Dynamic Routing

Protocols

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 Objectives
 Differentiating Between Dynamic Routing Protocols

 How Different Traffic Types, Network Types, and Overlaying

Network Technologies Influence Routing

 Differentiating Between the Various Branch Connectivity

Options and Describing Their Impact on Routing Protocols

 How to Configure Routing Information Protocol Next

Generation (RIPng)

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 Differentiating
Between
Dynamic Routing
Protocols

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 Enterprise network infrastructure
Enterprise Campus
 An enterprise campus provides access to
the network communications services and
resources to end users and devices.
 It is spread over a single geographic
location, spanning a single floor, building, or
several buildings in the same locality.
 The campus is commonly designed using a
hierarchical model — comprising the core,
distribution, and access layers—creating a
scalable infrastructure.

Enterprise Edge
 An enterprise edge provides users at
geographically disperse remote sites with
access to the same network services as
users at the main site.
 The network edge aggregates private WAN
links that are rented from service providers,
and it enables individual users to establish
VPN connections.
 In addition, the network edge also provides
Internet connectivity for campus and branch
users.

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 Dynamic Routing Protocols in the Enterprise Network
Infrastructure
 It is a best practice that you use
one IP routing protocol throughout
the enterprise, if possible.
 One common example of when
multiple routing protocols are used
is when the organization is
multihomed.
 In this scenario, the most
commonly used protocol to
exchange routes with the service
provider is Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP), whereas within the
organization, Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF) or Enhanced Interior
Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
is typically used.
 In a single-homed infrastructures
static routes are commonly used
between the customer and the ISP.

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 Choosing a of Dynamic Routing Protocols
Input requirements :
 Size of network
 Multivendor support
 Knowledge level of specific protocol

Protocol characteristics :
 Type of routing algorithm
 Speed of convergence
 Scalability

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 IGP and EGP Routing Protocols
An autonomous system (AS) represents a collection of network devices
under a common administrator.

Routing protocols can be divided based on whether they exchange routes

within an AS or between different autonomous systems:

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)

 Support small, medium-sized, and large organizations, but their
scalability has its limits. Fast convergence, and basic functionality is not
complex to configure. The most commonly used IGPs in enterprises are
EIGRP, OSPF and RIP is rarely used. IS-IS is also commonly found as
ISP IGP
Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)
 Used to exchange routes between different autonomous systems. BGP
is the only EGP that is used today. The main function of BGP is to
exchange a huge number of routes between different autonomous
systems.

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 Types of Routing Protocols

Distance vector protocols

 The distance vector routing approach determines the direction (vector) and distance (such as
link cost or number of hops) to any link in the network. The only information that a router knows
about a remote network is the distance or metric to reach this network and which path or
interface to use to get there. Distance vector routing protocols do not have an actual map of the
network topology.
Link-state protocols
 The link-state approach uses the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm to create an abstract of the
exact topology of the entire network or at least within its area. A link-state routing protocol is like
having a complete map of the network topology. The map is used to determine best path to a
destination.
Path vector protocols
 Path information is used to determine the best paths and to prevent routing loops. Similar to
distance vector protocols, path vector protocols do not have an abstract of the network topology.
Path vector protocols indicate direction and distance, but also include additional information
about the specific path of the destination.

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 Importance of Convergence
 The process of when
routers notice change in
the network, exchange
the information about
the change, and
perform necessary
calculations to
reevaluate the best
routes.

 To minimize downtime and quickly respond to network

changes, a fast convergence time is desired.
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 Route Summarization
 Route summarization
reduces routing
overhead and
improve stability and
scalability of routing
by reducing the
amount of routing
information that is
maintained and
exchanged between
routers.

Less frequent and smaller updates, as a result of route

summarization, also lower convergence time.
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 Understanding Network
Technologies

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 Understanding Network Technologies
 Differentiate traffic types
 Differentiate IPv6 address types
 Describe ICMPv6 neighbor discovery
 Network Types
 NBMA Networks

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 Differentiate traffic types

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 Differentiate traffic types
Unicast
 Unicast addresses are used in a one-to-one context. Unicast traffic is exchanged
only between one sender and one receiver.
Multicast
 Multicast addresses identify a group of interfaces across different devices. Traffic
that is sent to a multicast address is sent to multiple destinations at the same time.
 IPv6 reserved multicast addresses 224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255.
 IPv6 reserved multicast addresses have the prefix FF00::/8.
Anycast
 An anycast address is assigned to an interface on more than one node. When a
packet is sent to an anycast address, it is routed to the nearest interface that has
this address. The nearest interface is found according to the measure of distance of
the particular routing protocol.
Broadcast
 IPv4 broadcast addresses are used when sending traffic to all devices in the subnet.
Local broadcast address 255.255.255.255.
 IPv6 does not use a broadcast address, but uses multicast addresses instead

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 Well-known IPv4 and Assigned IPv6 Multicast
Addresses

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 Differentiate IPv6 address types

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 Network Types

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 Network Types
Point-to-point network
 A network that connects a single pair of routers.
 A serial link is an example of a point-to-point connection.
Broadcast network
 A network that can connect many routers along with the
capability to address a single message to all of the attached
routers.
 Ethernet is an example of a broadcast network.
Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA) network
 A network that can support many routers but does not have
broadcast capability.
 The sender needs to create an individual copy of the same
packet for each recipient if it wishes to inform all connected
packet can be transmitted.
 Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) are
examples of an NBMA network type.
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 NBMA Networks Issues
Split horizon
 Prevents a routing update that is received on an interface
from being forwarded out of the same interface.

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 Connecting Remote
Locations with
Headquarters

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 Principles of Static Routing
A static route can be used in the following circumstances
 When it is undesirable to have dynamic routing updates
forwarded across slow bandwidth links, such as a dialup link.
 When the administrator needs total control over the routes used
by the router.
 When a backup to a dynamically recognized route is necessary.
 When it is necessary to reach a network accessible by only one
path (a stub network).
 When a router connects to its ISP and needs to have only a
default route.
 When a router is underpowered and does not have the CPU or
memory resources necessary to handle a dynamic routing
protocol.

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 Configuring an IPv4 Static Route
ip route prefix mask { address | interface [ address ]} [ dhcp ] [ distance ] [
name next-hop-name ] [ permanent | track number ] [ tag tag ]

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 Configuring a Static Default Route

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 Basic PPP Overview
 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) has several advantages over
its predecessor High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC).
• Authentication
• Multi-link
• Compression
• Quality

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 PPP Authentication Overview
Router(config-if)# ppp authentication { chap | chap pap |
pap chap | pap } [ if-needed ][ list-name | default ] [ callin ]

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 PPP Configuration Example

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 Routing and
TCP/IP
Operations

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 RIP Overview
 RIP is an IGP that is used in smaller networks.
 It is a distance vector routing protocol that uses hop count
as a routing metric.
 There are three versions of RIP: RIPv1, RIPv2, and RIPng.
RIPv1 and RIPv2 route in IPv4 networks.
 RIPng routes in IPv6 networks.
 RIP is a standardized IGP routing protocol that works in a
mixed-vendor router environment.

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 RIP Overview

 RIP uses hop count, the number of routers, as the metric.

 If a device has two paths to the destination network, the
path with fewer hops will be chosen as the path to forward
traffic.
 If a network is 16 or more hops away, the router considers it
unreachable.
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 RIP Overview
 As a routing loop-prevention technique, RIP implements
split horizon. Split horizon prevents routing information from
being sent out the same interface from which it was
received.
 Split horizon with poison reverse is a similar technique but
sends the update with a metric of 16, which is considered
unreachable by RIP.
 RIP is also capable of load balancing traffic over equal-cost
paths.
 The default is four equal-cost paths.
 If the maximum number of paths is set to one, load
balancing is disabled.

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 Comparing Features in RIPv2 and RIPng

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 RIPv2 Configuration

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 RIPv2 Configuration
 By default, RIPv2 automatically summarizes networks at
major network boundaries, summarizing routes to the
classful network address
 When route summarization is disabled, the software sends
subnet routing information across classful network
boundaries.

Router(config-router)# no auto-summary

 The ip summary-address rip ip-address network-mask

interface command is used to summarize an address or
subnet under a specific interface.

Router(config-if)# ip summary-address rip 10.2.0.0 255.255.0.0

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 Configuring RIPng

R2(config)# ipv6 router rip CCNP_RIP

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 Verify RIPng Configuration

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 RIPng Summarization

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 Propagating a Default Route

R1(config-if)# ipv6 rip name default-information originate | only

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 RIPng Verification Commands

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 RIPng Verification Commands

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 Summary
 The role of static routes and dynamic routing protocols in
enterprise networks.
 The differences between IGP and EGP routing protocols.
 The three types of routing protocols: distance vector, link-state
and path vector.
 The importance of convergence time and how route
summarization reduced convergence time and improves
scalability.
 The four traffic types: unicast, multicast, anycast, and broadcast.
 The differences between point-to-point, broadcast, and NBMA
networks.
 How point-to-point subinterfaces are used to overcome the
limitations of NBMA networks.
 The differences and similarities between RIPv2 and RIPng.
 How to configure RIPng.
 How to propagate a default route in RIPng.
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Chapter 1
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