DIFFERENT TYPES OF DAMPERS AS SEISMIC ENERGY DISSIPATER

INTRODUCTION
Earthquake in the simplest terms can be defined as Shaking and vibration at the surface of the
earth resulting from underground movement along a fault plane. The vibrations produced by
the earthquakes are due to seismic waves. Seismic waves are the most disastrous one.
However, modern high rise buildings and tall structures cannot conveniently be geared up
with these techniques. The safety and serviceability of any structure is thus endangered with
the increasing elevation. As per the standard codes, a structure that can resist the highest
earthquake that could possibly occur in that particular area can be called as an earthquake
resistant structure. However, the most efficient way of designing earthquake resistant
structure would be to minimize the deaths as well as minimize the destruction of functionality
of the structural element. The most disastrous thing about earthquake is its unpredictability of
time and place of occurrence. These possess a great challenge to the economy and safety of
structure. From the past and few present records, the world has experienced number of
destroying earthquakes, causing in number of increase the loss of human being due to
structural collapse and severe damages to structure. Because of such type of structural
damages, during seismic (earthquake) hazards clearly explains that the buildings / structures
like residential buildings, public life-line structures, historical structures and industrial
structures should be designed to seismic force design and very carefully to overcome from
the earthquake hazards. The approach in structural design using seismic response control
device is now widely accepted for structure and frequently used in civil engineering field.
Structural control concept into a workable technology and such devices are installed in
structures.

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MODULES
Seismic Dampers are used in place of structural elements, like diagonal braces, for
controlling structures. It partly absorbs the seismic energy and reduces the motion of
buildings.

Damping effect on structural response

Damping increasing reduces structural response ( acceleration and displacement) damping
effect at low frequency (close to zero) have no effect on spectrum amount and at high
frequency, it has low effect on response acceleration. Figures 1 and 2 show the most effect of
damping increasing in the frequency of 0.3 to 2.5 seconds.
Types of Dampers
Dampers are classified based on their performance of friction, metal (flowing), viscous,
viscoelastic; shape memory alloys (SMA) and mass dampers. Among the advantages of using
dampers we can infer to high energy absorbance, easy to install and replace them as well as
coordination to other structure members.(journal,2006).

Friction Dampers

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PVD Dampers
Pall friction Damper
Metallic Dampers
Lead Injection Damper (LED)
Viscous Dampers
Yielding Dampers

Friction Dampers
In this type of damper, seismic energy is spent in overcoming friction in the contact surfaces.
Among other features of these dampers can be classified as avoiding fatigue in served
loads(due to the non-active dampers under load) and their performance independent to
loading velocity and ambient temperature. These dampers are installed in parallel to bracing
(journal,2006).
In figure 4, rotational friction dampers are shown. Because of very simple behavior and easy
to install and make, this type of damper is converted to one the most common types of
friction dampers.( Warn,2004)

PVD damper
It is another type of friction damper and due to ease to installation, is one of the most widely
used damper in structures( Warn,2004). PVD damper can be used to create necessary
damping for flexible structures, such as bending steel frame or to provide effective damping
to relative stiffness of structures(Naeim,1995). PVD damper is designed to installation where
displacement can generate necessary damping such as installation of metal skeleton brace or
concrete moment frame.
The first building which was designed by Iranian designer and by using PVD damper of
Robinson company and it was a building with private owner in and with 164/5 squares meters
area and it will be built in 6 floors. This building is located in Rey. The floor is about 112
square meters. And its main skeleton is a type of steel and screws and nuts type. In this
building, the retrofitting new technology is used for earthquake called seismic dampers
system. The numbers of PVD dampers are 12 damper of 100 KN. Another high-rise building
was designed in northern Tehran with 19 dampers of 350, 600, 850 KN PVD of Robinson
company by another designer which are in ordering stage.

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In equipment and dependent dampers on the lead such as lead rubber bearings and lead
dampers which are used as the best and most successful protective equipment for different
structures against earthquake. And they are invented in New Zealand country by Rabinson
company at DSIR physics and engineering laboratory. And they have been used as the best
dampers extensively in last 30 years. PVD damper are designed based of lead plastic
deformation such as lead rubber bearing. For rubber lead bearing, the created damping force
by lead is less than elastic force related to rubber, while for PVD, damping force of lead is
much greater than rubber elastic force. Now, PVd is used as an effective damper on many
bridges, towers, buildings. The advantages of PVD damper include(Hwang et al.,1994):
1-PVD damper acts effectively on low displacements. For example, one 1MN PVd damper
can acts effectively for 0.5 mm to 5 mm displacement.
2-PVD damper requires no maintenance and does not have any lubrication or winder
components.
3-PVD damper behavior is like the behavior of a metal damper.
There are damper equipment in which lead is used and they are installed in thousand different
structure around the world. But protecting high-raise structures with different volition with
long periods such as tall building is impossible due to conventional systems or it is not
economic[8]. Rabinson company invented PVD damper as a solution. And it can reduce short
and long established structure. This damper can be used to damping small fluctuations and
wind in tall structures. Also, we can reduce replacement caused by earthquake. PVD is a
damper can create a significant amount of hysteretic damping in small replacements small to
+/- 50 micrometer. By distributing PVD damper in the structure, we can increase the size
structure damping. This damper is suitable to protect structure volatility with a wide number
of different periods. And finally, it creates high damping for structure. Practical design range
for a PVD sample with a capacity of 200 KN based on obtained results include that it is in the
range of +-50 micrometer to +-10mm. greater displacement need a larger type but its
sensitivity will decrease.

Pall friction damper

Another type of friction damper is Pall friction damper. (figure 1-2-1-2). This damper
includes a bracing and some steel plate with friction screws. And they should be installed in

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the middle of bracing. Steel sheets are connected to each other by high strength bolts and they
have a slip by a certain force, to each other.
Metallic dampers (submission)
In this damper, transferred energy to the structure is spent to submission and non-linear
behavior in used element in damper. In these dampers, metal inelastic deformation is used
such as for formability metals such as steel and lead for energy dissipation. In all
conventional structures, energy dissipation is based on deformation of steel members after the
submission.
In braces, using submission metallic dampers is more common. These dampers are often
created by some parallel steel plates. And in combination with a bracing system, they
undertake the role of absorption and energy dissipation. This part of bracing can acts as a fuse
in structure. And by focusing on nonlinear behavior prevent non-linear behavior and damage
in other major and minor structure parts.
X-shaped metal dampers have a significant performance. Massive submission on steel
volume, providing Hysteretic damping and extraordinary energy dissipation are unique
features of this type of damper. These dampers have a high lateral stiffness, in addition to
providing damping. So, they were entitled as Added Damping And Stiffness (ADAS).
These dampers are installed between head chevron tracings and floor beams. And by good
connections, these dampers can be installed in concrete frames.

Fig. 1: Damping effect on the acceleration response spectrum

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 Fig. 2: Damping effect on displacement response spectrum[2]

Lead Injection Damper (LED)

This damper is made of a two-chamber cylinder, piston and lead inside piston. And by piston
moving during earthquake, lead moves from larger chamber to smaller chamber. And with
plastic deformation, the kinetic energy is wasted as heat. In figure 1-1-2-3, the longitudinal
section of lead damper injection is shown(Saiidi et al.,1999).
Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)[14]
Shape Memory alloy (SMA) are created from metals which have the following properties:
1. Their flexibility is very similar to the flexibility of the rubber piece
2. After applying many deformation, they can back to their original state, by heating

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 Fig. 3: The effect of using friction dampers on structure capacity curve.[3]

Fig. 4: Using rotational friction dampers in retrofitting[5]

The alloy of nickel and titanium has good resistance to corrosion, in addition to have these
properties.

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Viscous Dampers
In this damper, by using viscous fluid inside a cylinder, energy is dissipated. Due to ease of
installation, adaptability and coordination with other members also diversity in their sizes,
viscous dampers have many applications in designing and retrofitting.
This type of dampers are connected to the structure in three ways:
-damper installation in the floor or foundation ( in the method of seismic isolation)
-connecting dampers in stern pericardial braces
-damper installation in diagonal braces.
In connecting dampers on the floor or foundation of structures, we can use a combination of
dampers with isolators.
Mass damper
Mass is placed on a fulcrum which acts as a roller. And it allows to mass with move as a
transfer-lateral movement to the floor. Springs and dampers are placed between mass and
anchor members to the floor and frame and they are placed relative in “opposite phase” and
sometimes are adjacent vertical. And these anchor members transmits structural lateral force.
Bidirectional transfer dampers are made as a spring-damper in two vertical directions. And
they provide controlling the structure movement in two vertical structures.

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Fig. 5: The place of PVD damping installation

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Seismic isolator is used to isolate the structures of strong ground motions during an
earthquake. Unlike building which its isolation is often done on the foundation, this
separation is applied between topside of structure and below side of that in bridges. This is
due to a high inertia force of topside (including deck weight) also it will be easy to use. The
main objective in seismic isolation is to reduce base frequency of structure vibration and
reaching it to a lower value than frequencies which have main earthquake energy. In other
word, seismic isolation increases structure vibration period and bridge and distances it from
periods containing earthquake main energies. So, the input energy to base caused by
earthquake is reduced with seismic isolation. Another advantage of seismic isolation is to
provide a tool to waste energy. So, inputted energy to structure get wasted in small points and
by a controlled manner. Thus, destruction and damaging in particular and few concentrated
points will be exist and it will be possible to replace these parts after the earthquake. In
general seismic isolation design lead to reduce the structures responses reduction which are in
earthquake conditions (Ryan et al.,2004).
-increasing main period
-increasing relative damping (energy dissipation)
Isolation objectives in a bridge is quite different with a building. In a building, due to
reducing the energy forces applied to topside and to reduce stress, isolators are installed in
structural elements. But in a separate bridge, seismic isolator is installed to keep the elements
under isolators ( backpacks and base) to reduce the transmitted energy force and change
topside places (deck) to below side structures ( backpacks and base).
Lead Rubber damper LRMand rubber damper HDRB
We use isolator in bridge design in order to achieve maximum energy absorption (relative to
the period of the isolated structures). So we should use isolators which have a high damping.
And from this perspective, LRB seismic isolator has an intrinsic property 30% (independent
of vibration frequency, temperature and environmental conditions).

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 Fig. 6: A view of PVD damper of Robinson Company

Fig. 7: Using Pall friction dampers[12].

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 Fig. 8: Using Pall friction damper in retrofit[12]

For bridges designing because of the movement limitation, the effect of increasing alternative
period is low in the most projects, but the damping effect in bridges is higher than
construction projects.
Since seismic isolator prior to stability testing is places long-term loads and thermal
conditions, also the philosophy of that resistance which is much greater that exploitation

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forces. And isolator buckling stability is controlled against these forces. So the design
principles are gravity and lateral earthquake loads. As a result, damping increasing is the
main factor to select LRB with 30% damping against to HDRB with at most 10% damping
for bridges. In 1982, the English company of Malaysian manufactures research institute have
developed a nature rubber compound. And intrinsic damping is so much and there was no
need to use additional damper to approximately 10%. The damping of this rubber compound
is obtained by adding ultrafine carbon blocks, oils or resins and other special fillers. Damping
can reach to 10 to 20 percent in shear strain equivalent to 100 percent. And its lower limit 10
percent is related to damping with low stiffness( hardness equivalent to 50 to 55 with
hardness determinism). With a shear model about 0.34 MPa (PSI 50), the upper unit of that
relates to systems with high stiffness ( stiffness about 70-75) and upper shear model is about
1.4 Mpa (PSI 200). The vulcanized methods, pasting and construction of isolators are nor
changed and is the same as before. The resulting material in shear strain is less than 20 non-
linear and its feature is higher stiffness and damping ( in more strain). And it can minimize
response time under load and extremely low seismic loading. In the field of shear strain
between 20 to 10 percent, the percent of shear module amount is low and constant. In high
strain, due to the strain crystallization process in rubber along with increasing energy
dissipation (capacity), and this module value is increased. These stiffness and damping
increasing can be used at high strains to system production. And they are hard for small loads
(input) and for inputs in design range are linear and flexible. And under unanticipated input
levels which are more than design values, they limit displacement. Damping is not vascular
isolators nor waste, but it is something between this two things. In a highly viscous linear
element, the depreciate energy is proportional to the fourth power of displacement and it is
changed in a waste system (Hysterical) as a linear displacement.Experiments carried out on a
number of different

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 Fig. 9: Samples of metallic dampers

rubber isolators are on EERC. And depreciate energy is proportional to displacement with 1.5
power. This feature can use to modeling session response which include linear viscous
elements and elements of rubber-plastic (elastic-inelastic) elements. Another inherent

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advantages of HDRB systems is that they cause some reduction in environment vibration.
These isolators are created as a filter for high frequency vertical vibrations in traffics with
lateral underground railway lines, this effect is shown in a shaking table tests in EERC in
1985. Lead-rubber seismic isolators are like to rubber sessions with low damping but they
have a lead core. And a hole is located in their center. Lead has a high initial shear stiffness
and low shear flow and they have full elasto plastic behavior and non-fatigue appropriate
characteristics in plastic cycle. These lead characteristics lead to this issue the lead-rubber
seismic isolators have a high horizontal stiffness against service loads and high energy waste
against string seismic loads. And these are on high energy waste and service loads against
string seismic loads. Lead cores deformed in shear stress about 10 MPa and this is a physical
deformation and cause two linearity response in session. This isolators plates one of the
rubber and steel. Steel pages play a role in bearing vertical loads of service and horizontal
loads. In vertical service loads, steel plates prevent rubber lateral expansion. And session
vertical stiffness can increase significantly, while they have no effect on session horizontal
stiffness which are controlled by low shear modulus elastomer. In seismic horizontal loads,
steel plates deformed lead core in cutting. The effect of LBR seismic effect on leak length
and width displacement and applied forces to basis and energy absorbance and increasing the
isolator period is dependent to displacement. Due to the displacing limitation in the
longitudinal direction of deck (lack of collision of deck to backpacks during an earthquake),
the amount of optimizing energy absorbance by LRB against the performance of its period
increasing is the main issue in designing LRB elements designing. Since that the effective
part to the performance of LRB energy absorbance is its lead core and it effective part to
increasing period is time of structure to height ratio to LRB width. (Ryan et al.,2004)

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Fig. 10: Effect of using submission metallic dampers on structural capacity curve[13]

Fig. 11: X-ADAS damper

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 Fig. 12: T-ADAS damper

Fig. 13: longitudinal section of lead damper[12]

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Comparing LRBwith HDRB(Ryan et al.,2004) :
1. LRB will have damping to 30% but HDRB will have damping between 10% to
15%.
2. to start LRB movement, due to this fact that first lead should flows from stiffness to
flowing phase, it has a greater time delay than HDRB.
3. HDRB price is less than LRB price.
4. HDRB has a lower resistant movement against weaker earthquakes and wind than
LRB due to the initial lead stiffness.
5. HDRB have more sensitivity to environmental vibrations than LRB.
6. LRB performance relative to earthquake is better than HDRB.
To accept the full advantages of LRB by using LRB and HDRB in bridges of New Zealand
America and Japan, this work was done. That in New Zealand only in 35 bridges, LRB was
used and HDRB is not used. And this America in 90 bridges, LRB is used and only in 2
bridges, HDRB is used. And in Japan in 27 bridges, LRB and in 7 bridges, HDRB is used.
But it should be noted that in these 3 countries, in buildings, the distance between using LRB
relative to HDRB is far more than HDRB. And they use HDRB only for tanks.

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Fig. 14: Repairing roofs of St.Francis (Italy) with SMA dampers

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LRB and HDRB damper resistance against disruption

Disruption forces may be created from earthquake vertical element or couple obtained by
earthquake horizontal force in corners columns, so known manufacture companies of seismic
isolator to solve the problem of disruption in isolator, laminated rubber to end steel plate
within isolator. They connect base Plate by bolts to the end plate within isolator. And during
installation seismic isolators, and they connect Cover plate of column by inhibitory Bolt to
sub Structure of isolator and Super Structures of isolators. And during occurring disruption in
columns, isolator acts as integrity factor of sub structure and super structure. To dealing with
higher uplift, when LRB or HDRB is applied, tension system is used which was invented by
famous company Holmez from New Zealand.
Regulatory mass damper TMD [14]

TMD is a passive damper which was created in 1970s in America and 1990s in Japan only to
dealing with wind and created seismic in structures such as created stomp and oscillation and
they were used by peoples that they can respond for small earthquakes. And then, in Japan,
Active +TMD systems such as SATMD, HMD AMD, APTMD were considered for strong
earthquakes.

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Fig. 16: Details of viscous damper system type[14]

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 Fig. 17: installing viscous dampers on the floor and foundation in structures

Passive seismic controlling system

People when are in moving train or they are stand in a bus, try to maintain their balance by
their foot and by relying on spine and abdominal muscles. In the same way or by providing
same features for structure, structure can damped vibrations at the time of earthquake. This
system includes movable mass which is set to the spring and it is added to damping
components. And by creating frequency dependent to hysteresis, it increases damping in first
structure. And by connecting a TMD to structure, structure seismic energy is transferred to
TMD and its energy depreciates in TMD damper(Jangid,2004). As a result, it is used to
reduce the structure dynamic response. Passive control system does not need t0 a power
supply to provide external power. And reaction of passive control components in response is
dependent to structure movement during earthquake. In structure passive controlled system,
energy which includes passive components can not increase its stability by passive control
components(Saiidi,1999). Passive components methods are strongly dependent to exact
setting and must be specifically design for each structure, because they are not able to adapt
structural changes and usable parameters changes. And for all conditions, required loads are
not optimized.

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 Fig. 18: using viscous dampers in stern opericardial braces

Fig. 19: mass

damper model
in the

building[15]

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 Fig. 20: using LRB damper to structures retrofitting structures

As a result, passive systems can be effective only for violation cases that are designed or
adapted, accurately(Jangid,2004).
Active seismic control systems (Active)
Compared with passive control system, active control system structural response is
controlled, effectively by factors, 1. by a special amount of output power or required
energy.
2. the process of decision-making based on measured real-time and involved data.
In this respect, active control includes a widespread technology. In terms of engineering

Fig. 21: using HDRB damper in Ray-Iran

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Fig. 23: system basis and locations of TMA[14]

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 Fig. 24: TMD adaptive passive damper

Fig. 25: using a TMD damper in towers of Dubai

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 Fig. 26: 130 meter Japan DT tower

Fig. 27: 101-srorey tower of Tayph

130 meters DT tower in the year of 2002 in Japan (Ryan et al.,2004)

This building has 27 floors and in third floor, it became a seismic isolator. Seismic isolation
is so effective for preventing earthquake excitation. But they have the opposite effect for the
ling natural period against wind. So seismic isolators were designed and during strong wind,
they are fixed mechanically. On the other hand, the main structure is metallic, vibration
during strong wind is highly enough to disrupt in upper classes, as a result 2 TMD with 2 ice
storage tank each of them of 270 tons were used to improve structural response against strong
wind which are interruptions causes.

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101 floor Tapyh tower(Ryan et al.,2004)
Inside this tower, Tapyh World Financial Center in Taiwan is the largest and heaviest
regulated damper (TMD) which is installed globally. And they act as a big pendulum, a big
steel core that is moved slowly in front and rear of each movement of building. This is an
engineering feat and is able to limit the vibration of a tall building above 500 meter. A steel
core with 5.5 m diameter and 728 tons weight are suspended with 8 cables from the top floors
of the tower. And they are visible between floors 88 and 92. And it is one of the tallest
structures in the world which are located about 200 meters from main fault line and wind and
earthquake are serious problems for this structure. In fact, tourists could even take photos
from this TMD during sishan earthquake. In this 101-story towers, this steel core able to bear
1.5 meter movement in each direction. And they reduce the vibration range about 30 to 40%.

II. OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT STUDY

A. To study seismic behavior of selected G+7 R.C.C. building with various types of dampers
by using ETABS 2015 software.
B. Compare various parameters namely base shear, storey drift, absolute displacement, and
the absolute acceleration.
C. Selection of suitable type of damper which will be more resistant to earthquake for the
selected building.

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Fig: 5 Dampers are provided in central bay all along periphery.

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III. PROBLEM STATEMENT

TABLE 1: Problem statement for analysis

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering

Technology (IJRASET)

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering
Technology (IJRASET)

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

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Dampers are used to reduce the seismic effect of the structure which is subjected to the
earthquake load. The frames (with and without damper) is modeled according to the
properties of the structure which are explained in the work. The models are subjected to
analysis for gravity load (i.e., dead and live load) and seismic loads. Dynamic analysis is
carried out by response spectrum method according to the Indian Standards codes by using
ETABs 2015 software. The seismic behavior of the Reinforced Concrete structure is judged
by observing the parameters such as absolute displacement, acceleration, story drift and story
shear.
A. Absolute Displacement
Displacement is the parameter of maximum importance as it governs the failure pattern of the
structure. From this present study, the displacement of the model with and without damper is
observed. By providing the damper to the structure we observe that the displacement of the
structure is reduced.

TABLE 2: Displacement in x direction

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Graph 1: Comparison of displacement in x direction

TABLE 3: Displacement in y direction

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 Graph 2: Comparison of displacement in y direction

B. Acceleration
Storey acceleration is maximum at top floor when RC building analyses without damper. But
when RC building analyses with damper acceleration values changes at each storey.

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TABLE 4: Acceleration in x direction

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Graph 3: Comparison of acceleration in x direction

TABLE 5: Acceleration in y direction

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 Graph 4: Comparison of acceleration in y direction

C. Storey Drift
As the number of story increases in the structure, the drift is the common factor for multi-
storey building. The variance between the lateral displacements of two adjacent floors of the
structure is defined as the story drift. The structure which is modeled and analyzed by
dynamic analysis i.e., response spectrum method. The values of the storey drift of the
structure are noted According to IS 1893(Part 1):2002 clause 7.11.1 Storey drifts limitations
are explained that the Storey drifts in any storey due to the minimum specified design lateral
force, with partial load factor of 1.0 shall not exceed 0.004 times the storey height.

TABLE 6: Storey drift in x direction

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Graph 5: Comparison of storey drift in x direction

TABLE 7: Storey drift in y direction

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 Graph 6: Comparison of storey drift in y direction

D. Storey shear

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The story shear is the shear value obtained from the sum of design lateral forces at the levels
above the story consideration of the structure. The story shear at bottom stories will be
maximum and will be minimum at the top stories. The shear values of the both models are
below in the table.

TABLE 8: Storey shear in x direction

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Graph 7 : Comparison of storey shear in x direction

TABLE 9: Storey shear in y direction

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Graph 8: Comparison of storey shear in y directio

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V. CONCLUSION

After carrying out results by using ETABS 2015 software for multi-storey building, various
parameters like absolute displacement, acceleration, storey drift, base shear are compared.
Following conclusions are made.
A. By comparing the results (Graph no.1 and 2) it is concluded that lateral deflection for RC
building with viscous damper as compared to other dampers is minimum.
B. By comparing the results (Graph no.3 and 4) it is concluded that absolute acceleration
values for RC building with viscous damper are less
C. By comparing the results (Graph no.5 and 6) it is also concluded that storey drift values
for RC building with viscous damper as compared to other dampers are minimum.
D. Base shear is maximum at the base and by comparing results (Graph no.7 and 8) It is
observed that base shear values for RC building with viscous damper as compared to other
damper are minimum.
E. From above it can be concluded that the viscous damper devices perform a vital role in
reducing and controlling the seismic response of the structure as compared other types of
dampers.

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