, goods, and ideas from one place to
another
Regions -​an area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or
perceptual unifying characteristics such as climate, language, or history.
Resources​ - Substances that are useful to people, economically and technology feasible to
access, and socially acceptable to use
5 regional climates​ - Tropical, Dry, Warm Mid-Latitude, Cold Mid-Latitude, and Polar Climates
Biomes​ - Four major forms of plant communities: Forest, savannah, grassland, and desert
Polder​ - A piece of land that is created by draining water from an area
Anthropogenic​ - Human-induced changes on the natural environment
Landscape​ - an area that is less defined than a region and is described in an abstract manner
Built Landscape/Environment​ - that part of the physical landscape that represents material
culture; buildings, roads, bridges and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape
Cultural Landscape​ - the natural landscape as modified by human activities and bearing the
imprint of a culture group or society; the built environment
Natural Landscape​ - the physical environment unaffected by human activities; duration and
near totality of human occupation of the earth's surface assures that little or no "natural
landscape" strictly defined remains intact. Opposed to cultural landscape.
ex: the Saharan desert, the Rocky Mountains,or Antarctica
Cultural Ecology​ - the study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments
in which they live
Political Ecology​ - the study of nature--society relations that concerns with the ways in which
environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic contexts
in which they are situated
ex: big businesses cutting down trees for cities space
Fertile Crescent​ - Crescent-shaped zone of productive lands extending from near the
southeastern Mediterranean coast through Lebanon and Syria to the alluvial lowlands of
Mesopotamia (in Iraq). Once more fertile than today, this is one of the world's great source
areas of agriculture and other innovations.
Sense of Place​ - state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and
emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with
a certain character
ex: feeling emotional about a Church or feeling patriotic when in Washington, D.C.
Perception of Place​ - Belief or "understanding" about a place developed through books,
movies, stories or pictures.
ex: people from the North believing the south to be a redneck racist hillbilly place
Placelessness​ - the loss of locally distinctive characteristics and identity and replacement by
standardized landscapes, which makes it hard to identify where it exactly is
ex: a road with popular stores that looks like it could be anywhere in the U.S.

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 Location
Time-Distance Decay​ - the declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with
increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source
ex: Predicts that demand will peak at some distance relatively close to a source market and
then decline exponentially as distance increases
Space-Time Compression​ - Used to describe the reduction in the time it takes for something to
reach another place
Distance Decay​ - The theory that the farther away two groups of people are, the less likely they
are to interact
Absolute Direction - direction with respect to global location references, such as cardinal
directions or macroscopic features
ex: using a compass to find your way and it points north
Relative Direction​ - direction with respect to personal or cultural ideas rather than objective
systems such as cardinal directions or landmarks. Direction relative to something else
ex: left,right,up,down,etc.
Friction of Distance​ - based on the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort,
money, and/or energy to overcome. Because of this "friction," spatial interactions will tend to
take place more often over shorter distances; quantity of interaction will decline with distance
Absolution Location​ - dictates where each place exist on a reference map
Relative Location ​- the location of a place compared to other places
Site - the immediate environment of a place
ex: south louisiana is very swampy
Situation ​- the way in which a particular place relates to the space that surrounds it
ex: new Orleans is close to the mouth of the Mississippi river
Location Theory ​- a logical attempt to explain the location pattern of an economic activity and
the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated
ex: Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location; the agricultural location theory contained the von
Thunen model is a leading example

Interaction
Spatial Interaction​ - a dynamic flow process from one location to another.
ex: a general concept that may refer to the movement of human beings such as intra-urban
commuters or intercontinental migrants but may also refer to traffic in goods such as raw
materials or to flows of intangibles such as information
Accessibility​ - ease of movement between places
Connectivity - the state or extent of being connected or interconnected.
ex: roads, phones, the internet
Network​ - entire pattern of nodes and links
ex: Social Network, internet
Distance Decay​ - the idea that, all else being equal, as the distance between two places
increases, the volume of interaction between theses places decreases

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Time-space compression/convergence ​- A concept developed by the Marxist geographer
David Harvey, through processes such as globalization time is accelerated and the significance
of space is reduced. It is the increasing sense of connectivity. Easier to communicate across
longer distances
ex: the shrinking world, more connectivity to remote parts of the world

Data
Qualitative Data​ - Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical
characteristic. show the distribution of a particular class of information-- the interest is in where
the things are and nothing is reported about it.
ex: Mississippi has a variety of rivers, wildlife, and hilly landscapes
Quantitative Data​ - Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used
to analyze spatial location and association. measures of values or counts and are expressed as
numbers. data about numeric variables (e.g. how many; how much; or how often). show the
spatial characteristic of numerical data- shows variation from place to place
Fieldwork​ - practical work conducted by a researcher in the natural environment, rather than in
a laboratory or office. ex: Charles Darwin traveling to the Galápagos Islands to study birds
Scale of analysis -​the extent of which you gather data from

Economics
Globalization​ - A force or process that involves the entire world and results in making
something worldwide in scope
Transnational corporation​ - Conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many
countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located
Uneven development​ - The increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core
and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy
Breaking point​ - the outer edge of a city's sphere of influence, used in the law of retail
gravitation to describe the area of a city's hinterlands that depend on that city for its retail
supplies
Intervening Opportunity​ - if one place has a demand for some good or service and two places
have a supply of equal price and quality, the supplier closer to the buyer will represent an
intervening opportunity, thereby blocking the third from being able to share its supply of goods
or services; frequently used because transportation costs usually decrease with proximity

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 Stimuli and Related Terms

-Distribution
-Aggregation
-idk what else im dumb

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Population factors influenced by physical factors. These include climate, landforms, water
bodies. Human factors include culture, economics, history, politics

Unit 2 – Population and Migration

Demographics
Demography​ - Scientific study of human populations.
Demographic equation​ - The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the
increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus
(or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the
demographic transition model a country is in.
Demographic Momentum - ​this is the tendency for a growing population to continue growing
after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once
this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.
Dependency ratio ​- ​reflects the number of people in a country whose labor supports the rest 
of the country that is incapable of working. It is usually determined by adding the number of 
retired people and children on one side, and the number of working adults on the other.
Elderly support ratio - ​the number of people ages 15-64 divided by the number of persons 65
and older
cohort​ - a group of people from a given time period

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Natural increase rate (NIR)​ - The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as
the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. (migration not included)
Replacement fertility ​- The total fertility rate at which women would have only enough children
to replace themselves and their partner. *2.1
S-curve ​- a curve that depicts logistic growth; shape of an "S"
J-curve​ - a growth curve that depicts exponential growth
Total fertility rate ​- The number of children born to an average woman in a population during
her entire reproductive life (15-44 yrs old)
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)​ - A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the
natural increase rate equals zero.
pre-reproductive age ​- 0-14
reproductive age​ - 15-44
post reproductive age​ - 45+
population growth rate​ - do CBR - CDR, then put out of 1000 and translate it to percents
Census​ - A complete enumeration of a population. (excluding the homeless and
undocumented)
Cairo Plan​ - developed at the 1994 Conference on Population and Development. Plan called
for stabilizing the world's population at 7.8 billion by 2050. The goal was to increase education
for girls, promote gender equity and more family planning.
Aging population - ​When the average age of a population is increasing. This could happen
when there is a very low population growth rate or even a negative growth rate. An ageing
population can lead to a weakened economy and a shortage of skilled labor. Countries with
ageing populations often accept lots of immigrants to move in.

Demographic Transition Model

Demographic transition​ - Change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth
and death rates
Demographic Transition Model​ - A sequence of demographic changes in which a country
moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time. has stages 1-5

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DTM Stage 1​ - is characterized by a low population growth rate due to a high birth rate (number
of annual births per one thousand people) and a high death rate (number of annual deaths per
one thousand people). NO COUNTRIES CURRENTLY IN THIS STAGE. However, tribes in the
Amazon could be considered this stage.
DTM Stage 2​ - rapid decrease in a country's death rate while the birth rate remains high. As
such, the total population of a country will rise because births outnumber deaths, not because
the birth rate is rising. Populations have a wide base and very thin top. Uganda is in this stage.
DTM Stage 3​ - death rates are low and birth rates diminish, as a rule accordingly of enhanced
economic conditions, an expansion in women's status and education, and access to
contraception. Moves the population towards stability through a decline in the birth rate. The
population pyramid is shaped like a triangle, whose base is beginning to level out. It can also be
described as looking like a cupola on an Orthodox church. Mexico is in this stage.
DTM Stage 4​ - birth rates and death rates are both low, stabilizing total population growth. That
being said, this is viewed as an ideal placement for a country because total population growth is
gradual. ​This growth rate is reflected in the more square-like structure of the population
pyramid.
The U.S is in this stage.
DTM Stage 5​ - a country experiences loss to the overall population as the death rate becomes
higher than the birth rate. ... What occurs is an aging citizenry that will eventually lead to a
decrease in total population. The population pyramid has a thinner base than other levels.
Germany is in this stage.
DTM stages 2 to 3 - ​countries stuck in stage 2 will experience very high population growth.
must move to 3 to have their growth decrease

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 Epidemiological Transition Model
Epidemiological transition​ - Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic
transition.
Epidemiological Transition Model ​- This is a distinctive cause of death in each stage of the
demographic transition. This is important because it can explain how a countries population
changes so dramatically and more.
Epidemiological Stage 1 ​- Famine, pestilence, and death. E.g Black Plague
Epidemiological Stage 2 - ​receding pandemics and fewer deaths. new diseases impact groups
of people, urbanization is happening. E.g cholera (used GIS to pinpoint and solve the problem)
Epidemiological Stage 3 - ​Less death and more degenerative diseases. People start to have
heart attacks and get cancer
Epidemiological Stage 4 - ​Fighting degenerative diseases. Medical advancements fight
cancer, heart attacks, and prolong life further
Epidemiological Stage 5 - ​Death is back on the rise. evolution of disease. increase in
poverty. globalization.

Population Pyramid
Age distribution​ - a model used in population geography that describes the ages and number
of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid
Population pyramids​ - A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
Sex ratio​ - The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Negative growth population pyramid​ - ​As negative growth in a country continues, the
population is reduced. A population can shrink due to a low birth rate and a stable death rate.
Increased emigration may also be a contributor to a declining population. ​The p​ opulation​ is 
generally older on average, as the country has long life expectancy, a low death rate, but 
also a low birth rate. The demand for labor might increase​The population pyramids have a
smaller base than the other levels.
Slow growth population pyramid​ - ​ In the United States, the population is growing at a rate of
about 1.7 percent annually. This growth rate is reflected in the more square-like structure of the
pyramid.
Growing population pyramid​ - ​The population is said to be fast-growing, and the size of each
birth cohort gets larger than the size of the previous year.

Demographic change causes (rename this)

Child mortality rate​ - A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first
and fifth years of their lives in a given population
Contraception​ - Birth Control
Crude death rate​ - The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.
Crude birth rate​ - Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a
geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.

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Dependency ratio​ - The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compares to
the number of people active in the labor force.
Doubling time - The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate
of natural increase.
Life expectancy​ - A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live.
Normally expressed in the context of a particular state.
Increase in urbanization - ​more urbanization = smaller families. less farmers and possible
higher physiological densities
Women rights - ​more opportunities for women = smaller family sizes
education and health care - ​the more services available to people the higher quality of life and
the lower the population growth. this can be expensive and does not always happen
Access to contraceptives ​- ​family planning and access to contraceptives decreases
population growth, however, it is controversial and not all people agree with this approach
Pro-natalism​ - a policy or general attitude that encourages population growth, often in the face
of limited resources. e.g Russian baby lottery
Anti-natalism​ - Incentives to stop the population from growing. e.g Chinese 1 child policy
health care - ​developed countries tend to spend more on protecting their citizens health (not
the US, capitalism is the reason why). public assistance is offered to those who are sick, elderly,
disabled, orphans, veterans of war, widows, unemployed. most of the developed countries'
governments cover the majority of healthcare costs, however it is becoming harder for
governments to do this due to a slowing in economic growth.

Population Clusters
Population agglomerations​ - A cluster of people living in the same area.
Demographic Regions - ​Regions grouped together by the stage of the demographic transition
model that most countries in the region are in. Cape Verde (Africa) is in Stage 2 (High Growth),
Chile (Latin America) is in Stage 3 (Moderate Growth), and Denmark (Europe) is in Stage 4
(Low Growth). This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different
stages of the demographic transition
Four main clusters - ​East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe
East Asia - ​Think of China, Japan, Korea. People here live in coastal areas and live along
rivers. Jobs in china tend to be more focused on agriculture, 50% of China's population live in
rural areas. Japan and Korea are more clustered and focus on industrial/service jobs
South Asia - ​Think of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. People live by the coasts with large
densities of people along the Indus and Ganges rivers. Most people are farmers, living in rural
areas. Population growth is high, few population controls in place
Southeast Asia ​Think of Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar and the Islands between the Indian
and Pacific oceans, such as Indonesia. Most people live in rural areas and focus on farming.
Most people are located in the rivers, deltas, and coastlines
Europe - ​This region includes about 4 dozen countries. Urbanized! 75% - 90% of the population
lives in cities. Populations concentrated around major rivers and coalfields. population is
decreasing

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Runner up clusters - ​North America, South America, and Africa
North America - ​Countries like USA, Canada, Mexico. Highly urbanized with concentrations
along the east and west coasts. The further inland, more agriculture
South America - ​Think of Brazil, Argentina, Columbia. People concentrated along the
coastlines. The further inland you go the more agriculture and rural life you'll see
Africa - ​Think of Nigeria, Kenya, Namibia. Largest population concentrations along the Atlantic
coast. Most people are farmers
Sparsely Populated Regions - ​Too dry, Too wet, Too high, Too cold

Migration

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration - ​A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups:
the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.
1) Most migrants travel short distances, traveling in STEP migration
2) Migrants who are travelling a long way tend to move to larger cities
3) Rural residents are more likely to migrate than urban residents
4) Families are less likely to migrate across national borders
5) Every migration stream creates a counter stream
6) Within their own country females are more migratory than males, but males are more
migratory over longer distances
7) Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase
8) Migration increase with economic development
9) Migration is mostly due to economic causes
10) The major direction of migration is from agricultural areas to urban areas
11) Migration increases in volume as technology and transportation improve
Zelinsky's Model of Migration - ​This connects to the DTM now looking at migration. People in
what stage countries will move where.
-Migration in stage 1: People moving to get just what they need
-Migration in stage 2: People in stage 2 countries will move to stage 3 and 4 countries
-Migration in stage 3 and 4 countries: Most migration is intraregional (urban to suburban)
-economics are the drivers here
space-time prism​ - a diagram of the volume of space and the length of time within which our
activities are confined by constraints of our bodily needs (eating, resting) and the means of
mobility at our command.
Temporary Movement ​- Movement that happens over and over again in a cycle.
Many types, such as:
Cyclic Movement​ - This is daily routines, most of the time it is for work
Seasonal movement​ - This is when people respond to change in a season. Think of people
who go south in the winter or transhumance migrations (seasonal movement of livestock
between two locations).
Periodic movement​ - These are longer periods in which people are moving. Think of college or
military deployment

25
step migration​ - migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages
guest worker​ - a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country
transhumance migration​ - this is the seasonal movement of livestock between to locations
Interregional Migration​ - movement from one region of a country to another
Intraregional Migration​ - movement within one region
push/pull factors​ - Factors that push people into leaving old residences and move to new
locations/Factors that pull people into moving to a new location. Reasons for these could be
economic, political, environmental, and cultural. Some examples of push factors are persecution
(holocaust, pogroms), overpopulation (africa), poor living conditions (africa and south asia), no
jobs, a hated politician coming into power, natural disasters (tsunamis, earthquakes), war
(syria), cultural tension (yugoslavia). Some examples of pull factors are a decreasing population
(europe), needed labor and availability of jobs (europe or newly industrialized america), high
quality of life (europe), good government and politics, freedom from persecution, pleasant
climate (florida which is where the boomers go).
International Migration​ - movement from one country to another.
Internal Migration​ - movement within the same country
Voluntary Migration​ - Permanent movement undertaken by choice.
Forced Migration​ - Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.
e.g slaves forced to go to the Americas from Africa, or the trail of tears.
The world's largest flows of migration - ​Asia to Europe,Asia to North America, Latin America
to North America. These global patterns show the importance of migration from developing
countries to developed countries. This helps reinforce Zelinsky's model of migration
Intercontinental Migration - ​movement from one continent to another
refugee​ - A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war,
persecution, or natural disaster
Internally Displaced Person (IDP) ​- Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar
political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border
Brain Drain​ - the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries by emigration
Unauthorized immigration​ - Also known as undocumented immigration, or illegal immigration.
net migration​ - The difference between the level of immigration (in) and the level of emigration
(out).
Remittances​ - Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in
cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries
cultural lag​ - when a culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations
Persecution ​-​oppression
Asylum ​- a safe place
Chain migration​ - moving through kinship links

26
 Population and density
Agricultural density​ - the number of farmers per farmable land. Farmers divided by the number
of arable land. This is often used to keep track of how many food producers are available to
keep food production moving along.

Arithmetic density​ - The total number of people divided by the total land area. Not really used
because some of the areas in countries or regions cannot be settled
Physiological density​ - The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land
suitable for agriculture. Population divided by arable land. Much more used than Arithmetic
density due to people not being able to settle where the land isn't arable.
Ecumene​ - The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Carrying capacity​ - Largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can
support
Overpopulation​ - A value judgment based on the notion that the resources of a particular area
are not great enough to support that area's current population. Population over the carrying
capacity. Overpopulation can be caused by a very high growth rate. Overpopulation can be a
push factor in migration also. Many people in Africa moved to Europe between 1960 and 2000
due to poor living conditions and overpopulation. Europe also had a labor shortage which acted
as a pull factor as well.
Malthusian Catastrophe​ - occurs when the means of sustenance are not enough to support
the population, resulting in population reduction through actual or predicted famine
population explosion - ​a sudden large increase in the size of a population
population projection​ - estimate of future population size, age, and sex composition
population distribution​ - factors that illustrate patterns of population distribution vary according
to the scale of analysis
population center​ - The average location of everyone in the country, the "center of population
gravity"
Brandt Line​ - divides the more developed north from the less developed south
Gendered Space​ - areas or regions designed for men or women

Migration history (mostly US)

3 main waves of immigration for the United States -​1st wave: colonial settlement. 2nd wave:
European settlement. 3rd wave: Asian and Latino settlement
u.s 1st wave of immigration - ​Colonial settlement. Immigrants came from Europe and
sub-Saharan Africa. 90% of the immigrants that came to America were from Great Britain. While
most Europeans experienced voluntary migration, there was a lot of persecution in Europe at
the time which could make some immigrants’ migration forced. Most Africans were forced to
migrate as slaves.
u.s 2nd wave of immigration - ​European migration (late 19th and 20th centuries). 1840s and
50s: Three-fourths of all U.S immigrants came from Ireland and Germany. People were looking
to escape hardship and political unrest. 1870s: immigration from Ireland and Germany resumed

27
after the U.S civil war was over. 1880s: The Swedes and the Norwegians joined the Germans
and Irish in migrating to the United states(industrial revolution diffused to Scandinavia, and the
population was drastically rising). 1905-1914: Two-thirds of all immigrants came from Southern
and Eastern Europe. Italy, Russia, and Austria-Hungary were the three main countries( This
was as the industrial revolution spread across Eastern Europe to these countries)
u.s 3rd wave of immigration - ​Asian and Latin American immigration (late 20th and early 21st
centuries). Immigration in the United Stated dropped during the great depression and ww2, but
increased again in the 1950s. More than three-fourths of the recent U.S immigrants come from
Asia and Latin america. The leading countries in Asia are China, the Philippines, India and
Vietnam. One-half of Immigrants head to California, Florida, New York, or Texas. Fun fact!
Mexico officially passed Germany in 2006 as the country that has sent the most immigrants to
the U.S.
history of the u.s population center​ - A changing center of U.S population.
-1790: Location was near the Atlantic coast due to all of the colonies
-1800-1840: Transportation improved and it crossed the Appalachians
-1850-1890: Westward we go for gold!
-1900-1940: The U.S saw an increase in immigrants on the East Coast which offset the
westward movement. The Great Plains started to be occupied due to new technology
-1950-2010: The center moved south as more people moved down south for warmer climates
Today inter-regional migration has slowed, this started in 2008 due to the recession. This may
change as our economy continues to grow
History of intraregional migration​ - For the world the majority of intraregional migration is from
rural areas to urban areas, however, the U.S sees more intraregional migration from cities to
suburbs. Migration from rural to urban areas began in the 1800s in Europe and North America
(Industrial revolution)
-1950 to 2010 countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa have started to see this trend. This is
because of economic opportunities
As countries continue to develop, we start to see more intraregional migration from cities to
suburbs. this is because of education, safety, space, and more options with homes
Unauthorized immigration in the U.S - ​These immigrants have certain characteristics
according to the Pew Hispanic Center. Source country: over half of these immigrants emigrate
from Mexico. Children: over 1 million children make up the 11.2 million unauthorized immigrants.
Years in the u.s: the amount of time immigrants are staying in the u.s has been increasing. This
may be due to how hard it has become to cross the u.s border. Labor force: Over 8 million
unauthorized immigrants are employed in the u.s
Distribution: California and Texas have the largest number of unauthorized immigrants
Transmigration - ​the government-required relocation of people away from overpopulated core
regions to less crowded areas. (Indonesia has a policy of moving people away from Java.)

People
Cornucopians​ - optimists who question limits-to-growth perspectives and contend that markets
effectively maintain a balance between population, resources, and the environment

28
Thomas Malthus​ - 18th century English ​intellectual​ who warned that population growth
threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip
increases in agricultural production.
Neomalthusians​ - scholars that continue to share Thomas Malthus's concerns. They don't just
think about not enough food, but water and other resources.

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 Frqs 

Population Growth, Rate of Natural Increase, and Anti-natal policies

factors that contribute to high population growth rates

One economic incentive to decrease population growth

30
One social program to decrease population growth

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Refugees and their impacts on their countries of origin and receiving countries

Refugee​ - A person who flees, is displaced, or is forced to leave his or her home country
One political, one social, and one environmental reason why refugees flee their country

32
Countries refugees have left and why

Effects on the receiving country

33
Reasons for and consequences of aging populations in Developing Countries

Why the population age is increasing

34
Muslim Population growth in Europe

35
Reasons for the increase in the muslim population

Impacts on the receiving countries

36
 Malthusian Theory

Why geographers today believe malthus’ theory can be used to predict future population

Why geographers today believe malthus’ theory canot be used to predict future population

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38
Population Pyramids/Demographic Transition Model

Demographic characteristics of each country with respect to the DTM.

Positive impacts of each countries population pyramid on its economy

39
Negative impacts of each countries population pyramid on its economy

40
Regional Migration Patterns in the United States

Processes that contribute to this migration

41
42
International Migration Patterns

43
44
Historical Immigration to the United States

45
46
47
Historical Migrations to and from Europe/Demographic Transition
Model

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 Stimuli and related terms

-Lots of labor available.

-Less need of elder social safety net (social security)
-Less immigrants needed
-stage 2

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- strain on social insurance programs and pension systems. With a large increase in an aging
population, many nations must raise their budget allocations for social security.
-Greater need for elder social safety net (social security)
-Loss of labor
-More immigrants needed
-Less schools needed as there are less children.
-stage 4-5

Unit 3 – Cultural Patterns and Processes

Language
Language​ - A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds
understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
Dialect​ - A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and
pronunciation.
Creole​ - ​A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous
language of the people being dominated.
Ebonics​ - A dialect spoken by some African Americans.
extinct language - A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer
used.
Isogloss​ - A boundary that separates regions in which different languages usages predominate.

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isolated language​ - A.K.A. language isolate; A language that is unrelated to any other
languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
language family​ - A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor
long before recorded history.
language branch/subfamily ​- A collection of languages related through a common ancestor
that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with
language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the
same family.
language group​ - A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the
relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
lingua franca​ - A language that is mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people
who have different native languages.
literary tradition​ - A language that is written as well as spoken.
official language​ - The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of
business and publication of documents.
standard language​ - The form of a language used for official government business, education
and mass communications.
pidgin language​ - A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of
a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
Received Pronunciation (RP)​ - The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons
living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.
Spanglish​ - A combination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans.
Vulgar Latin​ - A form of Latin used in daily conversations by ancient Romans, as opposed to
the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.
Accent​ - a distinctive way of pronouncing a language, especially one associated with a
particular country, area, or social class.
Slang​ - Informal, non-standard words and phrases. (boomer, yeet, bruh moment)
Logogram​ - A written character that represents a word or phrase; I.E. Chinese and Japanese
characters, Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Phonogram​ - A written character that represents a sound. I.E. Latin alphabet, Korean Hangul.

51
Toponym​ - Name of a place.
Vernacular/Perceptual​ - The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or
region.
Indo-European language family​ - The language family that is the most widely-spoken and has
the largest number of speakers. Spoken in Europe, the Americas, and south Asia. Includes the
Germanic, Romance, and Slavic branches (among many others).

Sino-Tibetan​ - A language family that includes languages spoken in south-east Asia. e.g
Mandarin

linguistic region​ - a region where everyone speaks the same language

Anatolian Theory​ - The belief that Indo-European languages originated in the language of a
population that lived on the Anatolian peninsula
Kurgan Theory - ​Proposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European
language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded
west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in
search of grasslands.
linguistic diversity - ​the amount of variation of languages a place has
Monolingual/multilingual - ​mono- one language, multi- more than one language
trade language - A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them
to communicate so that they can trade with each other.
Patois​ - a dialect used in everyday speech that blends elements of several languages
Cockney​ - a dialect traditionally spoken by the lower classes in and around London
Altaic Language Family​ - A language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai
Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the
languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by
the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these
regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.

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 Culture
folk/local culture​ - Traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in
relative isolation.
popular culture​ - Found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite
differences in personal characteristics.
material culture​ - Food, clothing, and shelter; The physical objects produced by a society in
order to meet its needs.
Custom​ - Frequent repetition of an act until it becomes characteristic of a group of people.
Taboo​ - A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.
Habit​ - Repetitive act performed by an individual.
Homogenous​ - Of the same kind; alike; Used to describe social groups of cultural practices
(especially popular culture).
Assimilation​ - The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, often used
to describe immigrant adaptation to a new place of residence.
cultural hearth​ - Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture.
Acculturation​ - the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

adaptive strategy​ - the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical
environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life- food, clothing,
shelter, and defense.
Cultural core/periphery pattern​ - idea that the core (more developed countries) houses main
economic power of region and the outlying region or periphery (less developed countries)
houses lesser economic ties
Cultural Ecology​ - the geographic study of human-environment relationships
cultural identity​ - One's belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect
cultural landscape​ - the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape
Cultural shatterbelt​ - a zone of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups.
Exclave ​- a part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by
foreign territory. e.g Kaliningrad
Enclave ​- an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds
it
nonmaterial culture​ - The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.
sequent occupance​ - the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a
place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
cultural adaptation​ - new people adapt to the culture of the previously existing people
Folklore​ - The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.

53
Americanization​ - Assimilation into American culture
Transculturation​ - cultural borrowing that occurs when different cultures of approximately equal
complexity and technological level come into close contact
Amalgamation​ - occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group
Multicultural ​- Having to do with many cultures.
cultural appropriation ​- the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge
and use them for their own benefit
cultural transmission​ - the process by which one generation passes culture to the next
folk food​ - Food that is traditionally made by the common people of a region and forms part of
their culture
Culturally Constructed​ - created or shaped by a culture
landscapes of the dead​ - The certain areas where people have commonly been buried
Negatives of pop Culture Global Spread - ​Lots of waste, placelessness , high resource ,
depletion , Killing of smaller cultures
threats to folk culture - ​loss of traditional values. foreign dominance through media, such as;
glorification of independence, violence, sensuality, consumerism. the news reflects only western
values and concerns. developing countries cannot compete with funding of major networks
countries can cope with this by limiting or blocking television, restrict internet use and certain
sites, banning social media
Bluegrass​ - came from white music in the South and Appalachia, building on Irish and Scottish
instruments and traditions
continental cuisine​ - Formal food traditions that emerged from mainland Europe in the 1800s.
haute cuisine​ - An elaborate and refined system of food preparation.
nouvelle cuisine - the contemporary form of the continental styles mainly from France, Spain,
and Italy
fusion cuisine​ - The merging of two or more ethnic cuisines into one cooking style.
appellation of origin​ - special kind of geographical indication generally consisting of a
geographical name or a traditional designation used on products which have a specific quality or
characteristics that are essentially due to the geographical environment in which they are
produced.
contemporary culture hearths​ - A cultural node that exists today
Ancient culture hearth​ - A cultural central point that originated many years ago
Staple food crop​ - is a food that is eaten routinely and in such quantities that it constitutes a
dominant portion of a standard diet for a given people, supplying a large fraction of energy
needs and generally forming a significant proportion of the intake of other nutrients as well.
contemporary culture region - A current region that is synonymous with a certain culture,
ethnicity, or religion

54
cultural synthesis​ - the blending together of two or more cultural influences
Infanticide​ - killing of infants. e.g girls are killed in India because they are seen as a burden due
to dowries
gender gap​ - The difference in political views between men and women, or income
social distance​ - how much social "space" is there between differing racial or ethnic groups in
society, refers to the amount of space that operates between individuals or groups as a result of
differences in race, age, culture, ethnicity, etc.
longevity gap​ - the gap between the life expectancy of men and women
Maternal Mortality Rate​ - Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.
creative destruction - the hypothesis that the creation of new products and production methods
simultaneously destroys the market power of existing monopolies
daily necessities ​- Food, clothing, and shelter
leisure activities​ - Arts and Recreation
Traditional gender roles​ - men work and hunt. Women stay home and take care of a family
and farm.
Shared practices - ​something cultures share
Cultural relativism - ​Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices
should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the
criteria of another.
Centripetal forces ​- forces that pull people together. Culture, Religious acceptance, language,
ethnic unity and tolerance, social equity, economic equity, just and fair legal system,
nationalism, history and common heritage.
Centrifugal forces​ - forces that pull people apart. Cultural diversity, religious differences,
language, ethnic conflict, social injustice, poverty, nationalism, legal restrictions, physical
features, economic stratification.
Syncretism​ - the amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or
schools of thought.

Ethnicity/race

Barrio​ - Hispanic neighborhoods

ethnic cleansing​ - Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less
powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. e.g holocaust, rohingya,
srebrenica.
ethnic enclave​ - A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those
in the surrounding area. e.g 中国城 (chinatown)
ethnic group​ - Group of people who share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or
combination of such characteristics
ethnic homeland​ - the concept of the place (cultural geography) to which an ethnic group holds
a long history and a deep cultural association with
Ethnic Neighborhood​ - an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic
background

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ethnic religion​ - a religion that is particular to one culturally distinct group of people
Ethnocentrism​ - Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
Race​ - Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.
Segregation​ - Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
Nation-state concept​ - It is impossible to form a perfect nation-state, only come close
nation (culture group)​ - a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and
having a strong sense of unity
Melanesians​ - found in New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Fiji, so named because of their dark
skin coloration, have comparatively thin bodies and angular facial features, with a curly hair
shaft
Polynesians​ - a native or inhabitant of Polynesia, or a person of Polynesian descent.
Micronesians​ - light brown skin color, medium body shape, and curly hair shaft
Aboriginals​ - Indigenous peoples there "from the origin" of Australia and New Zealand
Mestizos​ -A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry
Mulattoes ​- People of African and European descent
Garifuna​ - people with both African and Native American backgrounds
Creole Society​ - a term used to mean those who were "native-born", especially native-born
Europeans such as the French and Spanish. It also came to be applied to African-descended
slaves and Native Americans who were born in Louisiana.
internal identity​ - Used by individuals to express their culture to people who share similar place
of origin or heritage
external identity​ - used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of
origin to people who do not share a common cultural or geographic background
Racism​ - Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that
racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
Indigenous​ - originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.

Regions/movement/diffusion
Chain Migration​ - pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through
kinship links
Diffusion types​ - expansion and relocation, expansion is the expanding, and relocating is
moving
Expansion diffusion​—hierarchical, contagious, stimulus

Formal, core, periphery - ​formal (Uniform) An area in which everyone shares in one or more
distinctive characteristics. (Core) Center of economic activity. (Periphery) Outlying region of
economic activity
Functional/Nodal Region​ - An area organized around a node or focal point

56
innovation adoption​ - study of how, why and at what rate new technology spreads in an area
interfaith boundaries - boundaries between the world's major faiths
Maladaptive diffusion​ - Diffusion of a process with negative side effects or What works well in
one region may not in another
Relocation​ - to move to a different location
Glocalization​ - the practice of conducting business according to both local and global
considerations.
Neolocalism​ - A renewed interest in sustaining and promoting the uniqueness of a place
Partition ​- division
Hellespont​ - the long, narrow body of water between Europe and Asia in present-day Turkey
Appalachia ​- a mountainous region in the southeastern United States
long-lot patterns​ - Long, narrow division of lots used in French colonial areas in order to have
waterfront access, or to roads
Metes and Bounds​ - Geography determines borders
fuzzy borders​ - cultural regions have these, its hard to tell where one starts and another
begins, many overlap in irregular manners, border between Dixie and American NE
Dixie​ - nickname for the southern states
Border States​ - States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They
were slave states, but did not secede.
Gravity Model ​- A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is
directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people
must travel to reach the service.
Heartland Theory​ - A geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Halford
Mackinder during the first two decades of the twentieth century, that any political power based in
the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. Mackinder
further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler
would command the vast "heartland" to the east
Electronic Diffusion of Popular Culture​ - is diffused faster than ever with the invention and
diffusion of forms of electronic communication
like television and the Internet which allow images and messages about popular culture to
spread nearly instantaneously across the globe
Swidden​ - A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
Appellation​ - a name, title, or designation
Epidemic​ - outbreak a rapidly spreading disease
Pandemic​ - worldwide epidemic
Terra Preta​ - Dark, fertile soils high in charcoal and nutrient content, created by native
populations in the Amazon River Basin before the arrival of Europeans.
Contemporary​ - modern
Economic impacts of refugees​ - new skill sets, wage goes down, become financial liabilities
Cultural impacts of refugees​ - Bringing new food. Linguistic diversity. Bilinguality.

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 Religion
Fundamentalism​ - Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or
a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
Monotheism/polytheism​ - belief in one god/belief in many gods
proselytic religion​ - a universalizing religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all
people, wherever they may live in the world, not just those of one culture or location
Reincarnation​ - In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously
until it achieves perfect understanding
Religious architectural styles ​- These are the styles of architecture created by the religions.
For example, Christians have always made temples, and Buddhists have always made a lot of
religious statues. This is important to human geography because these styles affected most of
the future styles for other civilizations.
Religious culture hearth​ - This is where most religions are born. Most major religions have
come from the Middle East near Israel, but a few have come from India too. This is important to
human geography because where religions are created, civilizations are too.
Religious toponym​ - the origin and meaning of the names of religions
sacred space​ - place or space people infuse with religious meaning
Theocracy​ - A government controlled by religious leaders
traditional architecture - traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places
Universalizing​ - to bring into universal use
Abrahamic Religions​ - 3 religions that regard Abraham as their ancestor in faith: Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam
Creationism​ - Belief that all life was created by God.
Mentifact​ - abstract belief systems
Catholic Church

Protestant Church

Orthodox Church

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Mosque

Synagogue

Buddhist temple

Hindu temple

Denomination​ - subcategory or subgroup

compromising religions​ - ability to reform or integrate other beliefs into their doctrinal practices
animist religions​ - various ethnic, tribal, and forms of nature worship
Hindu-Buddhist religions​ - Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Polytheistic, began with
Hinduism 5,000 years ago. Believe that the soul is reincarnated over an over, and that there is
karma (a balance between good and bad)
Shamanism​ - The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with
spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early
medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)
Voodoo​ - a religion that originates in Africa. In the Americas and the Caribbean, it is thought to
be a combination of various African, Catholic and Native American traditions. It is practiced
around the world but there is no accurate count of how many people are Voodooists. Voodoo
has no scripture or world authority.

59
Agamas​ - Scriptures of Jainism
Secular​ - Non-religious
Sikhism​ - Mix of Hindu & Muslim Teachings, no caste system
Druze ​- Mix of Christian & Muslim Teachings
Latter Day Saints​ - Mormons
Sharia​ - Islamic law
Animism​ - The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits
Reinvigorate​ - give new energy or strength to

People
Freidrich Ratzel​ - claimed geography was the study of influences of the natural environment on
people, lebensraum
Carl Sauer​ - Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical
analysis. proposed possibilism
William Denevan​ - A geographer who studied the depopulation of Native Americans in the
early colonial era

History
Treaty of Versailles​ - the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the
end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
Dayton Peace Accords​ - The peace agreement that put an end to the Bosnian War
crimes against humanity - A category of legal offenses created at the Nuremberg trials after
World War II to encompass genocide and other acts committed by the political and military
leaders of the Third Reich (Nazi Germany).
Pre-Columbian​ - Period of North and South American history before the arrival of the
Europeans in the late 15th century.

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 Frqs

Cultural Diffusion

61
62
English as the world’s most important lingua franca

63
64
Religion clusters in the United States

65
66
Extinct and Revived Languages

67
68
Effects of tourism on the Cultural Landscape

69
Effect of Religion on the Cultural Landscape

70
 Stimuli and related terms

-Isolation, diffusion, conurbations.

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-migration of slaves from africa to the south to work on plantations. Migration of mormons to flee
persecution.Migration of germans and scandinavians.

-migration of people to new places, trade, conquest, war, imperialism.

72
-War, trade, conquest, imperialism. You can see Slavic languages in east asia due to the
expansion of Russia by the cossacks.

Unit 4 – Political Organization of Space

State morphology
State Morphology - ​study of states' shapes and their effects
-compact
-prorupt
-elongated
-fragmented
-perforated

compact state​ - A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not
vary significantly.

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Prorupted State​ - an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension

Elongated State ​- A state with a long, narrow shape.

fragmented state ​- A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.

Perforated State​ - a state that completely surrounds another one

Landlocked State​ - A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.

Boundaries and territory

Boundary​ - vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the
airspace above the surface. border
ethnographic/cultural boundary​ - a political boundary that follows some cultural
border, such as linguistic or religious border
geometric boundary ​- Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight
lines.

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antecedent boundary​ - a boundary line established before the area in question is well
populated
subsequent boundary​ - a boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural
landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes...
relic boundary​ - a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some
cultural landscape features
Consequent boundary - boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as
religion or language. E.g pakistan and bangladesh/india
Superimposed boundary​ - ​boundary imposed by outside force. May not reflect
existing cultural landscape.
Berlin Wall​ - A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to
keep citizens from escaping to the West
process of making a boundary
1) definition - exact location of a boundary is legally described and negotiated
2) delimitation - the exact location of a boundary is drawn on a map
3)demarcation - process of showing the physical representation of a boundary on the
landscape marked visibly by a fence, line, sign, wall or other means.
Boundary Disputes - ​Conflicts over the location, size, and extent of borders between
nations.
Definitional - ​disputes that arise from the legal language of the treaty definition of the
boundary itself. One of the countries involved can sue another country in the
International Court of Justice, but both countries have to agree to the outcome.
locational​ - These arise when the definition of the border is not questioned but the
intention of the border is, as when the border has shifted (for example, a river shifts its
course, changing the landscape)
operational​ - arise from two adjacent countries disagree about a major functionality of
the border. For example, when the United States and Mexico disagree over the issue of
illegal immigration into the United States.
Allocational - ​involve conflicting claims to the natural resources of a region and the
drilling or mining of it.
physical boundary - ​Political boundaries that correspond with prominent physical
features such as mountain ranges or rivers.
cultural boundary - ​a geographical boundary between two different cultures
desert boundary - ​Boundaries formed by desert areas. Effectively divide two states,
because deserts are hard to cross and sparsely inhabited
Mountain Boundary - ​A boundary defined by a mountainous region
Water Boundary - ​Boundary formed by a river, lake or ocean
internal waters
Antarctica Claims

75
Claims to the Arctic

Territoriality - ​Defense of a space against encroachment by other individuals.

Heartland Theory - ​Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any
political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually
dominate the world.

Rimland Theory - ​Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes
of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.

Organic Theory - ​A country behaves like an organism-to survive, a state requires

nourishment, or territory, to gain political power. proposed by Friedrich Ratzel
Lebensraum - ​the territory that a state or nation believes is needed for its natural
development, especially associated with Nazi Germany. proposed by Friedrich Ratzel
Internal waters​ - All water on the landward side of the baseline. Foreign vessels have
no right of passage
Baseline​ - normally the low water line
territorial waters - ​the waters surrounding a nation and its territories over which that
nation exercises sovereign jurisdiction. 12 nautical miles
Contiguous Zone - ​Coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles,
where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation

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Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - ​the area in which resources found up to 200
nautical miles offshore belongs exclusively to the geographically bordering country. the
state has the sole right to exploit natural resources, such as fishing
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) -​Law establishing
states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas
and oceans and their resources.
ethnic boundaries - ​divisions based on customs, language, and religion
Antarctic Treaty of 1959 - ​One of the first multilateral environmental treaties. It forbids
military activity, sets aside territorial claims for future resolution, and establishes a
regime under which various states conduct scientific research in Antarctica.
superimposed boundary - ​a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing
cultural pattern
Enclave - ​a distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory

Exclave - ​a part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and
surrounded by foreign territory.

high seas - ​Areas of seas considered beyond territorial waters.

Admiralty​ Law - a part of international law that dictates legal procedures on the high
seas
Tyranny of the Map - ​the effect of European political boundaries enforced upon diverse
African cultures that led to conflict
Shatterbelt Theory​ - Cohen's theory predicted that armed conflicts after 1950 would
likely occur in areas within the Inner Crescent or Middle East
Pivot Area - ​Also called the Heartland, it's a landlocked region of central Eurasia whose
control thought of as the key to world domination
Inner Crescent - ​rimland area in the containment theory
outer crescent - ​area other than inner crescent and pivotal area
buffer state - ​a small neutral state between two rival powers

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Heartland-Rimland model - ​Halford Mackinder's attempt at defining the global
geopolitical landscape and determining the areas of potential future conflict identifying
agricultural land as the most crucial asset for a country
Landwolves - ​countries eager to invade the Heartland by land
Seawolves - ​countries such as Japan and UK that wanted to invade the Eastern
European steppe using their navies
commodity of conflict - ​the thing that countries were willing to fight over
arbitration board​ - settles disputes regarding boundaries at sea
armed conflict​ - combat between the military forces of two or more states or groups
internal civil war​ - a war between organized groups within the same nation-state or
republic
external cross-border war​ - a war between organized groups from different
nation-states or republics

States
State/Country - ​An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established
government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. country is an identifiable
piece of land
Nation-state - ​A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular
ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
Microstate - ​A state that encompasses a very small land area.
Principality - ​territory ruled by a prince
City-state - ​A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.
Satellite State - ​A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent,
but under heavy influence or control by another country.
Annexation - ​The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.
Nation-state concept - ​It is impossible to form a perfect nation-state, only come close
multinational state - ​State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of
self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct
nationalities.
Multiethnic state - ​A state that contains more than one ethnicity. unlike multinational,
the ethnicities have no self determination
Colony - ​A group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere.
Frontier​ - a zone where no state exercises complete political control
Unitary State - ​places most power in the hands of central government officials
Federal State - ​allocates strong power to units of local government within the country
Globalization - ​growth to a global or worldwide scale

78
Sovereignty - ​Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal
affairs by other states.
Colonialism - ​Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its
political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
Nationalism - ​A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's nation
Decolonization - ​the action of changing from colonial to independent status
Artificial State - ​boundaries had nothing to do with people inside of state
lack of legitimacy
Power Vacuum
a time period where power is to be had, but nobody takes control of it
Balkanization - ​Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its
ethnicities
Empire States - ​dominion of populations who are culturally and ethnically distinct from
the ruling ethnic group

Irredentism​ - the policy of a state wising to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by
people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a
neighboring state
Autonomous Republics - ​self ruling districts that have the most population, power, and
status
Reunification - ​bring together parts of a country under one government (ex: Germany)
Place​ - A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
Space​ - area, where something takes place
Scale​ - Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth
as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the
size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.
Region​ - an area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and
physical features
Connection​ - Relationship among people and objects across the barrier of space
Irredentism​ - a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a
country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country
seat of government​ - the place where political power is centered/ capital
planned capital cities - located in places where cities did not previously exist
Devolution​ - the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to
the states

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stateless nation​ - nation that does not have a state. Over 90. e.g kurds, basques,
palestinians, hmong, Rohinga, Karen (not the ladies who harass people doing their job)
open-border policy​ - When there are no longer any border controls stations for
immigration or customs inspections for a group of states
finite lines - borders between political states and political sub-unit areas
Systematic Geography​ - an approach to studying geography that focuses on
specializing in one subfield of the discipline and then applying that knowledge to a
variety of regions or places
Physical Geography​ - the branch of geography dealing with natural features and
processes
Free trade union - ​an agreement between a group of states not to place taxes or tariffs
on goods travelling between said states
cultural divisions​ - a boundary based on different cultures
Expatriate​ - someone who chooses to live outside of, or renounce, his or her native
country
lack of incentive​ - (v) to have nothing to encourage you to do something
lack of surplus​ - Neither farms nor factories had any reason to produce more food or
products than what was stipulated in government quotes.
nautical mile​ - 1.508 mile, equals one minute of the Earth's latitude
human rights​ - the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings
Incorporation​ - A process that extended the protections of the Bill of Rights against the
actions of state and local governments
Quota​ - a limited or fixed number or amount of people or things, in particular.
merchant ship​ - A ship used for commercial transportation of goods or trade
land purchase​ - when a country purchases land. e.g u.s purchasing alaska, or the
louisiana purchase
Devolution​ - breakdown of a state
Balkanization​ - fragmentation of a state through violence

Politics/Economics
Gerrymandering - ​Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of
benefiting the party in power.

80
Municipality - ​A city, town, etc. having its own incorporated government for local
affairs.
electoral regions - The different voting districts that make up local, state, and national
regions.
Democracy - ​a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible
members of a state, typically through elected representatives. Can be broken by
capitalism.
Republic - ​A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting
Theocracy - ​A government controlled by religious leaders
Absolute Monarchy - ​A system of government in which the head of state is a
hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power
Constitutional Monarchy - ​A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is
limited by a constitution.
Autocratic - ​absolute in power or authority
Anocratic - ​Mixture of democratic and autocratic rule
Supranationalism​ - The association of three or more states for mutual benefit. E.g EU.
Balance of Power - ​Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or
alliances of countries.
Warsaw Pact - ​An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European
nations. This was in response to the NATO
General Assembly - ​the supreme deliberative assembly of the United Nations
Security Council - ​Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto
power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.
Trusteeship Council - ​one of the principal organs of the United Nations, was
established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the best interests of
their inhabitants and of international peace and security.
the ICJ - ​International Court of Justice;
arbitrates disputes between countries
the Secretariat - ​The staff of the UN, headed by the secretary-general
Monetary union/currency union - ​A high form of economic integration, involving the
adoption by a group of countries of a single currency. Example: European Union.
judicial union - ​an arbitrary court to settle disputes between member states of a
supranational organization
legislative and regulatory bodies - ​a large group of people who make, amend or
repeal laws for a state or group of states
free trade zone - ​a selected area where products can be imported duty-free and then
stored, assembled, and/or used in manufacturing.
value added tax - ​A tax on increased value of the product at each stage of production
and distribution rather than just at the point of sale.

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Fortress Europe - ​the concept of sealing European Union borders
Brexit - ​a term for the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union.
European Union Constitution - ​was proposed for ratification in 2004. The complex
65000 word document was poorly understood by the citizens and members of
parliament who had to vote on the constitution. Concepts like a common EU foreign
policy among all states were unclear. Many voters and politicians were concerned about
the continued loss of sovereignty for member state governments. Political leftists saw
the constitution as being too pro-business. And right-wing sentiment against including
Turkey in the EU also resulted in "No" votes against ratification. The constitution was
voted down in the Netherlands and France in 2005, thus forcing the European
Commission to go back to the drawing board.
IMF (International Monetary Fund) - ​part of the UN makes loans to countries to
finance development
Citizenship - ​informed and active membership in a political community
Suffrage - ​the right to vote
de jure - ​literally, "by law"; refers to legally enforced practices, such as school
segregation in the South before the 1960s
de facto - ​(adj.) actually existing or in effect, although not legally required or sanctioned;
(adv.) in reality, actually
popular representation - ​the concept of a large region of people appointing a someone
to be a representative of that region in a state's government
Electoral College - ​A group of people named by each state legislature to select the
president and vice president
Reapportion - ​Process by which representative districts are switched according to
population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of
people
Aristocracy - ​A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class
or nobility
Peerage​ - nobility
Debt Peonage​ - A system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to
the employer
head of state - ​The role of the president as ceremonial head of the government.
head of government - ​the political role of the president as leader of a political party and
chief arbiter of who gets what resources
prime minister/premier - ​the head of an elected government; the principal minister of a
sovereign or state.
Feudalism - ​A system of government based on landowners and tenants
House of Lords - ​the upper house of the British parliament
House of Commons - ​England's lower house in Parliament

82
ruling party - ​the majority party becomes this; the party has more than half of the M.P.s
(member of parliament), the prime minister, and his elected officials; get all their laws
passed
free-market democracies - ​countries with elected representative parliamentary
systems
Laissez-faire - ​idea that government should play a small role in economic affairs
separation of powers - ​dividing the powers of government among the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches
Constitutions - ​a written plan that provides the basic framework of a government
Political Influence - ​the capacity to affect government decisions, actions, or behavior
without fully controlling them
power of the executive branch - ​enforce laws
Marxism/Communism - ​the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and
that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will
ultimately be superseded. A theory or system of social organization based on the
holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as
a whole or to the state.
planned economy - ​an economic system directed by government agencies
three classes of Soviet citizens - ​workers, communist party members, military officer
class
Proletariat - ​Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own
the means of production. Workers
Communist Party - ​A political party practicing the ideas of Karl Marx and Lenin
military officer class - ​high comparison of life compared to regular working class
Geopolitics ​- study of government and its policies as affected by physical geography
centripetal forces - ​forces that keep a country together: forces that tie the citizens to
the state
centrifugal forces - ​Forces that tend to divide a country.
Domino Theory - ​the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control
then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
State Terrorism​ - government repression targeted against civilians
Religious Fundamentalism​ - religious movement whose objectives are to return to the
foundations of the faith and to influence state policy
Terrorism​ - the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political or religious
aims.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)​ - Adopted by the UN General
Assembly in 1948, this declaration defines a "common standard of achievement for all
peoples" and forms the foundation of modern human rights law.

83
The European Union (EU) treaties​ - a set of international treaties between the
European Union (EU) member states which sets out the EU's constitutional basis. They
establish the various EU institutions together with their remit, procedures and
objectives.
International Whaling Commission​ - An intergovernmental organization (IGO) that
sets quotas for hunting certain whale species; states' participation is voluntary.
Arctic council​: ​The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum that
addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the
Arctic, as well as the environment. Include Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway,
Sweden, United States, Russian Federation.
African Union: The African Union is a continental union consisting of 55 member states
located on the continent of Africa. The AU was announced in the Sirte Declaration in
Sirte, Libya, on 9 September 1999, calling for the establishment of the African Union.
The goal was to remove colonialism, remove apartheid, intensify development, protect
sovereignty, promote international cooperation. Sudan was removed.

Culture
Nation/culture group​ - a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history,
culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.
Apartheid - ​A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and
legal discrimination against non-whites.
Self-determination - ​Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
ethnic conflict - ​different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic
goals at each other's expense
Genocide - ​Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group
Ethnic Nationalism - ​Devotion to a cultural, ethnic, or linguistic community.

States/Culture/Supranationals
UK colonies - ​colonies on every continent. "sun never set"
United Nations - ​An international organization formed after WWII to promote
international peace, security, and cooperation. Replaced the league of nations.
Soviet Union - ​A Communist country, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that
existed from 1922 to 1991.
Yugoslavia - ​This country was created after WWI, uniting ethnicities that spoke similar
Slavic languages. 1918-1992.

84
League of Nations - ​A world organization established in 1920 to promote international
cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson,
although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was
officially dissolved in 1946.
Kurds - ​Ethnic group that lives in parts of Iraq and Turkey. They often suffer
persecution in both countries, and are currently under the protection of the United
Nations in Iraq.

Basques - ​people who lived in Northern Spain who wanted their own country, they have
their own religion and language

Hmong - ​a member of a people living traditionally in isolated mountain villages

throughout Southeast Asia. Large numbers have immigrated to the US.

European Union (EU) - ​a free trade zone encompassing 27 European countries

free trade union
Spratly Islands - ​Claimed by China but disputed by claims from Brunei, Vietnam,
Malaysia, others

85
Paracel Islands - ​Disputed islands (between China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, currently
controlled by China) that lie in the northern half of the South China Sea

Commonwealth of Nations - ​an association of nations consisting of the United

Kingdom and its dependencies and many former British colonies that are now sovereign
states but owe allegiance to the British Crown. Australia and New Zealand are members
of this group
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)​ - Military alliance created in 1949 made
up of 12 non-Communist countries including the United States that support each other if
attacked.
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) - ​an intergovernmental
organization of 13 nations, founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five
members, and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria.
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) - ​An agreement for free trade
between the United States and Canada and Mexico
OAU (Organization of African Unity) - ​established on 25 May 1963, with 32 signatory
governments. Replaced by the AU in July 9th 2002
eastern european steppe - ​very productive area of grain cultivation mostly controlled
by the Russian empire in the early 1900s

History
Scramble for Africa - ​Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the
1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern
Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser
amounts.
Berlin Conference - ​A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European
nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
Iron Curtain - ​a "curtain" split between the democratic nations and communist nations
during the cold war

86
Geneva Accords - ​A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into
Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until
unification elections could be held in 1956
Peace of Westphalia​ - ​the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648
Rwandan Genocide - ​The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu
militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority
Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres
caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until
after much of the damage had been done.
armed conflict in Africa - ​ethnic fighting with guns in Africa
Chechnya - ​war with islamic fundamentalists, 1994-1996& 1999-now, in caucasus
region, conducted well known terrorist attacks in Moscow, Beslan
Containment Theory - ​The US theory that stated, if Communism in Asia could be
contained in the area the system would eventually die out.
Afghan War - ​Failed attempt by USSR to take over Afghanistan - expense/negative
public reaction hurt USSR communists - US supported Afghan guerillas
five-year plans - ​Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union
rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery,
and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.
Magna Carta - ​the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by
King John in 1215

87
 Frqs

Federal and Unitary governments

88
89
90
Politics of language – Bilingualism in Canada

91
92
93
Gerrymandering and reapportionment

94
95
96
Consequences of superimposed borders in Africa

97
98
Border Walls and Barriers

99
100
National Identity

101
102
Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

103
104
105
Supranationalism and Devolution

106
107
Nations, States, and Nation-States

108
109
 Stimuli and related terms
DEVOLUTIONARY FACTORS

-Economic
Northern portion of Italy wanting to seperate from the rest of italy so they dont have the
financial burden of the rest of italy.
Siuthern Brazil was the best part of Brazil economically, and wanted to sepreate so they
dont have thye financial burden of the rest of brazil

-Social
Canada: Quebec and Parti Quebecois
Canada:Nunavut and Inuit
Nigeria: Muslim North and Christian South
Sudan: Muslim North and Christian South
Czechoslovakia: Culture minority Hindu Tamils and majority Sinhalese Buddhist
Belgium: Flemish and walloon language and culture
Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Kosovo
U.S.S.R: Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Armenia,
Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan

Unit 5 – Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agriculture
subsistence agriculture​ - Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct
consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family. found mainly in developing countries
Agriculture​ - farming
Cultivation​ - The preparation of land to grow and yield crops.

110
Hunter-gatherers​ - People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and
nuts to survive
First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)​ - Dating back 10,000 years, the
First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication
Fertile Crescent​ - A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a
broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates
animal domestication​ - humans assume a significant degree of influence over the
reproduction and care of an animal to secure a more predictable supply of resources for
the animal (the animal becomes dependent on the human).
Columbian Exchange​ - the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the
Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa
Agrarian​ - concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land
Crop​ - any plant cultivated by people
Commercial Agriculture/ agribusiness​ - Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate
products to sell. found mainly in developed countries
Second Agricultural Revolution​ - dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial
Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of
cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm products.
Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)​ - Rapid diffusion of new
agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. Pros: Increased
food production, more consistent yields, less expensive foods, decrease in lands
converted to farm, disease resistant plants, grow crops anywhere, reduced poverty,
increased mfg sector. Cons: Require synthetic fertilizers, petro-chemicals dry out the
soils, high level of food waste, pesticide resistance, expensive for the farmer, focus on
cash crops, hunger still exists. Its significance was to head off a famine in Mexico and
India by changing the agricultural practices in the area through the introduction of
fertilizers and pesticides.
miracle wheat seed​ - shorter and stiffer than traditional breeds of wheat; less sensitive
to variation in day length, responded better to fertilizers, and matured faster
nitrogen fertilizer​ - fertilizer produced by the combustion of natural gas to allow
atmospheric nitrogen to be fixed in the fertilizer. china makes the most
urea fertilizer​ - most commonly produced fertilizer by Europeans. contains 46%
nitrogen.
Potash​ - a mineral used to make fertilizer

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Phosphate​ - a natural mineral containing chemical compounds often used in fertilizers

phosphate rock reserves clustered in?​ - China, Morocco, U.S

potash rock reserves clustered in?​ - Canada, Russia, Ukraine
Tractor​ - a powerful vehicle that pulls farm machines and hauls heavy loads
irrigation pumps​ - A pump used for providing water to a section of land. Maybe used
on a farm, where a family's livelihood depends on irrigation. product of the third
agricultural revolution
genetically modified foods​ - Foods that are mostly products of organisms that have
had their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease
resistance, increased productivity, or nutritional value allowing growers greater control,
predictability, and efficiency.
selective breeding​ - The process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to
serve as parents of the next generation
genetic modification​ - a technology that changes the genetic material of a living
organism
most consumed crop in the world (counting livestock)​ - corn
Cereal Grain​ - A grass that yields grain for food
Grain​ - Seed of a cereal grass
Wheat​ - principal cereal grain consumed in developed europe and north america. also
central and southwest asia
rice​ - principal cereal grain consumed in the developing regions of East, South, and
southeast asia
Maize (corn)​ - the leading crop in the world, though much of it is grown for purposes
other than direct human consumption, especially animal feed
protein ingestion in developed and developing countries
the leading source of protein in the developed world is meat, and in the developing
world it is cereal grains
food security​ - Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious
food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Undernourishment​ - Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the
minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical
activity.

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agricultural region​ - A geographic region defined by a distinctive combination of
physical and environmental conditions; crop type; settlement patterns; and labor,
cultivation, and harvesting practices.
pivot irrigation​ - water is pumped through the surface and distributed to crops
producing round fields of crops

adaptive strategies​ - the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical
environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life- food,
clothing, shelter, and defense.

Terrace Farming​ - a farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain
(exists in minecraft)

Agricultural landscape​ - result of interactions between farming activities and the

natural setting in an area.
Developing countries mainly practice:
-pastoral nomadism
-shifting cultivation
-intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant
-intensive subsistence crops other than wet rice dominant
-plantation
Developed countries mainly practice:
-mixed crop and livestock
-dairying
-grain
-ranching
-Mediterranean

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-commercial gardening
Ranching​ - A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive
area.
Mediterranean agriculture​ - specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the
dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails. Growing olives, figs, dates, grapes, nuts,
palms, artichokes, avocados. Most food grown is for human consumption

shifting cultivation (slash and burn) ​- A form of subsistence agriculture in which

people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively
few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
intensive farming​ -farming that requires much labor
plantation agriculture​ - takes place on large pieces of land and usually grow cash
crops like tobacco, cotton, or sugar. Plantations are usually located in remotely settled
locations and thus the need for large capital investment including infrastructure to
support the import of food, housing, and relocation of people.
Mixed crop and livestock farming​ - Commercial farming characterized by the
integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than
consumed directly by humans.
Dairy farming​ - a farm that produces milk or milk products, and are usually around big
urban areas
Commercial gardening and fruit farming​ - dominant in the Southeast United States
because of a long growing season and access to large markets of the Northeast. It is
sometimes referred to as truck farming because "truck" meant "bartering". Products like
apples, lettuce, tomatoes are sold fresh or canned and frozen. Many of these farms rely
on migrant workers who will work hard for lower wages. On the other hand, extensive
farming practices include shifting cultivation, nomadic herding (pastoralism), and
ranching. These types of agricultural practices require low amounts of labor and
relatively large amounts of land, thus are considered extensive.
Extensive farming​ - farming practices that involve putting relatively little energy into the
land for the calories extracted
Transhumance​ - The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland
pastures.
Pasture ​- Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used
for grazing.

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slash and burn agriculture​ - Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because
fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.
swidden, lading, milpa, chena, or kaingin - A patch of land cleared for planting through
slashing and burning.
intensive subsistence agriculture​ - A form of subsistence agriculture characteristics
of Asia's major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively
large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
Wet Rice​ - rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately
flooded field to promote growth
Sawah (paddy)​ - A field deliberately flooded to grow rice
Chaff ​- Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing.
Winnowing​ - Removing chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind.
Hull​ - The outer covering of a seed
double cropping​ - Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
crop rotation​ - The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each
year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
Plantation​ - A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the
production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.
Eli Whitney​ - Invented the cotton gin
Corn Belt​ - a region of the U.S. Midwest that specializes in growing corn

Dairying​ - An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly

cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter.
Milkshed​ - the ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

McCormick Reaper​ - Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing

farmers to cultivate larger plots; 1831; fueled the large-scale establishment of
commercial agriculture in the Midwest

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Combine​ - A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field.
winter wheat belt - large-scale grain production area that extends through Kansas,
Colorado, and Oklahoma

Winter Wheat​ - wheat planted in the autumn and harvested in the early summer
spring wheat belt - important grain-producing region in North America; extends through
the Dakotas, Montana, and southern Saskatchewan in Canada

Spring Wheat​ - Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.
The Palouse region​ - Washington State
important source of legumes, 80% of u.s lentils are grown here

Breadbasket ​- a geographic region serving as the principal source of grain

Horticulture​ - The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

specialty farming​ - Farming that grows crops to provide small upscale niche markets
with fresh produce. do not always conform to von Thünen's concentric rings. e.g honey
from bees who only visit blossom trees

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farmers will make profit how far from the market​ - 10,000 and less
Aquaculture​ - the cultivation of seafood
Biotechnology ​- A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to
modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other
microorganisms for specific purposes.
Sustainable​ - able to be maintained at a certain rate or level
soil degradation​ - the loss of some or all of the ability of soils to support plant growth
Desertification/semiarid land degradation​ - the process by which fertile land
becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate
agriculture.
Value-added specialty crops​ - "value added" goods have some other product in them
or item attached to them to make them unique and able to sell at higher price.
organic food - a type of food that is produced without pesticides, bioengineering, or
high-energy radiation
sustainable agriculture​ - Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land
and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and
reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.
Ridge Tillage​ - System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm
production costs and promote greater soil conservation.
conventional farming​ - approach that uses chemicals in the form of plant protectants
and fertilizers, or intensive, hormone-based practices in breeding and raising animals,
generally confine animals more
organic farming​ - the use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and
pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops, generally confine animals less
soil erosion​ - wearing away of surface soil by water and wind, can be caused when
plants are removed, their roots hold the soil
Overfishing​ - harvesting fish to the point that species are depleted and the value of the
fishery reduced
Overirrigation​ - over watering a plant or crop, depleting groundwater and aquifers
Deforestation​ - The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.
destroying forests
Prime Agricultural Land​ - the most productive farmland
gender gap - separation of the rights of men and women
Drug Crops​ - crops cultivated to be sold as drugs; marijuana, coca leaf (cocaine),
weed, tobacco, and opium
largest producer of opium (poppy)​ - afghanistan
forest fallow​ - Fields are cleared and utilized for up to 2 years and left fallow for more
than 20 years, long enough for the forest to grow back.

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bush fallow​ - field are cleared and utilized for up to eight years and left fallow for up to
ten years, long enough for small trees and bushes to grow back
short fallow​ - fields are cleared and utilized for about two years and left fallow for up to
two years, long enough for wild grasses to grow back
annual cropping​ - fields are used every year and left fallow for a few months by
planting legumes and roots
Multi-croppin​g - growing two or more crops in the same space during a single growing
season. never left fallow
export crop​ - Crop grown for sale to other countries
food per capita​ - amount of food available for consumption, measured in kilocalories
intensive agriculture​ - requires lot of labor inputs, or is focused on a small plot of land,
or both
extensive agriculture​ - requires limited labor inputs, or is spread across large areas of
land, or both
Pastoralism​ - A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the
raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.
nomadic herding​ - migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on
natural forage
Cultivars​ - a plant variety that has been produced in cultivation by selective breeding
Monoculture - farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year
after year
staple crops​ - a crop that is continuously in demand
mixed farming (general farming)​ - Raising several kinds of crops and livestock on the
same farm
food preservation​ - involves reducing the chances that food will spoil or become
unsafe
specialized crops​ - Grown for both immediate consumption and preservation
Cash Crop/Commercial crop​ - a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for
use by the grower.
domestic consumption​ - Goods and services consumed in the country where they are
produced.
exportation agriculture - ​...
Communes/Collective Farms​ - Collective farms grouped together to organize farming
and plan public services
growing season​ - the time of year when it is warm enough for plants to grow
Interplanting / Polyculture​ - Simultaneously growing a variety of crops on the same
plot.
sustainable yield​ - Highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely
without reducing its available supply

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alternative energy crops​ - crops that can be used as a source for energy. Generally
seen in late stage 3 and stage 4.
Ethano​l - Alcohol made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into
alcohol and CO2. the type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages. and supplements gasoline
and makes it clearer
Biodiesel​ - A diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources (such as
vegetable oils), that can be used in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles.
Fallow​ - land left unseeded for a long amount of time. natural vegetation returns and
increase nutritious biomass of the area
extensive pastoralism​ - the shifting of animal herds between grazing pastures
soil salinization​ - salt buildup in the soil
mineral salts​ - sodium chloride, potassium, calcium, and phosphate.
Vegetative Planting​ - earliest form of plant cultivation; reproduction of plants by direct
cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots, e.g potatoes
Seed Agriculture​ - Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which
result from sexual fertilization.
Domestication of Plants​ - Domesticating plants for human use, one of the first steps to
a full fledged agricultural economy.
Husbandry ​- the application of scientific principles to agriculture, especially to animal
breeding
Growing region​ - an area suited by climate and soil conditions to the cultivation of a
certain type of crop or plant group. Most crops are cultivated not in one place only, but
in several distinct regions in diverse parts of the world.
Hybrids​ - The offspring of two different varieties
Mechanization​ - In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or
machines.
dwarf varieties​ - an important plant hybrid innovation; shorter breeds of wheat and rice
that were bred by farmers would found to be hardier and more productive because the
plant spent less time and energy growing a stalk, resulting in more and larger grains on
each head
expanded food productio​n - The expansion of food production
Brahman cattle​ - hybrid of european cattle and the Zebu cattle of india
factory farming​ - when animals are used for meat or dairy products but are kept
indoors in very small places
Bt corn​ - is a genetically modified crop (GMO) that is engineered to be resistant to
pests
rBGH​ (recombinant bovine growth hormone) - recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone
used in the dairy industry to promote greater production of milk in cows

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extensive monoculture of staple crops​ - In Anglo America today, agriculture is
moving toward em of sc, namely corn, soybeans, and wheat. The cultivation of a single
crop that is a staple crop
downer cattle​ - beef cows that appear ill or are lame and cannot be used for human
consumption, but can wind up in pet food or animal feed instead
animal welfare​ - the humane care and treatment of animals
natural food products​ - Because of many opposing artificial hormones in agriculture, a
large market for so-called natural food products has emerged, and many small family
farms have restructured their operations to meet the rapidly increasing, demand for
such products.
eat local​ - encourages tourists to eat in places who use local ingredients and support
local farmers
Organic​ - not using artificial chemicals when keeping animals or growing plants for food
Heirloom​ - possession handed down from generation to generation
alternative livestock​ - Exotic or foreign-origin animal
Free-range​ - animals, especially poultry, that range freely for food, rather than being
confined in an enclosure
grass fed​ - Cows were given an all grass diet and most often allowed to roam as cows
do in the pasture. This produces a healthier animal, healthier food and is kinder to the
animal.
BSE - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease) ​- A rare, fatal
disease affecting the brain and central nervous system of cattle; mad cow disease;
transmitted through contaminated animal feed.
value-added agriculture​ - local or regional farming where farms also process the
product (cheeses, honey, wine, etc) that creates more profit for the farm owner

Appellation​ - a name or title

Champagne​ - sparkling wine made in the champagne district of France.
parmigiano reggiano​ - Made exclusively in the Parma region of Italy; primarily used for
grating, it has a rich, spicy and sharp flavor
Suitcase Farming​ - Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land
and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock. This practice lends itself
well to the growth of wheat. Allows families to continue their long relationships with the
ancestral farm, but still enjoy the benefits of waged incomes in urban environments.

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Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)​ - A system in which consumers pay
farmers in advance for a share of their yield, usually in the form of weekly deliveries of
produce.
processed dairy​ - cheese and yogurt production has continually moved westward over
the last 150 years. Wider availability of cheap land in Americas "Dairyland"(Wisconsin)
Most of the milk in Wisconsin is processed, whereas most of the milk in New England
today ends up in jugs and cartons to be sold at stores nearby urban areas.
UHT (ultra high temperature )pasteurization ​- heat-treated at very high temperatures
to kill microorganisms in liquid food, milk
medicinal crops ​- Plants - herbs - grown for medicinal purposes, as opposed to
growing them for culinary or ornamental purposes
market gardening​ - The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as
cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of
crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done
manually.
extensive subsistence farming​ - Using a large amount of land to farm food for the
farmer's family to eat.
GMO (genetically modified organism)​ - Plant or animal whose genetic makeup has
been changed.
fresh milk/raw milk​ - unpasteurized milk
Farm crisis​ - The mass production of farm products that lowers the prices, which
lowers the profits for farmers.This had led to the decrease in small farms.
Wheat Belt​ - wheat-growing region that included the Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas

food desert​ - An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain
CAFOs - Concentrated animal feeding operations -​ large structures where animals
are being raised in high density numbers
Threshing​ - the separation of grain or seeds from the husks and straw
Feedlot​ - a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market
cattle drive​ - the herding and moving of cattle over long distances
Intertillage​ - Tillage between rows of crops of plants.
conservation agriculture​ - A modern method of farming that balances maximum crop
yield with sustainable farming methods and protection of the environment
people in developed countries eat more or less​ - more, and from a wider variety of
sources

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Dietary energy consumption​ - The amount of food that an individual consumes,
measured in kilocalories
debt-for-nature swap​ - When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third
world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain
amount of their natural resources.
Antibiotics​ - Drugs that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria
commodity prices - the prices for raw materials such as minerals and agricultural
products
Naturalist​ - a person who studies nature
specialized farm products​ - Specialized agriculture is when you specialize in a certain
type of product. Examples are raising Christmas trees, mushrooms, and products such
as these. Organic farming can be specialized farming as well. Specialized agriculture is
also commercial agriculture, but with a specialized market.

Crop Hearths
Crop Hearths​ - Multiple places where agriculture originated and then diffused to other
parts of the world

Agricultural Origins​ - Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a
cycle and began to domesticate them and use for there own use. Carl Sauer points out
vegetative planting and seed agriculture as the original forms. He also points out that
vegetative planting likely was originated in SE Asia and seed agriculture originated in
W. India, N. China and Ethiopia. Without the development of agriculture we would still
have a relatively small and likely uneducated population.

southwest asia crop hearth​ - barley, wheat, lentil, olive

East Asia Crop Hearth​ - rice and millet
sub saharan africa crop hearth​ - sorghum, yam, maybe rice independent from asia
latin american crop hearth​ - beans, cotton, maize (corn)
Animal Hearths​ - where certain domesticated animals originate

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major food exporting regions​ - Latin america (led by argentina and brazil), north
america, southeast asia, south pacific​ - world leading exporter of grain

Geography / Environment

von Thunen's Model of Agriculture​ - A model that explains the location of agricultural
activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition
allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with
profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market.
The location of the rings are based on shipping cost. Today, this model is outdated due
to improvements in transport. The model also assumes:
1. There is a single market place with no connections; his theory was called the isolated
state. Is this a likely real life situation?
2. Homogeneous physical environment (isotropic surface)
3. Uniform labor costs
4. Transportation equally possible in all directions
5. Transportation costs are directly related to distance
6. Farmers are rational and opt for those types of agriculture that produce the greatest
locational rent
7. Equal soil quality
Region​ - An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
Space​ - like place but abstract
Geographic Scale​ - The scale at which a geographer analyzes a particular
phenomenon, for example: global, national, census tract, neighborhood, etc. Generally,
the finer the scale of analysis, the richer the level of detail in the findings.
Connections​ - Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
Local Diversity​ - Differences that are maintained around the world between places/
cultural groups no matter how much globalization spreads
Globalization​ - growth to a global or worldwide scale
GPS (global positioning system)​ - a system that accurately determines the precise
position of something on Earth
cultural landscape​ - the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape
Carl Sauer​ - Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of
geographical analysis.
climate zones​ - a large area of Earth with a particular pattern of weather

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bioclimatic zones​ - broad zones of vegetation that correspond to mean annual
temperatures at different latitudes and altitudes
Pampas​ - grassy, treeless plains of southern South America

land lot​ - a tract or parcel of land owned or meant to be owned by some owner. A lot is
essentially considered a parcel of real property in some countries or immovable
property in other countries.
township and range system​ - A rectangular land division scheme designed by
Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.

Metes and Bounds​ - In the original east coast region of the United States, up to the
Appalachian Mountains, the land was divided using the English Metes and Bounds
system. It used physical features of the local landscape, along with directions and
distances, to define the boundaries of a specific piece of land. "Metes" is a boundary
designated by a measurement of a straight line, "bounds" is a more general boundary,
such as a wall.
Second ring of Von Thunen model​ - forestry, closeness is important because of
weight of wood

semi arid climate​ - Hot, dry summers and cool, dry winters

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human ecology​ - The area of study concerned with the interrelationships between
people and their environment.
food web​ - a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

food chain​ - a model that shows how energy flows in an ecosystem through feeding
relationships

Aquifer ​- An underground formation that contains groundwater

Johann Heinrich von Thunen​ - He created an agricultural model for market-oriented
crops. A big assumption of the model is that all the farms and their crops have the same
market. The model predicts the type of agriculture based on its distance from the farm
to the market. Technology has slightly outdated the model. The model can be applied
with rings, sectors extending outwards, or even realms.

cost-to-distance relationship​ - value of labor and distance from center of model

(higher total labor costs = closer to center)

land-rent curve​ - closer to town's center = higher land cost

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central place model ​- A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the
fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements
are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger
number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Highlands​ - An area of high or mountainous land

labor input - the size of the labor force multiplied by the length of the workweek. an
indicator characterizing the expenditure of labor expressed in man-hours on a
production of a given consumer value or on a technical operation.

Settlements/density
What is a village also called?​ - hamlet
Village Forms​ - the way or shape the village was built; usually has a purpose
linear, cluster, round, walled, grid pattern, dispersed
linear settlement ​- a pattern of settlements in which homes and other buildings follow
the lines taken by the road or river

Clustered Settlements​ - A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of
each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.
round settlement​ - Central open space surrounded by structures, central open space
is sometimes could contain livestock
walled settlements ​- Settlements that are walled in for protections.
Grid pattern Settlement​ - An organization of streets that lie perpendicular to one
another
Dispersed settlement​ - characterized by a lower density of population and the wide
spacing of individual homesteads.
Municipal ​- relating to a city, town, village, or the like with local self-government
Metropolitan​ - related to a major city
Physiological Density ​- The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is
land suitable for agriculture. third world countries generally have higher ones. done by
dividing arable land by population

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 Economics
Vertical Integration​ - Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a
product, from the raw materials to distribution
Horizontal Integration ​- type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its
competition. Ex. Rockefeller the dirty capitalist destroying smaller companies
Industrial Revolution​ - A series of improvements in industrial technology that
transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
paradigm shift/scientific revolution​ - when enough scientific anomalies accrue to
challenge the existing paradigm, showing that it is incomplete or inadequate to explain
all observed phenomena
Agricultural Industrialization ​- The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors ext.
Primary Sector​ - the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural
environment
Secondary Sector​ - the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into
manufactured goods
tertiary sector​ - the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods
quaternary and quinary sectors ​- Jobs that deal with the handling and processing of
knowledge and information.
Specialization​ - A focus on a particular activity or area of study
bid-rent curve​ - the geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and
demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District
(CBD) increases.

economy of scale​ - a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of

production.

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fair trade​ - people are paid fair wages (nightmare of the bourgeoisie, they don’t care
about their workers lives. They just want money because they are greedy)
Inventions of 1st Industrial Revolution
-Steam engine-James Watt
-Railroad
-Spinning Jenny-James Hargreaves
-Steam Boat (Clermont)-Robert Fulton
-Flying shuttle - Water-powered loom-Edmund Cartwright
per capita per day. This figure is reached by dividing the total available food supply for
human consumption by the population
Incentive​ - something that induces a person to act
Food Price Index​ - Is the measurement of monthly changes of international prices of
baskets of food commodities, and can not be predicted. A drop of the index mostly
impact people who spend 45% of their paycheck of food.

commodity chains​ - a linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them
into goods, package them for distribution, disperse them, and sell them on the market

Primary Economy ​- economic activities that generate or extract raw materials from the
natural environment, Ex: mining, fishing, growing crops, drilling oil, etc.
Demographic Transition Model​ - A sequence of demographic changes in which a
country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
Third World Countries​ - Term from the Cold War to define countries that remained
non-aligned or neutral with either capitalism and NATO or communism and the Soviet
Union. This term has since changed since the end of the Cold War to represent poor
countries and as of current times developing countries.

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Gross Domestic Product ​- The sum total of the value of all the goods and services
produced in a nation
Feudal System ​- A political and social system based on the granting of land in
exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services, such as producing food

income disparity​ - Difference in earnings between the rich and poor

the communist manifesto ​- A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848)
describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.
communism's manifesto

population pressure​ - When population per unit area exceeds the carrying capacity.
Columbian Exchange ​- The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies
between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
NIMBYism​ - NIMBY is an acronym for "not in my backyard;" it's used to describe
opposition by residents to a proposal for a new development close to them. Examples
may include, but are not limited to tall buildings, wind turbines, landfills, incinerators,
power plants, prisons, mobile telephone network masts, and especially transportation
improvements (e.g. new roads, passenger railways or highways.
Tragedy of the Commons​ - situation in which people acting individually and in their
own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the
entire community
cottage industry​ - Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly
found before the Industrial Revolution.

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 Culture
Chapati​ - also known as roti, safati, shabaati, phulka and roshi, is an unleavened
flatbread originating from the Indian subcontinent and staple in India, Nepal,
Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, East Africa and the Caribbean.
Bushmen​ - Tribe of wandering people who live in Africa's Kalahari Desert.

Yanomami ​- Native American group that lives in the rain forest in Brazil.

hunter gatherer gender roles​ - females-gathered nuts, berries, fruits

males-hunted, fished
Spinifex (pila nguru)​ - an Indigenous Australian people of Western Australia, whose
lands extend to the border with South Australia and to the north of the Nullarbor Plain.
Sentinelese people​ - an uncontacted tribe living on North Sentinel Island, one of the
Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean. They vigorously reject all contact with outsiders.
Survival International lobbies, protests and uses public pressure to ensure their wish to
remain uncontacted is respected.
Kayapo people of Brazil​ - plant in concentric rings instead of rows
Range Wars - Era where the open range is closed down and cattlemen have to fight w/
farmers & sheepherders for grazing lands
Primogeniture​ - right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

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 Frqs

Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture and their impacts

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Effects of coffee production of producer & consumer countries

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Subsistence Farming and Shifting Cultivation

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Organic and Dairy Farm trends in the United States

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Von Thunen Model of Land Use

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Distribution of Poultry Farms in the United States

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Green Revolution

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 Stimuli and related terms

-climate, economics, level of development, population, land use, aridness, agricultural density,
farming practices, yield

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